新冠对环境的影响论文开题报告

新冠对环境的影响论文开题报告

冠状病毒怕高温，而新冠病毒和SARS的同属冠状病毒属成员，基因序列有85%的相似性。所以这其实反映出人们一种隐隐的期待，希望新冠肺炎疫情也会像17年前的SRAS一样，在夏天到来后逐渐消失。基于对其他冠状病毒的了解和经验，天气变暖有利于发病率下降的确，这种期待有一定依据。据对SARS的研究表明，人冠状病毒对热较为敏感，随着温度升高，人冠状病毒的抵御力会下降。56摄氏度下30分钟可以有效灭活病毒。而在4℃的维持液中，人冠状病毒则能维持中等稳定，在零下60度的环境中，保存时间能达数年。而且多项研究显示，MERS冠状病毒和SARS病毒在高温和潮湿环境下，病毒活性都会显著降低。而在22°C到25°C的温度和40％到50％的相对湿度（即典型的空调环境）下，SARS病毒能在光滑表面上保持5天活性。所以笔者在此提醒一句，平时用空调制热升高环境温度不可能达到灭活病毒的效果，洗热水澡的温度也达不到。2006年WHO出的《SARS这场国际瘟疫是如何被阻止的》一书中把天气回暖看作是SARS消失的原因之一。基于对其他冠状病毒的了解和经验，李兰娟院士、王辰院士、钟南山院士和张文宏主任都曾比较肯定地说，天气变暖有利于发病率下降。对新冠状病毒的直接研究支持高温可能抑制新冠病毒传播2月22日，中山大学公共卫生学院王茂团队在论文预印本平台发布了一篇题为《Temperature Significantly Change COVID-19 Transmission in 429 cities》论文，王茂团队在论文中推测，可能存在最适合新冠病毒传播的温度区间。武汉近期平均气温在℃到℃之间，正好在确诊人数上升的温度区间内。因此，武汉气温适宜新冠病毒传播可能是疫情首先在当地暴发的因素之一。作者还推测，随着北半球气温升高，日平均气温超出病毒传播的最佳温度区间后，疫情可能得到相应控制。3月9日，论文预印网站SSRN发表了美国马里兰大学医学院人类病毒研究所、全球病毒网络（GVN）卓越中心的一篇论文，指出目前疫情与纬度和温度之间的相关性似乎很强。新冠肺炎社区传播主要沿着东西向展开，中心点均大致沿北纬30～50度分布，平均温度为5℃~11℃，平均湿度在47%~79%。未来北半球升温，疫区更北部风险增加。事实上，疫情后来的进展形势非常符合这篇文章的预测。白色圆圈代表出现显著社区传播的地区。红色等值线划出了气温在5到11摄氏度的地区。相反或谨慎观点：气温非决定因素早在2月份的采访中，明尼苏达大学传染病与政策中心主任迈克尔·奥斯特霍姆对高温抑制病毒这一观点持怀疑态度。他认为，指望天气变暖遏制新型冠状病毒传播还为时过早。“很多人作此判断是因为非典疫情就是在夏天结束的。”他说，“不知是不是巧合。也可能正好在当年夏天，人类控制住了疫情。”他接着指出，2012年人类体内发现的另一种冠状病毒MERS(中东呼吸综合征)就完全没有遵循季节模式。