文化论文中文英文

文化论文中文英文

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

China's tea culture history is glorious 中国的茶文化历史悠久

英语文化中文论文格式

英文论文的详细格式：

一、标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。

二、提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。

英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。

四、正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

五、文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

六、文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。

各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。

摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

扩展资料：

发表论文作用：

论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：

1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。

2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。

参考资料来源：百度百科——英文论文

湖北师范学院外国语学院英语专业本科毕业论文撰写基本要求及格式规范本格式规范在参照《湖北师范学院本科毕业论文（设计）工作实施办法》的基础上、结合英语研究论文撰写的特点而制定，适用于湖北师范学院外国语学院英语专业全日制本科毕业论文的撰写。一、 毕业论文（设计）打印页面设置1、页面设置：16开版面，单页打印。2、页边距及行间距：上厘米，左厘米，下2厘米，右2厘米，左侧装订，页眉，页脚。除一二级标题及特别注明外，行间距统一为。3、页眉：目录、摘要、正文、参考文献每页页眉居中标注“湖北师范学院外国语学院**届英语系毕业论文（设计）”字样，五号宋体居中打印。4、字体和字号：按相应部分的要求分别设置。5．页码编号：从正文起每页页脚加注页码（宋体五号居中），封面页、目录页、英、汉摘要页不编页码。二、毕业论文（设计）构件及格式要求外国语学院本科生毕业论文应由以下几个部分构成：1、封面页：独立一页（具体格式见附件1）（1）学号：按学生成绩册的学号填写。（2）编号：按毕业年份+外国语学院编号+班级编号+学号的最后两位共十位填写。如：2008040122。（3）研究类型：按基础研究、应用研究、综合研究等类型填写。（4）分类号：按中国图书分类号填写。（5）封面中论文标题栏部分为Times New Roman三号。封面顶部项目为中文宋体小四号，其余部分用中文宋体三号填写。2、毕业论文诚信承诺书：本科毕业论文诚信承诺书见外国语学院网页提供的附件，按照要求格式填写，该页独立成一页，附于封面页后的第一页。3、目录页（英文）：独立一页，（具体格式见附件2）。（1） 除“Contents”一词用Times New Roman三号加粗外，其他统一用Times New Roman小四号。（2）本页内的论文目录及页码部分由正文标题内容自动生成。请使用word的目录生成功能，具体操作为：分别选择正文中标题文字，用主菜单“格式”中的“样式与格式”功能定义正文中的标题级别，定义完毕后，再点击主菜单中“插入”→“引用”→“索引和目录”即可自动生成目录。（3）目录页只生成至二级标题。4、英文摘要页：独立一页（具体格式见附件3），本页主要由以下内容构成：（1）英文标题：英文标题一般不宜超过10个单词，可加副标题，Times New Roman三号加粗居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。（2）作者及导师姓名的汉语拼音：例如：WANG Hui (Tutor：ZHANG Yanghong) ，Times New Roman小四号居中。（3）作者个人信息：用圆括号圈起，例如 (Class 0403, College of Foreign Studies, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, Hubei)，Times New Roman五号居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。（4）摘要（Abstract）：一般150-200个单词，Times New Roman五号左对齐，abstract一词加粗后用冒号，第一个字母大写。（5）关键词（Key words）： 3～5个英文单词，Times New Roman五号左对齐，key words两词加粗后用冒号，第一个单词首字母大写，每个关键词之间以分号和空格分隔。5、中文摘要页：独立一页，但如果篇幅较少，可以与英文摘要页合并成一页（具体格式见附件4）。本页主要由以下内容构成：（1）中文标题：中文标题不得超过30个字，可加副标题，黑体三号加粗居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。（2）作者及导师姓名：例如：王慧（指导教师：张阳红）。宋体小四号居中。（3）作者个人信息：用圆括号圈起，例如（湖北师范学院外国语学院 0203班， 湖北 黄石 435002）。宋体五号居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。（4）中文摘要：论文内容不加评论的简短陈述，中文摘要200-300字。宋体五号左对齐。（5）关键词： 3～5个中文词组，每个关键词之间以分号和空格分隔。宋体五号左对齐。（6）分类号：填写中国图书分类号（见附件5）。6、正文部分：多页（格式见附件6）（1）标题与正文：论文题目不定义为标题级别，统一为Times New Roman三号加粗居中。正文内每部分均用一级编码加标题标识，各部分内可再设二级编码和三级编码表示文章层次（思路发展方向），即全文采用三级编码制，按如下格式定义：标题级别 格式要求1.标题1 标题1：Times New Roman四号加粗，关键词首字母大写，段前行 左对齐标题2 标题2：Times New Roman四号加粗，关键词首字母大写，段前行 左对齐标题3 标题3：Times New Roman小四号加粗，第一个单词首字母大写 左对齐正文 正文： Times New Roman小四号 段首行按Tab键自动缩进（2）表格：尽可能采用三线表，表中段落行距为单倍行距。（3）图形：直接插入的插图应有图标图号，不能直接插入的图应留出插图空位。插图宽度一般不超过10cm， 用绘图纸绘制的，线条要均匀，主线与辅线粗细比例为2∶1。图中文字、符号书写要清楚，并与正文一致，尽可能采用电脑绘图。（4）文字表述：论文要求层次清楚，语言流畅，语句通顺，无语法和逻辑错误，无错字、别字、漏字。论文的表述应当以科学语言描述研究过程和研究结果，不要以口语化的方式表达，论文中科技术语和名词应符合规定的通用词语，并使用法定计量单位和标准符号。文字、图表、公式清晰准确。（5）论文注释（Notes）：论文可以有适量、适当的论文注释，用以注明所引资料的来源，或表达作者对文中某观点、某概念等的补充说明。正文内的直接引文和间接引文都采用夹注形式，放在括弧内，例如：（桂诗春，1985：25）或者（Selinger，1998: 29），其中，“桂诗春”和“Selinger”分别为中文学者姓名或英语作者的姓，“1985”和“1998”为著作出版年代，“25”和“29”为观点所在的页码。如果要对文中生僻术语进行说明或有其它说明，则采用附注形式，即在正文需注释处的右上方加注数码，然后在正文之后写明“注释”字样，最后依次写出对应数码和注文，回文时与上一行注文对齐；“Notes”一词居中。7、致谢（Acknowledgements）：（可选项）用于表达作者的写作心得及对有关人员的感谢，表述要求真实自然。致谢在正文结束后隔行排版；“Acknowledgement”一词居中。8、参考文献（Bibliography）：独立一页（具体格式见附件7）（1）数量要求：参考文献只选择最主要的列入，应不低于8种，其中，英文原文文献应不少于4种。（2）编排顺序：英文文献条目在前，中文文献条目在后；英文文献条目按学者姓氏的字母排列，中文文献按学者的姓氏音序排列。每个文献前用编号[1][2][3][4] 等等标出。（3）种类和标识符：参考文献的引用，可以是著作、论文、专利文献、会议论文等，不得引用未公开发表的资料和网络来源的资料。文献标识符号为：专著为[M]、期刊论文为[J]、论文集为[C]、论文集内的文章为[A]、未经出版的会议论文为[P]、博士论文为[D]、硕士论文为[MA]。（4）排版格式：Bibliography一词用Times New Roman 四号加粗居中，英文参考文献用Times New Roman 五号，中文文献用宋体五号；每条文献顶格写，回行缩进4个字符。（5）文献著录格式及示例：[1] 作者．书名[M]．出版地：出版者, 出版年：起止页码． （著作图书文献）英语作者标注方法：作者姓，作者名首字母(大写).（＆ 作者姓，作者名首字母(大写）。如果三人或以上作者共著，其方法是：作者姓，作者名首字母(大写). et al. 例如：[1] Lakoff, G. & Mark, J. Metaphors We Live By [M]. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1980: 24-47.[2] 作者．文章名[A]．论文集名[C]．出版地：出版者, 出版年：起止页码． （论文集内文献）[3] 作者．文章名[J]．学术刊物名, 年, 卷(期)： 起止页码． （学术刊物文献）英文著作、期刊名用斜体。9、附件或附录：（可选项）重要的测试结果、图表、设计图纸、源程序代码、大量的公式、符号、照片等不宜放入正文中的可以附录形式出现。三．篇幅要求英语专业毕业论文正文部分3000-5000单词。四．毕业论文装订要求本专业毕业论文按照下列顺序装订：1.封面2.承诺书3.目录页4.英文摘要页5.中文摘要页 （如果篇幅不长，可以与“英文摘要”合并为一页）6.正文部分7．致谢 （可选项）8.参考文献9.附录或附件 （可选项）10.毕业论文（设计）评审表

