翻译专业论文开题报告模板范文

翻译专业论文开题报告模板范文

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译论文开题报告模板

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下：

模板范文一：

1、选题目的及意义。

演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。

演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。

2、选题背景。

3、选题的研究现状。

4、结语。

5、可行性分析。

6、重点与难点分析。

7、时间进度安排。

模板范文二：

1、课题背景及现状。

项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段，占地公顷，建成已50多年，是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题，同时适应全国农运会．宜居城市对景观环境的需要，要求对其进行重新规划设计，通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。

2、目标。

通过本课题的学习，培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识，专业设计技能，专业调查与实践方法，在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力，理论分析应用能力，组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力，充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。

通过本方案的各个环节的训练，掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规，进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究，培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。

3、任务及途径。

学生根据提供的课题任务书，结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计，平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流，课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集，前期注意详细分析基地情况，收集相关资料，综合加以分析，提出自己的方案构思，并根据构思进行方案的设计，最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。

4、时间安排。

寒假期间完成实习及调研工作，还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。

第1~2周：收集相关文献资料；调研资料整理(文字、图纸)，完成开题报告。

第3~4周：功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解，完成方案一草。

模板范文三：

有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视，尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域，发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位，积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作，以各种创新型制度安排，共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。

本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界，旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆，提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架，以图书馆治理模式为研究对象，突出比较研究方法。

1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。

2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模，所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。

3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终，在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆，以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。

本项研究系应用性基础研究，研究价值体现在：

相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆，作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。

拓宽治理理论的应用范围，形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系，促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。