“阿拉伯半岛温度高达约43摄氏度，MERS也仍在传染。”他就此指出，“某些病毒的传播高峰会出现在盛夏。“3月5日举行的世界卫生组织发布会上，紧急卫生事件项目技术主管玛丽亚·范·科霍夫对气温的影响也持谨慎态度，“我们没有理由相信这种病毒在不同温度下表现不同”，他呼吁每个国家和地区都能采取积极行动，以防止新冠病毒进一步传播。”3月6日世卫组织紧急项目执行主任瑞安在记者会上也表示，目前没有证据显示新冠病毒会在夏季自行消失。美国疾控中心国家免疫和呼吸系统疾病主任南希·梅索尼尔也在一次公开电话会议中表示，现在尚无法断言确诊人数会随着天气变暖而减少，采取各种积极措施是很有必要的，“我们不指望仅仅靠天气回暖来消灭这种病毒。”3月19日，麻省理工学院的两位学者在预印本平台SSRN发表了题为《夏季冠状病毒流行会减少吗？》的研究论文。结果表明，1月至3月，平均温度高于18℃和绝对湿度大于9g/m3的国家的病例总数实际上少于全球总病例数的6%。这项研究显示了温暖气候抑制病毒传播的可能性，但另一方面也表明，南半球国家出现的本土传播案例，可能意味着新冠病毒比起过去的流感和其他呼吸道病毒，对较高温度更为耐受。哈佛大学公共卫生学院的流行病学家马克·利普西奇的发布的一项研究发现，新冠病毒在一定的湿度范围内都可能持续传播，造成感染病例快速增加，无论是寒冷干燥的地区，还是像新加坡这样的热带地区。这项研究说：“如果不实施广泛的公共卫生干预措施，单是天气本身(比如北半球进入春季和夏季时温度和湿度的增高)，未必会带来病例数量减少。目前，新加坡、马来西亚、巴西等热带国家的确诊病例数量正在不断攀升似乎也说明了问题的复杂性。3月30日，南京医科大学沈洪兵院士、南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院王其龙等在国际顶尖医学期刊JAMA子刊JAMA Network Open 发表了一篇论文。该论文报道了江苏省淮安市一个超级传播者在洗浴中心感染了其他8人的簇状传播案例，这一案例表明，新冠病毒在高温高湿的条件下仍能存活，且传播性并未出现减弱的迹象。笔者认为，这篇文章或许能证明单纯的温度湿度不是病毒传播的决定因素，然而气温显然不是单纯的温度，还涉及通风、日照等环境因素。气温的升高伴随着日照的增强，绝对温度虽然达不到杀死病毒，但增强的紫外线应该可以产生叠加效应。多出来晒晒太阳肯定有益无害！唠了半天，有人可能会说，让你说出花来，还是没有得出肯定结论呀。是的，绝大多数人啃着树上掉下来的苹果不见得能像牛顿那样发现牛顿定理。约翰霍普金斯大学世界疫情图的创立者Lauren Gardner教授也说，没想到她弄的东西竟然招来了超过10亿的点击量。她表示，这个项目为学校和团队带来了更多的曝光量，“我确实期待它为我们的团队带来真正令人兴奋的机遇，而且它已经做到了。”NASA已经要资助这个小组研究“季节性和气候”对病毒的影响。”呵呵，这不美国政府都和我想一块儿了。