中英文夹杂的是不规范的 除了少数课题 比如翻译方面的允许出现汉语，其他的英语论文要求都必须是全英的

外国语学院英语论文格式规范(附样例) A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）外国语学院 2001级英语教育1030120011XX XXX 指导老师：XXX（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)…3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms …(i) …. ….(ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion ….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号）Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）(以下内容单独一页)汉英习语的对比研究（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中）【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂………………（中文摘要：上空二行；题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符，方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距； 第二行起要顶格；字数约400字，约8-10行；）【关键词】 习语；对比；英语；汉语（中文关键词：题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距；各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后不空格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距）一、 基本格式：论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上，不得打印在正反面上。论文纸的大小尺寸为A4纸打印。侧面装订。二、题名页：论文题名页上打印格式基本相近，中、英文对照，中文题目页在第一页，英文题目页在第二页。一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目，论文题目都用大写字母，下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大，再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期XX年XX月XX日以及课程名称：论文项目设计上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位。三、摘要及关键词页摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页，中、英文对照，中文题目页在上，英文题目页在下。一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印。中文题目摘要采用宋体一号，加粗，摘要正文部分采用宋体，小四号。关键字题目部分采用宋体三号，加粗，关键字短语部分采用宋体，小四号。英文题目摘要采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，摘要正文部分采用Times New Roman字体，字号为小四。四、致谢页学员可以自选致谢页，一般不要求写中文。英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，正文部分采用Times New Roman字体，字号为小四。五、目录页英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，小标题部分统一采用Times New Roman字体，字号为三号，加粗。注意在右方注明对应的页号，中间虚线连接。六、正文页论文的正文需隔行打印，正文采用Times New Roman字体，字号为小四。大标题为Times New Roman字体，字号为三号、加粗字。副标题为Times New Roman字体，字号为三号、加粗。七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页尾注、参考文献页与附录页（大标题采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗）正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印，字体为Times New Roman小四。