开题报告及论文翻译模板

开题 报告 作为 毕业 论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一,是论文写作或研究能否按计划实施和开展的重要保证。下面是我为大家整理的毕业论文开题报告模板以及 范文 ，希望你们喜欢。 毕业论文开题报告模板 第一步、论文拟研究解决的问题 内容要求： 明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题，也就是论文拟定的创新点。 明确指 出国 内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点、结论、解决 方法 、阶段性成果…… 评述上述文献研究成果的不足。 提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法，简述初步理由。 撰写方法： 你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容，提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务，因而并不是定论，研究中可能推翻，也可能得不出结果。开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究，你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来。 一般提出3或4个问题，可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题，也可以是几个并行的相关问题。 第二步、国内外研究现状 内容要求：列举与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献。基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出，允许有部分内容重复。 撰写方法：只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献，其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述。 第三步、论文研究的目的与意义 内容要求： 简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景。 简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题。 简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用。 基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出，允许有所重复。 第四步、论文研究主要内容 容要求：初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构。由此更能理解“论文拟研究解决的问题”不同于论文主要内容，而是论文的目的与核心。 关于格式的论文范文 现代汉语“X什么X”格式的语义分析 摘要：“X什么X”格式是现代汉语口语中常见的一种句式，如我们常说和常听到的“看什么看”“笑什么笑”“挤什么挤”等等。能够进入该格式的“X”可以是动词、形容词、名词等等。本文拟从语义来源及构式义等角度来进行探讨。 关键词：“X什么X”格式 语义 分析 “X什么X”格式是现代汉语口语中常见的一种句式，对其进行语义分析具有重要意义。 一、“X什么X”格式的语义来源 关于“X什么X”格式的基本语义特征，一般认为是表否定，具体 句子 有一些具体的语义特点，如不满、责骂等。但是对该语义的来源，主要有两种说法：一是由疑问代词“什么”的非疑问用法(否定用法)带来的，其中的“什么”前指X，后一个X主要强调主观抒发，突出感情色彩;二是由整个结构表达。但本文认为： (1)如果说该格式意义是由疑问代词“什么”的否定用法带来的话，那么，当X为V时，动词重叠式的意义主要用来“表现时量小、动量短或委婉态或尝试态”，而“V什么V”格式表示的显然不是对“时量小、动量短或委婉态或尝试态”的否定。 (2)“什么”本身是没有否定意义的，它的这种用法是一种语用否定形式，而非句法层面上的否定，是人们在言语交谈中为表现主观性而采取的一种语法化形式。(肖任飞、张芳，2006)并且用“什么”进行否定的意义并不单一，在一定的情况下，这种否定意义的表达需要语境的帮助。如： a、“不是告诉你了吗……;挤什么挤，要买快说……” b、挤什么挤?” a、b中的“挤什么挤”分别表示的是不耐烦和愤怒的情绪。 (3)表否定的“X什么X”格式具有泛形化的特点，除了本文讨论情况外，还有以下形式： a、“光杆的‘什么’”表否定，如“什么呀!我才不生气呢!” b、“什么+Y(Y可以是一个词或一个 短语 )”如“什么他真能干!” c、“X+什么”，如“怕什么，我还能吃了你!” d、“X什么Y”形式，其中的Y可以是NP、VP或AP形式，如“担什么心”“有什么依不得”“发什么呆呀”等。这些格式都是带上疑问代词“什么”表示否定的格式，但是它们的内部解释机制不同。 (4)“X什么X”格式还可以受状语修饰，如“还装什么装、还等什么等”，这里的“还”是修饰“X什么X”整个格式的，并不是修饰其中的某个组成成分。 因此，本文认为“X什X” 格式的否定意义是由整个格式带来的。以下本文将以构式语法理论为基础，对“X什么X”格式的构式义进行相关的分析。 根据以上论述，我们可以认为判断构式的标准为：一是构式的语义不可从其组成成分推导出来;二是构式的语义也不能从已有的句式中推导出来。而上面我们已经解释了用“疑问代词的非疑问用法或否定用法”来解释“X什么X”格式的否定意义是行不通的。另外我们都知道，在语言系统中，语法意义和语法功能完全相同的语法结构最终难以共存，一种语法形式能够在语言系统中存在，在言语交际中传承，必然有其独特的价值。而“X什么X”格式是现代汉语口语中常见的一种句式，是一种在言语交际中成熟和发展起来的语法化形式。因此本文认为，“X什么X”格式是一种构式，其否定用法是由整个格式来表达的。 二、“X什么X”格式的构式义 在“X什么X”格式的句法分析中，我们已经分析了，该格式中的“X”可以是动词、形容词、名词等语法类别，下面本文将分析该格式的构式义。 “X什么X”格式的基本语义是表否定，但是具体的句子又有自己的一些语义。先看以下例子： (1)胖胖大大的钱康从车上喝道而下：“挤什么挤?先下后上!”(北大CCL 语料库) (2)李文彬却不识眼色，梗着脖子说：“老窦，你也太心虚了，你怕什么怕?……”(同上) (3)甲：这次这事真是太谢谢你了! 乙：谢什么谢!举手之劳。(生活实例) (4)“好什么好?都是‘鸿门宴’，不是那么好吃的。”(北大CCL语料库) (5)窦夫人：“我又不是吃你，你急什么急!”(白先勇《游园惊梦》) 通过观察，我们不难发现，当X性质不同时，该格式的具体意义是不同的。 A、“X什么X”格式在句式上相当于一个否定陈述句。 1)当X为动词时，该格式表示否定X所表示的动作或行为。如(1)中听话人认为说话人不知道原因，是对说话人所表示的指导这种行为的否定，并试图劝导说话人不要多管闲事。这类动词多为“懂、了解、明白”等心理感官动词。 (2)(4)表示的也是这样一种语义，是对说活人所说的否定。 2)当X为形容词时，该句式否定性质状态，在句式上也相当于一个否定陈述，如(5)(8)中听话人对说话人所说的“好”“年轻”的状态的否定，在意义上是“不好”“不年轻”。 B、“X什么X”格式在句式上相当于一个祈使句。 1)当X为动词(V)时，否定动作行为，该格式在句式上相当于一个表示禁止或拒绝的祈使句。如(2)(5)中的“挤什么挤”“谢什么谢”表示的就是“不要挤”“不用谢”的意思，表示的都是说话者对“挤”和“谢”这一动作行为的阻止，只是在语用意义上，后者表示了一种谦逊、客气的情感。 2)当X为形容词(A)时，也是否定性质或状态，只是在句式上相当于一个表示禁止或拒绝的祈使句。如(7)中是窦夫人对听话人所表示出来的状态的否定，在语义上相当于“别急”。 3)当X为名词、副词或叹词时，该格式在语义上或相当于否定陈述句，或相当于否定祈使句，如“酒什么酒”“你什么你”“都什么都”“啊什么啊”在语义上表示的都是对说话人所发出的动作行为的否定。 通过以上分析，我们可以概括出“X什么X”格式的构式义：在一定的语境中，说话者对某种动作、行为或性质状态的主观否定。 参考文献： [1]高宁.V什么V格式研究[D].吉林大学，2009(4). [2]黄喜宏.“什么”的否定用法研究[J].上海师范大学，2008(4). [3]孙蕾.论“什么”反诘句的表达形式及其深层语义特征[J].语文学刊，2009(10). [4]朱锡明.口语中的“X什么”与“X什么X”句式[J].广西社会科学，2005(9). 看了“毕业论文开题报告模板以及范文”的人还看： 1. 本科毕业开题报告范文 2. 本科毕业论文开题报告范文 3. 毕业论文开题报告格式及论文格式 4. 大学毕业论文开题报告范文 5. 毕业论文的开题报告初稿范文

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译实践论文开题报告模板范文

下文是为大家精选的翻译在职硕士论文开题报告，希望对大家有帮助!

翻译在职硕士论文开题报告

论文题目：从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构

1、选题意义和背景

随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。

2、论文综述/研究基础

1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。

1 国外顺应论研究状况。

比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。

2 国内顺应论研究状况。

钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232)，该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。

国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。

关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜，2007:124)。

中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。

从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满足交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。

有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。

顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。

叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。

纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。

3、参考文献

Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社，2004.

Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.

戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江，外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.

公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.

何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.

何自然。《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海，上海教育出版社。2007.

何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.

胡芳毅，贾占波。《外宣翻译：意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海，上海翻译。2010⑴：23-28.

蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.

贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.

李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.

李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.

刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.

卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.

钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.

钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991(1)：61-66.

孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.

潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 (6)：50-52.

王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.

叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.