第1点当地的一些居民肯定会把这些动物全部隔离，第2点就是如果是养殖户的话，肯定会有很大的影响，会出现赔钱的情况，第3点生态环境会有很严重的污染，所以整个的规划会有所改变。

二氧化氮大幅下降，封城期间，车流量大为减少。作为二氧化氮的主要来源，废气排放受到很大限制。不仅是二氧化氮，由于疫情对工业的影响，二氧化碳和硫化物的排放量也大大减少。可见，疫情在一定程度上对节能减排产生了积极影响

毕业论文新能源对环境的影响

传统汽车尾气会污染空气体。汽车尾气排放的温室气体二氧化碳，导致地球温度升高，海平面上升。一些国家城市的土地被海水淹没，人们生存环境温度上升。新能源汽车没有或减少了尾气排放，对于改善环境质量具有十分积极和重要的意义。新能源汽车是采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源的汽车。包括纯电动汽车、增程式电动汽车、混合动力汽车、燃料电池电动汽车、氢发动机汽车等。电池种类有铅酸蓄电池、锂离子电池、镍氢蓄电池等。

能源为经济发展、提高人类生活质量、改造整个环境作出了积极的贡献，但一些落后的不尽合理的能源开发利用方式给环境带来的破坏也十分严重，其危害程度因能源类别和开发利用方式的不同而差异甚大。1．煤煤的开采会导致地面下沉（地下开采）和地表破坏（露天开采），污染和破坏地下蓄水层，产生粉煤灰等大量固体废弃物，侵占土地。煤炭运输过程中还不可避免地排放粉尘，污染当地大气。最严重的是煤炭燃烧所致的大气污染，无论是发电用煤还是工业终端用煤，都将向大气中排放二氧化碳、二氧化硫和烟尘等有害物质。煤炭燃烧是温室气体二氧化碳的最大来源。按单位有效能所排放的大气污染物计算，煤炭是对环境危害最严重的化石燃料。2．石油和天然气石油和天然气的开采对环境的影响与开采方式有关。陆上油气开采会导致土地破坏、地下水污染，海上油气开采会影响渔业和海洋生物环境，两者都会排放液态和固态废物。石油在生产、储存、运输过程中如果发生泄漏，将会对环境造成较大的影响。石油和天然气也同属化石矿物燃料，燃烧时都会向大气中排放碳，但因不同矿物燃料的含碳量不同，燃用同量的煤、石油和天然气，各自排放的二氧化碳量也不同，燃石油较燃煤少30%，燃天然气则较燃煤少50%，故燃天然气相对比较清洁。3．水电水电是一种洁净的二次能源，但在大型水电工程的建设过程中，仍会对环境产生影响。修建水库会淹没大片土地，吞没森林，损害动植物物种，需要大规模安置移民。大坝会扰乱河流的自然流量，造成河床破坏，伤害水中生态系统，干扰鱼类和其他水生动物的产卵和迁徙方式，也将引起湿度变化和降雨等气候变化。4．生物质能生物质燃料是一种传统能源，也是许多国家农村的主要能源。生物质燃烧会产生大量烟尘，造成区域性大气污染；过度消耗薪柴，会使植被遭到破坏，加剧森林的退化，加大“温室效应”的压力。大量使用秸秆和畜粪代替薪柴，会导致秸秆不能还田，使土壤有机质减少，肥力降低，生态环境恶化。5．核能核能对环境的影响具有很大的不确定性，铀矿的开采与加工、燃料循环与发电、核废料与废弃核电站的处置，其中每一个环节都有可能向周围环境泄漏有毒或放射性物质。尽管核事故发生的概率很低，核能的安全性不比其他能源差，与化石燃料相比，对环境的损害也较小，但公众对核安全的忧虑仍是核能发展的一大障碍，所以评估核能对环境的影响是比较困难的。6．太阳能、风能、地热和潮汐能太阳能、风能、地热和潮汐能都是可再生能源，对环境影响较小。地热对环境的不利影响包括排放二氧化碳等气体、污染地下水、废弃地热井的地面塌陷等；太阳能的大规模利用需占用大片土地；潮汐电站的设计中要考虑海洋鱼类的生态环境问题。但这些新能源同属清洁能源，它们的大量开发利用，有利于改善环境状况。综上所述，矿物能源传统的开发利用方式需要付出巨大的环境代价，对温室效应贡献突出，其中尤以燃煤带来的危害最大。积极寻求各种替代矿物燃料的清洁能源，如发展水电、核电及各类新能源，以改善能源结构，减轻环境污染，势在必行。鉴于矿物燃料在近期内仍将作为能源结构中的重要组成部分，不断研究应用矿物燃料，开发利用更为合理的新技术，以缓解环境危机是十分必要的。

新能源对环境的意义有以下几点：1、减少煤炭、石油等传统化石传统能源在能源结构中的比例，减少二氧化碳及污染物等排放，对环境造成的污染；2、应对传统化石能源枯竭后的能源问题，相对于传统化石能源而言，诸如太阳能、风能等清洁新能源，是取之不尽用之不竭的；3、发展新能源，可以有效的减缓对传统资源的过度开发，对于日益恶化的环境提供一个缓冲期，遏制环境进一步恶化；4、减少人类因环境恶化带来的不失、疾病等健康问题。