中英文化对比论文题目

1,The application of the Theme-based plus Communication-based in English class英语课堂中交际主题的应用2,中文：汉字“好”的语义功能研究英文：A Study on the Functions of Chinese Character HAO3,中文：浅析凯特·肖邦《觉醒》中的女性主题英文：A Brief Analysis of Female Consciousness in Kate Chopin's The Awakening4,中文：初中英语口语的错误类型及其对策英文：Error types in Junior students' oral english and their countermeasures5,中文：试论艾米莉?迪金森自然诗中的女性意识英文：On Female Consciousness in Emily Dickinson's Nature Poetry6,论文题目是BinaryOppositionalAnalysisoftheCharacterofHamlet《关于哈姆雷特双重性格的分析》。

教学文学方面都可以

中文英语化，还是英语中文化？

随着跨 文化 传播在国际交往中的地位不断提高，英语专业论文的写作逐渐成为研究的一个 热点 ，在写作过程中，论文的题目有着举足轻重的作用。下面是我带来的关于英语跨文化论文选题的内容，欢迎阅读参考!英语跨文化论文选题(一) 1. 英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2. 跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3. 公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4. 国内 广告 语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5. 全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6. 跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7. 基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8. 跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9. 浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10. 中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11. 中美时间观之对比 12. 浅析汉英 问候语 中的文化差异 13. 英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14. 英语身体语的交际功能研究 15. 浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16. 目 标语 文化的理解与跨文化交际 17. 中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18. 跨文化交际中的文化误读 19. 浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20. 英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 英语跨文化论文选题(二) 1. 英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 2. 外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 3. 培养 英语学习 者跨文化交际能力之策略 4. 英汉道歉语差异及原因 5. 中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 6. 英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 7. 英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 8. 英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 9. 中美(西) 家庭 教育 理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 10. 中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 11. 试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 12. 本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 13. 跨文化交际中的时间观差异 14. 论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪 15. 关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 16. 涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 17. 论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译 18. 多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养 19. 中西方 儿童 文学的差异 20. 中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 21. 中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 22. 简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 23. 国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 英语跨文化论文选题(三) 1. 从中英文动物比喻的不同看中西文化差异 2. 英汉概念隐喻的文化认知对比分析 3. 英汉 成语 文化内涵比较研究 4. 从神话看中西文化异同 5. 文化视角下英汉时间隐喻比较研究 6. 英汉情感隐喻文化内涵对比研究 7. 从文化语境看英汉爱情隐喻 8. 英汉动物隐喻的文化内涵 9. 论中英文中颜色隐喻的差异及其文化根源 10. 英汉习语中中西文化差异探源 11. 从英汉委婉语中看中西文化心理差异 12. 文化视阈中的汉英 典故 13. 美国 俚语 的基本特征与社会功能 14. 从旅游广告看中西文化差异 15. 英语学习中中国文化缺失对跨文化交际能力的影响 16. 正视中西文化冲突提高跨文化交际能力 17. 从跨文化交际中的语用负迁移 反思 英语教学 18. 情境教学法在跨文化交际教学中的应用 19. 从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方礼貌准则和策略 20. 英汉委婉语及其在跨文化交际中的 21. 英语教学中学生跨文化交际能力的培养 22. 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 23. 从集体主义和个人主义看国际商务谈判的文化差异 24. 中英礼貌用语之差异 25. 过渡语僵化现象文化因素成因 26. 跨文化交际中的美国个人主义 27. 英汉隐喻的文化背景差异研究 28. 中英礼貌用语研究综述 29. 颜色词的文化内涵 30. 中国茶文化与西方咖啡文化对比研究 31. 汉英称谓语中的文化差异 32. 民俗风情游--中西“水”文化之比较 33. 跨文化商务谈判中的文化适应 34. 跨文化交际中的空间观 35. 英汉习语的文化差异分析 36. 当代中美女性婚姻观的比较研究 37. 中美商务谈判礼仪之礼貌用语比较 猜你喜欢： 1. 跨文化交流英语作文 2. 英语论文题目文化方向 3. 英语专业文化类毕业论文题目 4. 英语专业毕业论文选题文化 5. 跨文化差异英语作文