新能源汽车对环境的影响论文

传统汽车尾气会污染空气体。汽车尾气排放的温室气体二氧化碳，导致地球温度升高，海平面上升。一些国家城市的土地被海水淹没，人们生存环境温度上升。新能源汽车没有或减少了尾气排放，对于改善环境质量具有十分积极和重要的意义。新能源汽车是采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源的汽车。包括纯电动汽车、增程式电动汽车、混合动力汽车、燃料电池电动汽车、氢发动机汽车等。电池种类有铅酸蓄电池、锂离子电池、镍氢蓄电池等。

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对翻译的影响论文开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

矿场开发对环境的影响研究论文

采矿生产对环境的危害：水土流失、矿坑造成的地面沉降、生物多样性的破坏以及采矿过程中含化学物的废水对地下水的污染等。一、水污染主要由于采矿、选矿活动，使地表水或地下水含酸性、含重金属和有毒元素，这种污染的矿山水通称为矿山污水。矿山污水危及矿区周围河道、土壤，甚至破坏整个水系，影响生活用水、工农业用水。当有毒元素、重金属侵入食物链时，会给人类带来潜在的威胁。二、大气污染露天采矿及地下开采工作面的钻孔、爆破以及矿石、废石的装载运输过程中产生的粉尘，废石场废石（特别是煤矸石）的氧化和自然释放出的大量有害气体，废石风化形成的细粒物质和粉尘，以及尾矿风化物等，在干燥气候与大风作用会产生尘暴等，这些都会造成区域环境的空气污染。三、固体废弃物污染在风景区附近的露天矿场，因采矿对地面景观的破坏时旅游观光环境极不协调，许多矿山随意倾倒固体排弃物导致沟壑、河道淤塞，泄洪不畅，水患不断四、土地破坏及复田、土壤的污染矿山开采，特别是露天开采造成了大面积的土地遭到破坏或被占用。据统计，美国约有万个露天矿，每年破坏土地3万公顷以上的土地；而在联邦德国，仅开采褐煤一项，每年就占地约万公顷。我国矿山开破坏土地的总数尚未详国的统计，根据已初步掌握的资料，各类主要的露天矿山有1000多个，多属于小型露天矿，而对土地的破坏是十分可观的。五、地质灾害地面及边坡开挖影响山体的稳定，导致岩（土）体变形诱发崩塌和滑坡等地质灾害。矿山排放的废石（渣）常堆积于山坡或沟谷在暴雨发生下极易引起泥石流。

卜华 张昭伟

（山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院，兖州272100）

作者简介：卜华（1967—），男，高级工程师，从事水文地质、工程地质、环境地质及地质灾害勘查工作。

摘要：巨野煤田是目前山东乃至华东地区最大的未开发整装优质煤田，现已进入全面实质性开发阶段；该煤田面积广、储量大、开发程度高，对地质环境的破坏程度较为严重，本文根据该煤田的赋存特征和开发规划工程特点对地质环境遭受的影响进行了初步分析和论述。

关键词：巨野煤田；地质环境；地面塌陷

巨野煤田是目前山东乃至华东地区已探明储量尚未开发的最后一处大型整装煤田，目前已进入全面实质性开发阶段，该煤田的开发，对于提高山东和华东地区的煤炭自给率，促进经济进一步发展，尤其是保持山东煤炭工业的持续发展、带动鲁西经济具有重要意义。然而煤炭资源的开发往往以牺牲地质环境为代价，对地质环境造成较为严重的影响或破坏。巨野煤田含煤面积广，煤层厚度大，矿井集中又同时开采，其开发必将对该区的地质环境产生较为严重的影响或永久性的改变。

1 巨野煤田概况

巨野煤田位于山东省西南部的菏泽市和济宁市，呈条带状近南北向展布，含煤面积1210km2，煤炭地质储量×108t，扣除暂不能利用的储量后，现阶段规划地质储量×108t。含煤地层为石炭-二叠系月门沟群太原组和山西组，总厚度230m左右，共含煤26层，可采煤层6～8层；其中3煤层（山西组）为主采煤层，北部平均厚，南部平均厚，最大厚，埋藏深500～1200m，最大埋深1400m。主采煤层厚度大、煤质好、分布稳定，煤层倾角2°～19°，构造程度中等，开采条件较好。全煤田共划分为7个井田，总建设规模1860×104t/a，服务年限50～77年，见表1。

表1 巨野煤田各井田基本情况一览表

2 区域地质环境背景

巨野煤田处于黄淮海平原的鲁西区段，地形平坦，地面标高37～，微地貌类型为缓平坡地、浅平洼地、河槽洼地、河滩高地等。区内河流较多，地表水利用程度较高，引黄灌溉是该区农田用水的主要形式，地下水的开采水平较低。该区是我国著名的优质粮棉油生产基地，经济以农业种植为主，工业基础较为薄弱。

该煤田在大地构造上处于鲁西南断块坳陷的西北部，断裂构造相对发育，并控制着煤田的分布边界；地层主要有奥陶系、石炭系、二叠系、新近系和第四系。新近系和第四系松散沉积物厚450～800m，主要岩性为粉质粘土、粘土、粉土和粉细砂。

包气带岩性以粉土为主，目前条件下土壤环境质量较好，基本未受污染。松散沉积物是本区地下水的主要赋存介质，富水性严重受地貌、埋藏条件和沉积环境的制约，空间差异变化较大；浅部和古河道带富水性较好，单位涌水量200～400m3/（d·m）；深部和河间地带富水性较差，单位涌水量小于200m3/（d·m）。地下水主要来源为大气降水入渗和河水渗漏，流向自西向东，主要以侧向径流和蒸发的方式排泄。多年平均水位埋深2～5m，水化学类型复杂多变，化学组分的背景含量较高，水质较差，多为咸水或微咸水。

新构造运动以来，该区地壳表现为整体沉降运动特征，断裂活动趋于缓和，地壳相对稳定。土壤盐渍化已得到有效控制，危害程度基本消除；受近代沉积环境和地下水位的影响，目前存在的主要环境地质问题为砂土液化。

3 煤田开发对地质环境的影响

对地形、地貌和地层结构的影响

巨野煤田为全隐蔽型井田，采用立井方式开拓、单一长壁式采煤、后退式开采、全部冒落法管理顶板，对上覆地层结构和地形、地貌的影响较为严重，影响的主要表现形式为地面塌陷。依据煤层的赋存特征和煤田设计开采范围，以理论沉陷值10mm点作为受开采影响的边界点，经选用概率积分模型进行初步预测，在设计开采区3煤层充分开采的条件下，地面塌陷面积将达到近570km2，由于矿井分布集中而且采区基本相连，所以塌陷区将成为区域性的人工盆地；在现状水位埋深条件下，积水区面积将至180km2左右，约相当于东平湖正常水域面积的倍；塌陷区深度平均约，最大将达到9m。

煤田开发后，该区的地质环境将会产生较严重的改变，在地表，地形标高降低，宽阔平坦的平原成为大面积的盆地，塌陷深度超过潜水位的部分变成积水湖泊，塌陷盆地边缘部分形成倾斜的“坡子地”，出现凸凹不平的复杂形状，原有各种地貌景观不复存在；在地下，上覆地层坍塌，其原始应力状态及其完整性、连续性等结构特征遭受破坏，尤其使浅部的近代沉积物结构变得更为松散。