中国服饰文化英语论文

历经秦朝的严苟政治，刘邦以平民得天下，力求予民休息，一般制度多无太大改变，冠服制度，也大都承袭秦制。直至东汉明帝永平二年，才算有正式完备的规定。汉朝的衣服，主要的有袍、襜褕［直身的单衣］、襦［短衣］、裙。汉代因为织绣工业很发达，所以有钱人家就可以穿绫罗绸缎漂亮的衣服。一般人家穿的是短衣长裤，贫穷人家穿的是短褐［粗布做的短衣］。汉朝的妇女穿着有衣裙两件式，也有长袍，裙子的样式也多了，最有名的是「留仙裙」。男服服饰：礼服：汉朝的祭祀礼服，承袭了秦代的废除「六冕」，以一种冕服为祭天地明堂之礼服的办法。冕冠服：为最尊贵的祭祀礼服，是天子及三公诸候、卿大夫祭天地明堂之时穿着。长冠服：为夫子和执事百官，用在祭宗庙及各种小祀，如五岳、四渎、山川、社稷等典礼穿者。委貌冠服：相当于周代的冠弁服。为公卿诸候大夫行大射礼于辟雍的时候穿着。皮弁冠服：此种冠服为大射礼时，执事者穿着，衣裳为缁麻衣，皂领袖、素裳。朝服：自秦开始以袍作为朝服，汉代从皇帝至贱更小吏亦以袍作为朝服，也是主要常服。亦即是深衣制的袍服，不过因不同身份的人戴的冠不同而有不同之名称。汉代的朝服，服色是随着五时色，即春青、夏朱、季夏黄、秋白、冬黑。朝服均是衬以告缘领袖的中衣。女服服饰：庙服：相当于周代的禕衣，是女子礼服中，地位最尊贵的一种。太皇太后、皇太后之入庙服，皇后之谒庙服，其服色是皂下。蚕服：相当于周代约鞠衣。每年三月，皇后帅领公卿诸侯夫人亲蚕礼时穿着。朝服：自二千石夫人以上至皇后，皆以蚕衣为朝服。

Summary: We can see various forms, a lot of elements in popular clothes, it is extremely extensive that the national subject matter is applied in popular clothes nowadays, have already nowadays become a kind of fashion. This text is started with by the dress culture of Dong in the Chinese ethnic minority, pass to Dong's regional on-the-spot investigation, understand characteristic, line kind, craft and structure of dress of Dong,etc. in depth, on how use and develop Dong element of dress among modern dress, this text is from analyzing the dress of present Dong minority area is started with, collect through the materials, further investigate, make, graduate design works, to ethnic minority dress application and develop new form launch the research in concrete and deep discussion among modern dress, have put forward some suggestions that this text obtains after analysing and researching.

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

摘 要礼仪，是整个社会文明的基础，是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。中国是礼仪之邦，有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明，在世界上影响深远。著名国学家钱穆先生就曾经说过，“中国文化的核心就是礼”。当在近200多年，随着西方国家的崛起，西方主导着世界。现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。这种现象的原因并不仅仅是西方的实力强大，深层的原因在于西方人价值观的统一，在于西方人对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合过程中，我们中国，更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪，或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪，不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式，更应当借鉴其内在灵魂，只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感，才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴，更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化，才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。关键词：中西方，礼仪，差异 引 言礼仪、是人与人之间交流的规则，是一种语言，也是一种工具。由于形成礼仪的重要根源——宗教信仰的不同，使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。中国是四大文明古国之一，中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。中国的礼仪，始于夏商周，盛于唐宋，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系。西方社会，是几大古代文明的继承者，曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。经过中世纪的黑暗，最终迎来了文艺复兴，并孕育了资本主义和现代文明，产生了现代科技和文化。中西方有着截然不同的礼仪文化。 随着我国改革开放的步伐日益加快，跨国交际日益增多，中西方礼仪文化的差异更是越发显露，这种差异带来的影响也是不容忽视，在中西礼仪没有得到完美融合之前，我们有必要了解这些礼仪的差异。有于各国的历史与文化底蕴不同，各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异。特别是中西方之间，礼仪上的差别很大，因为不了解这些差异而引起的误会和笑话并不少见。近代历史上有两则故事，相信大家会比较熟悉。故事一是：李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐礼仪，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦不了解中国的虚实，为了不使李鸿章丢丑，他也将洗手水一饮而尽，见此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。还有一个故事是：一个国民党军官携夫人去机场迎接来自美国的顾问。双方见面后，美国顾问出于礼貌说:“您的夫人真漂亮!”军官甚感尴尬又不免客套一番：“哪里，哪里!”在中国，这本是一句很普通的客套话，可是蹩脚的翻译却把这句话译成：where?where?美国顾问听了莫明其妙，心想：我只是礼貌地称赞一下他的夫人，他居然问起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好说：“从头到脚都漂亮!”这两个故事都是由于中西文化差异闹出的礼仪上的笑话。由此可见，了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。往大处来说，一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。从小处来讲，一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，容易给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中，由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多。1、 研究中西礼仪差异及原因 中西方礼仪差异的背景东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的，没有孰优孰劣的问题。就西方来说，它的历史只有短短200年，而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的，众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起。他们信奉的誓言是：“只要我们能够梦想的我们就一定能够实现！”这是西方精神，是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的，以它短短200年的历史，创造了人类史上的灿烂文明，它所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，这就是西方的魅力。造成中西方礼仪差异的根本原因，是中西方文化环境的不同，使得各国的人民有着完全不同的道德标准体系和价值观。 中西方观念的差异东方文化崇尚集体和团体精神,人们的倚赖性较强。而西方文化崇尚独立和个性自由。比如,中国人讲究修身,齐家,治国,平天下,人品是至关重要的，而这种人品是建立在关心国家,热爱集体,家庭和睦,人际关系和谐的基础之上。如果只考虑个人的利益,你的人品则大大的折扣。 而在西方人们法制观念较强。在此前提下,他们崇尚个人自由,不愿受到来自政府,教会或其他组织的干涉,喜欢我行我素。在家庭中,孩子们从小就被灌输自立自强的观念。青年人总是希望自己能尽量早独立,摆脱父母的管束,他们不希望过分的倚赖家庭,倚赖父母,否则,他们将失去自由,失去别人对他们的尊重。再这一点上,中国文化则有所不同。家庭是中国人最重视的生活集体。父母对孩子倍加珍惜,恨不能一切都为孩子想到,以致于当孩子长大成人，结婚时要给孩子大操大办,当孩子有了孩子后,还要牺牲自己的晚年来照顾自己的孙子,即把自己的全部希望寄托在孩子身上,又过分的照顾孩子,结果使孩子的自理能力较差,甚至于在中国今天在计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中,国有企业职工极不情愿丢掉铁饭碗，这种倚赖性是中国传统文化的遗产。这种文化上的差异，导致中西方观念很大的差异，以至于中西方礼仪从根本上有很大的差异。 礼仪是与本土的思想文化相对应的，由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同，使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。梁启超在有名的《劝学篇》里面讲到:“中学为内学,西学为外学;中学致身心,西学应世事。”在礼仪的表现中,西方更多的聚焦在行为、语言的面上；而中国礼仪在长期历史发展过程中,不仅行为人的语言、行动本身具有话语意义,同时还需从行为人的语言、行动中去“悟”出一些东西,在言传的同时,还需意会。东方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社会历史条件下产生和发展的，没有孰优孰劣的问题。 2、 中西方见面的礼仪的差异西方人见面时，不一定会握手，只要笑一笑，打个招呼就行了，即使是第一次见面，而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。但在中国握手并没有太多的限定，而西方人握手是有一定礼节的。例如男女之间，女方先伸出手，若女方无握手之意，男子就只能点头鞠躬致意；长幼之间由长辈先伸出手；上下级之间，由上级先伸出手；宾主之间由主人先伸出手。而且握手时应注视对方，并摘下手套，否则会被视为不礼貌。 中西方称呼的差异在西方,称呼是比较笼统的，一个称呼可以涵盖中国很多称呼。例如，西方称呼男的为先生，称呼女的女士或小姐，而在我国“先生”第一解释是“教师”,是对教师最古老最悠久的称谓。随着改革开放,先生已成为社会上最流行的尊称口语，西方人称”uncle”,可以涵盖我国的婶婶，伯母，姨。他们对这些方面的关系也不如中国分明,中国父亲那边的为伯伯，姑姑，堂兄妹，母亲方为舅，姨，表兄妹。在西方，人们见面时喜欢直呼其名，这是亲切友好的表示，纵使交谈之初可能互相用姓称呼，但过一会儿就改称名字。而在中国，人们很喜欢被称为某某经理，某某总裁，因为这是身份与地位的象征。但在西方，人们很少用正式的头衔称呼别人，正式的头衔只用于法官、高级政府官员，军官，医生，教授和高级宗教人士。值得注意的是，西方从来不用行政职务如局长、经理、校长等头衔来称呼别人。 中西方对隐私的看法另外，在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。