对地下水环境的影响

对地下水环境的影响主要有两个方面：一是煤田开发导致地面塌陷，破坏了含水层的原始结构，打破了地下水的自然循环条件、动态特征和均衡状态，使地下水转变为地表水，原来的径流、蒸发和开采排泄变为水面直接蒸发排泄，矿井排水又加速了这一过程，从而减少了区域地下水资源量；假设不考虑地面蒸发量、地面径流量和地下渗流排泄量，则区内水资源方程为消耗量等于水面蒸发量减去降水量，本区多年平均降水量为，多年平均蒸发量为，蒸降差1215mm，仅浅层孔隙地下水拥有量损失就新增近×108m3/a。二是矿井排水、矿区生产、生活排水和煤矸石淋滤对地下水的污染；7个井田全部建成投产后，矿井排水总量约为（～）×104m3/d，扣除回用量后的外排量将大于×104m3/d，生产、生活排水量约为（～1）×104m3/d；矿井水呈灰黑色，含有大量的悬浮杂质和一定数量的微生物以及一些重金属元素，生活污水含有较多病菌和有机质，另外本区矿井水中 含量和矿化度、总硬度也较高，尤其是选煤废水含有浮选油、絮凝剂等毒性添加物（单忠健，1999），这些水若采用明渠排入河流或塌陷坑，不但污染地表水，也入渗污染地下水，使地下水中的污染组分增加、含量升高；采煤产生的大量煤矸石在雨水淋滤、冲刷下，溶解出的污染组分随水渗入地下，也将对地下水环境造成污染。

对土壤环境的影响

地面塌陷破坏了土壤的结构，大面积土地积水变成湖泊，土壤的空间环境、内部结构和交换条件发生改变，降低或失去生产能力和净化环境的功能；再就是矿区建设和煤矸石堆积占压大片农田，土地失去原有使用功能，矿区、煤矸石和排放废水中的有害物质随水渗透到土壤中，使其中的有害组分增多或含量增加，环境质量变差。

产生次生地质灾害

煤矸石是煤炭生产过程中的必然产物，通常占煤炭采出量的10%～20%（陈明智等，1999），巨野煤田的采煤排矸率与该值相近，约为～，如果取中间值15%计算，开采过程中的总排矸量约为×108t，不仅占压大片土地，污染水和土壤环境，堆积山体还会发生塌方、滑坡等次生灾害。

在塌陷区的缓坡地带，由于地表标高降低，地下水位相对上升，蒸发量加大，随水分上升到地表聚集的盐分增多，导致土地产生次生盐渍化。据初步推算，产生次生盐渍化的土地面积将在100km2左右。

矿井建设和开采过程中，随着基坑开挖、平整场地等工程活动及地面塌陷，将使地表植被、土壤结构受到破坏，土体变得松散、地形坡度加大，导致土壤凝聚力和内摩擦力减小、可侵蚀性增强、抗侵蚀能力降低，加剧水土流失。

4 结论及建议

巨野煤田位于鲁、苏、豫、皖交接地带，位置优越，交通便利，其开发对于缓解整个华东地区的能源需求矛盾，促进区域经济持续发展具重要意义。目前该区土地广袤，农业发达，地质环境基本处于自然状态，外动力地质作用的影响较为微弱。煤田开发将导致地面塌陷、水质污染、产生次生地质灾害等环境地质问题，其中对地质环境影响最大的是地面塌陷，它将永久改变该区的地形、地貌形态，使广阔的平原变成大面积的人工塌陷盆地和积水湖泊，改变和降低土地的使用功能，使地质环境更加脆弱。

地质环境是人类赖以生存的基础，煤田在开发过程中应严格遵循区域矿产开发原则，切实处理好资源开发与社会、环境之间的相互关系，注意落实各项污染防治措施和生态环境综合整治方案，在开发的同时最大限度地做好对环境的保护工作。