看到别人买的东西不可问其价格；如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶，西方人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里来了”这句话来表示对提问人的轻蔑。而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。但在中国人与美国人打交道时，在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况，美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私，别有用心，一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。 中国人通常是见面喜欢点点头，握握手或行拱手礼，或者微微欠身然后握手，而西方人觉得欠身似乎显得自卑。在西方，特别在欧美国家，拥抱礼却是十分常见的见面礼与道别礼，亲吻礼和吻手礼也是常见的西方见面礼。握手礼来源于西方人类半野蛮半文明时期。这种习惯逐渐演变成今天作为见面和告辞的“握手”礼节，被大多数国家所接受。在我国，握手礼不但在见面和告辞时使用，而且还作为一种祝贺、感谢或相互鼓励的表示。因此是社交中应用最广泛的致意礼节。见面、道别时的礼貌演变到今天就是“你好”、“再见”两个短语，客气的顶多再互相握下手，在各种古怪疾病流行的今天显得简洁而卫生而又体面。然而西方国家，见面就要先送贴面礼、亲吻礼和吻手礼，让我们很不习惯也不能接受。 3、 中西餐餐桌上礼仪的差异中国人有句话叫“民以食为天”，由此可见饮食在中国人心目中的地位，因此中国人将吃饭看作头等大事。中国菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全，甚至于超过了对营养的注重，只要好吃又要好看，营养反而显得不重要了。西方的饮食比较讲究营养的搭配和吸收，是一种科学的饮食观念。西方人多注重食物的营养而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何，他们的饮食多是为了生存和健康，似乎不讲究味的享受。 中西方餐桌氛围的差异在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。 中西方用餐时的差异中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。从传统习俗上说，中国人请客，不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐，满桌丰盛的酒菜，主人频频劝酒，客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛，讲究面子排场。排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己，到家中由女主人炒几个菜，小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪，不讲究坐次，不讲究饭菜，只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然，近年来西方的一些宴客形式，如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国，但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式，平民百姓还少有实行。在西方则是以右为尊，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉椅子，以示对女士的尊重。 另外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。中国人的餐桌要热闹，西洋餐桌则安静。中国人要用言行来劝酒劝食，西方人只是用语言劝酒而已。酒文化在中国由来已久，被视为做生意，交朋友等社交场合不可或缺的。酒杯不空茶水不满。在西方，通常喝啤酒、葡萄酒，不喜欢劝酒。在中国，宴会喜欢共桌共菜，西方则认为不合卫生，实行分餐制。中国人宴请时，觥筹交错，歌舞升平。西方则要求少声响少动作，用餐程序较多。 4、 中西方服饰礼仪的差异古今中外，着装从来都体现着一种社会文化，体现着一个人的文化修养和审美情趣，是一个人的身份、气质、内在素质的无言的介绍信。从某种意义上说，服饰是一门艺术，服饰所能传达的情感与意蕴甚至不是用语言所能替代的。在不同场合，穿着得体、适度的人，给人留下良好的印象，而穿着不当，则会降低人的身份，损害自身的形象。在社交场合，得体的服饰是一种礼貌，一定程度上直接影响着人际关系的和谐。影响着装效果的因素，重要的一是要有文化修养和高雅的审美能力，即所谓“腹有诗书气自华”。二是要有运动健美的素质。健美的形体是着装美的天然条件。三是要掌握着装的常识、着装原则和服饰礼仪的知识，这是达到内外和谐统一美的不可或缺的条件。 中西方服饰礼着重点及代表服饰西方人注重身份，把衣服变成象征，中国注重韵味。如果说西方服饰文化刻意追求表现人体美，而完全忽视了服饰伦理，那么，中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理价值观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。而最能代表我们国家的是中山装，西方代表装是西装。 穿中山服时，不仅要扣上全部衣扣，而且要系上领扣，并且不允许挽起衣袖。在穿双排扣西服时，必须扣上全部衣扣。穿单排三粒扣西服时，仅能扣上上一粒或中、上两粒扣子；穿单排两粒扣西服时，只能扣上上一粒扣子；不允许扣上单排扣西服的全部衣扣。在穿西服时，宜穿白色衬衫，并打领带，领带打好后的标准长度，是其下端抵达皮带扣。 西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装，内穿白衬衫，打领带。他们喜欢黑色，因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家，尤其是在美国，平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装，如T恤加牛仔服。 当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化，传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中，倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服。 俗话讲，人是衣服，马是鞍。尽管以貌取人并不可取，但是在现代生活中，服饰越来越成为礼仪的一个重要部分，穿着打扮的得体与否，不仅仅是个人品位的体现，更能成为人们彼此考虑的一个尺度。伟大的英国作家莎士比亚曾经说：“一个人的穿着打扮，就是他的教养、品位、地位的最真实的写照”。那么在日常工作和交往中，尤其是在正规的场合，穿着打扮的问题越来越引起我们现代人的重视。 5、结束语礼仪是一种文化，是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。 在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合的过程中，我国更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪，或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪，不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式，更应当借鉴其内在灵魂，只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感，才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴，更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化，才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。 人无礼则不立，事无礼则不成，国无礼则不宁。一个礼仪缺乏的社会，往往是不成熟的社会。而一个礼仪标准不太统一甚至互相矛盾的社会，往往是一个不和谐的社会。礼仪，是整个社会文明的基础，是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。创建和谐社会，必须先从礼仪开始。中国今天面临前所未有的挑战，无论是物质，精神，文化各个方面，都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的价值观进行统一。而礼仪文化无疑是这种统一的“先行军”，只有认清中西礼仪文化的差异，将二者合理有效的融合，方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系，达到和谐社会的理想。参考文献 [1] 金正坤 商务礼仪 北京大学出版社 2004[2] 张占一 试仪焦急文化和知识文化 语言教学与研究 1990[3] 廖文丽 比喻中的中西方文化差异 湘潭大学社会科学学报 2001[4] 吴 冰 中西方文化差异拾零 闽西职业大学学报 2002[5] 邢 东 中美文化差异管窥 全国优秀英语学术论文集 1997[6] 陈 平 商务礼仪 中国电影出版社

英语中西文化论文答辩

我只能找到这些了 高校英语教学的实施现状分析北京外国语大学胡文仲教授提出，学习一种语言应该同时发展两种能力：语言能力（linguistic competence）和社会能力（social competence），即文化能力（cross cultural communicative compe?鄄tence），这一理论已经为我国外语教学工作者所广泛接受。美国语言学家Robert Lado认为，学习一门外语的目标是使用这门语言的能力从目的语的语言及文化方面理解它的意思及内涵，可见中外学者都格外重视外语教学中的文化因素。随着我国入世的成功，全球一体化及资讯时代的到来，社会上迫切需要掌握一门或多门外语的复合型人才。纵观我国的大学英语教学的现状可谓喜忧参半。令人欣慰的是：学习英语的人数庞大，越来越多的人对英语感兴趣，各个高校的学生花在学英语上的时间及精力都是相当多的，学生在各种英语等级或水平考试中也屡获佳绩。让人担忧的是：学生使用英语的能力并未有多大改善。学生跨文化语用能力低下，语用失误频繁。这确实值得语言教学工作者进行深刻的反思。 英语教学事倍功半的原因透视造成这种喜忧相杂的原因，一方面是由于在过去的很长一段时间，我们过分地注重纯语言的教学而不注重学生的实践能力有关。虽然近几年对纯语言教学的效果提出了质疑，也出现了一些新的趋势，但其影响却不是在短时期内可以消除的。另一方面，也与我们在教学过程中对文化教学的侧重点不同有关，过多地强调了外国文化的学习。要使这种情况有所改善，在英语教学中就需进行跨文化的导入，以达到“均衡”发展。我们的教育既要培养出会用外语表达外国的事物文化的学生，也应会用外语来表达我国的事物、文化，向外国介绍中国的优秀文化，以达到在对外交流中的平衡发展的学生。因此，在英语教学中应进行跨文化导入，也就是使整个语言教学过程变成是对目的语和母语文化不断加深理解和认同的过程，从而使英语教学与实际应用不致于脱节。2 实施跨文化性英语教学方法及策略 文化与语言的相互依存性语言与文化是相互依存的。语言教学强调的是听、说、读、写、译技能的培养，而文化教学远没有这么单纯。按照H·Ned Seelye的观点，他认为文化分为两个层次，一个层次是C文化，即文学、艺术、音乐、建筑、哲学及科技成 停涣硪桓霾愦问莄文化，它指的是“人们的生活”, 即风俗习惯、传统和社会组织。虽然它们在教学过程中着重点不同，但它们却有着非常紧密的联系。一方面，语言是文化的一个特殊组成部分，是传递文化的载体，是文化不可分割的部分，没有语言就没有文化；另一方面，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化、理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言，语言和文化是相辅相成、相互影响和密不可分的。它们之间的这种关系决定了语言老师也必然是一名文化老师。然而，从严格意义上来说，文化教学又不是一门独立的课程，它是语言教学的组成部分。在目前的英语教学中，更多的是进行目的语文化的导入，而一部分老师想当然地认为学生对本民族文化有相当的了解，实际不然。笔者认为，在英语教学中应进行双向文化导入，也就是使整个语言教学过程变成是对目的语和母语文化不断加深理解和认同的过程。 跨文化英语教学的原则国内外学者都有诸多论述涉及语言教学的基本准则。比如，我国的束定芳、庄智象提出文化导入必须遵守实用原则、阶段原则及适合原则。赵厚宪提出在外语课堂上进行文化教学的四个原则即认知原则、同化原则、比较原则及宽容原则。在双向文化导入的教学模式中，笔者认为应遵循相互尊重、求同存异和去粗取精的原则。（1）各国各民族文化都是经过了一代又一代人的传承、积淀，它们的形成都有着悠久的历史渊源。中英两种文化都深深地带有各自民族的特点，只有在相互尊重的基础上，才能以平和的心态去审视、吸收另一个民族文化的精华，尤其是在当今经济发展不均衡，存在南北差异的情形下，经济在文化交流中发挥了广泛的影响力，因此，我们对待中西文化既不能自卑又不能盲从，这种态度体现在教学中就是比较客观地以无歧视、无偏见的态度来对待异族文化，在经济与科技日益发展的今天，每一种文化都不可避免地面临着完善与发展的问题，只有相互尊重、相互学习，才能达到共同繁荣，实现双赢的目的。所以相互尊重原则是双向文化导入的基础。2）求同存异是关键。“求同”在文化教学中容易把握及实施，学生也较容易理解。“存异”却是我们应该侧重的方面。对比是我们了解两种文化差异的有效途径。对待异于我们本民族文化之处，我们首先需要认知、理解，分清哪些是可接受的，哪些是不可接受的，对待其中的一些闪光点，我们甚至是欣赏的。比如，在我们的观念中，尊老爱幼是一种美德，而在西方文化中，更加强调的是个人的独立性。这两种价值观念，很难简单地用“对”与“错”来评判。比如，“龙”在中国文化中，是一种象征吉利的神物，而西方人却认为dragon（龙）是邪恶的象征，认为龙是凶残肆虐的怪物，应予消灭。如果我们缺乏对两种文化差异的认知，必然会导致学生在交际过程中的错误，必然会以我们自己的文化模式代替目的语的文化模式，必然以我们自己的思维方式去进行思考。（3）去粗取精是必然结果。在中西方文化发展的过程中，由于受到当时社会的政治、经济及科技的制约，必然有一部分内容具有时代局限性，有些内容甚至是有悖科学发展的。在英语教学中，注意摒弃过时的、不健康的文化信息，重视正面的、积极的文化信息的对比，吸收英语文化的精髓为我所用。 文化教学应遵从的策略在具体的日常教学中，我们可以从以下几方面着手：（1）从词汇方面入手，要注意词的意义及内涵，英汉两种语言在词义上并不是一一对应的关系，挖掘词语的内涵，有利于正确理解。