参考文献

陈明智，杨信荣，张明星.1999.论我国煤矿环境问题及其对策.见：《煤矿环境保护》编辑委员会编.煤矿环保优秀论文集（一）.北京：煤炭工业出版社，82

单忠健.1999.煤炭生产与加工过程中的某些环境问题及煤炭洗选措施.见：《煤矿环境保护》编辑委员会编.煤矿环保优秀论文集（一）.北京：煤炭工业出版社，58

浅论露天煤矿开采环境问题及防治对策论文

一、露天煤矿开采引发的环境问题

(一)对土地的破坏

露天煤矿区对土地资源的破坏主要表现在露天采场的直接挖损、外排土场压占土地和工业广场的占用等。挖损是对原地表形态、浅部地层、生物种群的直接摧毁,致使原土地不复存在,压占是挖损过程中产生的废弃岩土堆置于外排土场上造成原地貌功能的丧失。挖损和压占等工程活动直接破坏了表层的植被,导致这一区域原先处于相对稳定的系统受到干扰,使区域内的土地利用、植被覆盖、地貌、保水力等生态因子发生巨大的变化。

(二)水污染问题

露天煤矿开采对地表水和地下水污染最严重的是煤矿排土场淋溶水。排土场的煤矸石中富含碱金属、碱土金属和硫等,大气降水淋溶了煤矸石中的无机盐类,含无机盐类的淋溶水流入地表水体会对地表永体造成污染,渗入地下含水层,也会污染地下水体。此外,采场周围水体和大气降水汇入采场矿坑,也会由于矿坑积水浸润采场的残煤露头,而使煤层中的硫和重金属等污染物质溶入水体而使地下水受到污染。

(三)空气染污问题

露天煤矿排土场污染最严重的因子为剥采区、排土区和运输道路两侧一定范围内的粉尘。此外,露天煤矿排土场大多没有土地复垦和再植被,每个露天煤矿的外排土场都会形成一个几百到几千公顷的人为荒漠化土地,春秋时节,荒漠化的排土场所产生的扬尘等亦会使周围大气造成严重的污染。

(四)环境地质问题

露天采矿形成的矿坑边坡及排土场边坡,由于地质构造、边坡岩体、地表水及地下水作用、采矿工程活动等原因诱发一系列诸如滑坡、塌陷、泥石流等突发性或缓变性地质灾害,危及该地区周边工业企业与民居建筑的安全,造成人员伤亡及巨大的经济损失。因此,滑坡、塌陷等地质灾害贯穿于露天矿开采的始终,并有可能延续到闭坑后。

二、露天煤矿开采引发环境问题的防治对策

(一)土地破坏的防治措施

1、耕作层土壤和表层土壤是经过多年耕作和植物作用而形成的熟化土壤,是深层生土所不能替代的,对于植物种子萌发和幼苗生长有着重要作用。应对矿区拟破坏的露天采矿场熟化的表土进行剥离,用汽车运输到指定表土堆放场堆存,闭矿后直接作为露天采矿场复垦用土。

2、修建运输道路时,要充分利用已有矿山运输道路、乡村道路,不占或少占耕地、林地。避开土壤状况良好、植被生态复杂地段,减少对矿区植被和土壤的破坏。

3、采用机械、人工等方式对采场边坡进行清理,清除松动、凸起的碎(块)石。对平台进行人工、机械平整,清除场地内较大石块;休息室、表土堆放场建筑进行拆除、平整;区内道路进行平整、回填;平整后场地坡度要满足复垦场地需求。

4、对平整后的平台场地穴状坑及采场边坡平台进行覆土,覆土来源为矿山开拓时剥离堆存于表土堆放场的表土。采用机械、人工等方式,剩余的表土采取就近的原则平覆于拟复垦林地的场地,覆土平均厚度≥0、5米。

5、矿区复垦土壤以生土为主,土壤养分含量和地力不足,恢复待复垦土地的肥力和生物生产效能,就必须采取恢复土壤、肥化土壤的`措施。因此复垦的地块根据当地情况增施农家肥与生物菌,林木落叶留底以提高土壤的有机物含量,改良土壤结构,改善土壤理化性状,增加土壤肥力。

(二)空气污染的防治措施

1、施工扬尘防治措施。土石方开挖避免在大风天气进行,完工后及时回填、平整场地;工业场地辅助配套工程施工,首先做好路面硬覆盖;易产生扬尘的建筑材料采用封闭车辆运输;设置围布、挡板,禁止高空抛撒建筑垃圾和起尘的料、渣土的 外溢;施工扬尘防治关键要加强施工管理,管理到位,可以有效减轻对环境的影响。