如“white”在英语里的意思是of the color of fresh snow or common salt，汉语译为“白的、白色的”，但英语学习者对a white lie就不易理解。难道谎言还有颜色吗？当然不是，它的正确意义是“不怀恶意的谎言”。同样，许多西方人对汉语中的“红白喜事”中的“白”字也感到费解。另外，在某些场合下，汉语中的“白”字指的是颜色，但在英语的对应词中并无white，如“白熊”（polar bear）；“白蚁”（ternite）。而且，汉语中“白费事”（all in vain, a waste of time and energy）， “白痴“（idiot），其英语对应词中都与“white”无关。这种现象，英汉两种语言中俯拾皆是，从词汇着手，简单明了，成效大，能避免学生望“词”生义的毛病出现。（2）从习语的角度着手进行文化教学是卓有成效的，因为习语是语言发展的结晶，具有强烈的文化特征，进行习语的学习，既能学到语言又能学到文化，并能从大量的语言材料中看到语言与文化的密切关系，从而加深对英语民族文化与本民族文化的了解，提高语言的交际能力。英汉两种语言中丰富的习语都体现了不同的文化特征，比如，汉语中常常用“雨后春笋”来形容“事物的迅速发展和大量产生”，英语中的同义习语是“like mushroom”(像蘑茹一般)。形容“对事物无兴趣”或形容“文章、讲话枯燥”在汉语中说“味同嚼蜡”，在英语中说“as dry as sawdust”（像锯末儿干巴巴的）。对这种现象，教师应指导学生做好收集素材，进行比较分析的工作。（3）从社交礼节及习俗方面着手，社交礼节是指某文化或成员在特定类别的交际活动中共同遵守的规则与习惯，英汉社交礼节因受各自文化的影响和制约，存在一定的差异。比如，有人打了个喷嚏，中国人的反应是“有人想你了”、“有人说你了”，或开玩笑地说“谁在骂你”，英国人或美国人则说“God bless you”（上帝保佑你）；很多人认为汉语中的“请”相当于英语中的“please”，但在某些场合却不宜用please，比如让别人先进门或先上车时，不说“please”，一般都说After you；在餐桌上请人吃饭吃菜、喝酒或请人吸烟时，一般都用“Help yourself”, 也不用“please”，如此等等，不是语言本身的字字翻译，而是文化的信手拈来。 语言教师的素质和角色转换在英语教学中实施文化导入的原则及具体策略之外，语言教学的素质就是一个关键性的问题了。语言的交与学具体实施主要由教师及学生共同来承担。在这样一个培养学生跨文化交际能力的大环境下，在教学上就要改变传统的教师讲、学生考前背的教法，而改为以学生为主、教师指导。帮助学生收集资料，自觉地吸取中西方文化的营养。教师的传统地位“传道授业解惑”就应当有了新的内涵，教师由“前台的圣人”转向“后台的向导”。同时，加强对双重文化的学习，“学然后知不足，教然后知困”，对教师的要求也有所提高，增强双重文化的理解能力。同时，还要具备用外语准确表达本族文化的能力，只有具备了这两种能力才能胜任在教学过程中对学生起到启发、引导的作用，才能充分调动学生的学习积极性，有效地组织以学生为中心的课堂教学，发现问题、解决问题，提高学生的人文素质。只有全方位地实施双向的互动，语言的学习过程就是文化的学习和交流的过程，是活的语言实习过程。3 结束语在英语教学中导入跨文化的内容，有利于学生打开眼界、开拓思路，提高学生的综合素质，使其得到一定的艺术修养和中外文化精髓的熏陶，具备一种新的文化意识；有利于提高学生的实践能力和创新能力，减少语用错误。文化创造力强调学习者的主观能动性，一种主动从外国文化源泉中摄取新东西的潜能，是学生跨文化交际能力的体现和补充；有利于知己知彼，不会使年轻一代对外国文化盲目崇拜，变成“哈韩族”、“哈日族”、“哈美族”；有利于理论联系实际，而不是脱离实际的机械的死记硬背，符合与时俱进的时代发展要求，使学生能够学到真正活的英语。参考文献1 何自然，阎庄.中国学生在英语交际中的语用失误———汉英语用差异调查[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，19863 霍尔. 侯勇译.无声的语言[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，19954 赵厚宪.外语教学中的文化教学原则[J].中国英语教学，2002（6）

1、自己为什么选择这个课题？2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么？3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的？4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何？5、在研究本课题的过程中，发现了那些不同见解？对这些不同的意见，自己是怎样逐步认识的？又是如何处理的？6、论文虽未论及，但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些？7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚，在论文中论述得不够透彻？8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么？

同学，答辩不要紧张，要熟悉你写的内容，一般如果是你的论文指导老师会问问题针对性强一点，其他老师会问一些general question。建议如下，供参考，1. 中西方有哪些传统节日存在差异并举例说明。（基本题，考察你是自己写的还是抄的）2. 这种差异会给文化交流带来哪些影响？正面影响，负面影响阐述3. 了解这种差异后有对解决实际问题有何帮助？4. 你自己如何理解这种差异，或者差异如何形成的？祝你好运！