2、运营期地面运输系统的防尘措施。输煤系统带式输送机栈桥露天部分均加设皮带罩棚,筛上设布袋除尘器集尘;在其周围设置彩色防风挡板,阻挡煤尘的扩散。储煤设施应采用圆筒仓储煤方式;转载点、原煤卸载站设置通风除尘装置和喷雾洒水装置。

3、采场、排土场扬尘治理。对采掘工作面,合理布置炮孔,正确选择爆破参数和加强装药、 冲填等作业的管理,爆破前向岩体注射高压水,或利用洒水装置;钻机设袋式集尘器,爆破后洒水降尘;配备洒水车往返于坑内外道路,对排土场工作面及其与采掘场之间的道路进行经常性地洒水,以增加路面、 作业面积尘湿度。排土场定期碾压,降低起尘。对已经结束排弃的排土场平台,在不影响整个露天矿排土作业的条件下及时覆土绿化;沿固定帮坡种植防风林带。

(三)边坡防治措施

1、高度重视露天矿边坡管理工作,建立健全边坡安全管理机构制度,剥采生产应严格按照设计给出的边坡角、平台进行留设,严禁越采超挖。

2、采用边坡稳定性雷达或边坡监测机器人加强边坡变形监测工作,及时掌握边坡变形的动态情况和规律,对于出现的任何局部、小规模的边坡坍塌滑落还要进行专门的分析和治理方案设计。

3、露天矿地下水丰富,建议建立完善的疏干排水系统,在采场发现出水点,详查后打水平孔,释放静水压力,夏季暴雨会给采场边坡稳定性带来威胁,此时要加强疏干,特别是断裂带和煤层顶底板的弱层,一定要详查,做到“有疑必探,先探后采”。

4、建立日常的巡查监测制度,特别是春季解冻期、雨季或坡面上出现沉陷裂缝时更要加强巡查监测,一旦发现异常情况(如边坡有明显失稳先兆)及时预警避让,或采取防治工程措施。

5、抗滑桩是穿过滑坡体深入于滑床的桩柱,用以支挡滑体的滑动力,起稳定边坡的作用,适用于浅层和中厚层的滑坡,是一种抗滑处理的主要措施。

(四)水污染的防治措施

1、修筑截矿山排水沟渠。矿山排水沟渠沟建于矿场四周,当雨季降水量大,既起到阻挡作用,而且还起到梳流作用。

2、河流改道。针对穿过矿区的河流,必须对河流进行改道迁徙,路线改道应选择短,地势平缓弱渗水地段。同时还要考虑矿山的发展前景,避免二次分流。新河道的起点应该在河床冲刷易发区进行选择,并与原有的河道河势想适应。

3、调洪水库。季节性的地表水流横穿开采境界时,除采取改道措施外,须在矿区上游修筑调洪水库截流和贮存洪水。

4、修筑拦河堤。当露天开采和附近的河流周围地面水平的境界,湖白的岸边标高相差较小,甚至低于岸边地形时,应该修建岸边护堤堰。防止河水漫灌到采矿场。

5、防渗帷幕。防渗帷幕防水是在露天矿开采境界以外,在地下水涌人采场的通道上,设定若干一定距离的注浆钻孔,并依靠浆料在裂缝中的扩散,凝结组成一道挡水隔墙,所谓防渗帷幕就是指由若干个注浆钻孔所组成的挡水隔墙。

三、结语

露天煤矿开采环境问题的防治是一项复杂的、综合的、庞大的系统工程。要应用环境地质学、环境科学、采矿学、水土保持学、系统工程、工程经济学等学科的原理和思路研究防治对策,追求最优的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。实现煤炭开采与环境保护协调发展,实现矿区的可持续发展。

开采矿山，真的会破坏环境？专家：只是管理问题