张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

翻译专业实践报告论文范文模板

自己慢慢翻吧暂时没有时间为了更好的掌握这两年来所学的专业知识和能够将这些知识融会贯通于实际工作中应用这些知识，我们班的同学进行了将近三个月的生产实习。 在这三个月的生产实习的实际实践中，不但让我对建筑装饰技术这门专业有了更深刻的了解，也有了不少新的认识。在生产实践的这段日子里，我在现场的工作不仅使我在学校课堂上学习的“书本上”的知识有了更深、更新的了解与认识，而且还让我学习到了许多不可能在学校里学习与认识到的关于人与事的社会经验。 建筑装饰项目的施工组织与管理 在施工现场的生产实习生活，虽然能够学习到不少新的知识和知道许多我说不知到的事，但并不是每天都有特别的是发生或是有机会学到新鲜的事物与知识的。大部分在施工现场的实习生活，是用在将我在课堂上学习的知识的深化巩固并使其使用化的学习实践过程。是将我所已经掌握的建筑装饰技术的相关知识用于实践，在施工现场体验作为一名施工管理与组织者的现场实际经验。 所谓项目管理就是指为了达到项目目标，对项目的策划（规划、计划）、组织、控制、协调、监督的总称。项目管理的对象是项目，而项目管理者应是项目中各项活动主体本身。项目管理的职能同所有管理职能均是相同的。同时，项目管理的特殊性带来了项目管理的复杂性和艰巨性，要求按照科学的理论、方法和手段进行管理，特别是要用系统工程概念、理论和方法进行管理。管理项的目的就是保证项目目标的顺利完成。项目管理有一下特征： （1） 每个项目的管理都有自己特定的管理程序和管理步骤。 （2） 项目管理是项目经理为中心的管理。 （3） 项目管理使用现代管理方法和技术手段。 （4） 项目管理应实施动态管理。 而其中建筑装饰施工的工程项目管理也是项目管理的一类，是对建筑装饰施工活动进行的有效的计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制，从而保证建筑装饰施工的顺利进行，实现项目的特定目标。其重要只能有：计划职能、组织职能、协调职能、控制职能、监督职能。建筑装饰项目管理不仅有它所要发挥的职能，同时也有其必须完成的任务。 建筑装饰施工项目管理的任务是以最优先地实现项目地总目标，即用有限地资金和资源，以最佳的工期、最少的的费用来满足工程质量的要求，完成装饰施工任务，使其实现预定的目标。 在建筑装饰施工管理的过程中，是为了去得各阶段目标和最终目的得实现，必须围绕组织、规划、控制、生产要素得配置、合同、信息等方面进行有效得管理，其主要内容如下：(1)建立施工项目管理组织；（2）做好施工项目管理规范；（3）进行项目施工目标控制；（4）施工项目生产要素的优化配置动态管理；（5）施工合同管理；(6)施工信息管理；(7)组织协调。 这是因为施工组织管理有着如此的职能、任务和内容。因此，体现出施工管理与组织在建筑装饰施工项目的各项工作中重要性与重要地位。 伴随着国家市场经济和改革开放的不断深入， 装饰行业已经成为建筑业中的三大支柱行业之一，其在整个建筑业中所占的比重已越来越大。面对装饰业市场竞争的加剧和行业的规范化进程，面对市场准入和行业的规范化进程，装饰工程施工中施工管理工作显得更加重要。 而我作为一名施工管理人员在施工现场的三个月的实习体验也让我更加明确的认识到管理的重要性。是否有优秀的管理体制、系统和人才。便关系到建筑装饰企业团队的施工质量、进度、安全、成本、效益还有能否按期交付使用等问题。 建筑装饰的施工管理与质量控制 要使公司能有更好的效益，使其工程施工的质量得到良好的管理与恰当的控制，还使其工期、进度得到保证。关键之处还是要注重施工管理，而要想使企业团队的管理系统有所强化，纵观公司的施工管理工作，做为一个工程项目的管理者在完成施工管理任务与职责时主要应注意以下几个方面： （1）加强项目管理，落实管理目标责任制，强化职能部门的指导监督作用 公司的项目管理不同于一般企业的项目承包，以包代管。而是实行项目目标管理，在工程任务下达之初，公司营业部即已将工程计划成本及利润详细算出，项目在公司计划成本的指导下完成质量目标、工期目标。这样经营风险全部由公司承担，各施工项目处于同一起跑线上，有利于调动项目经理的积极性，从体制上保证了工程质量。 工程部作为项目的直接管理部门，在公司计划成本的控制下，负责施工管理人员的培训、考核，针对项目部每一岗位，工程部都有量化考核标准，每一工程完工后，对项目管理人员按岗位工作标准评定。从而对项目管理人员起到了检查督促的作用。 在项目施工前期，工程部对各工种进行必须的培训，培训即包括技能也包括文明施工细则的培训，从而保证施工技术人员对公司制度贯彻的连续性及准确性。品管部做为公司质量管理部门，主要负责工程施工质量的检查验收工作，对工程项目进行不定期检查，从体制上保证了施工质量的稳定性。总工办做为技术管理部门，针对不同工程特点，制定相应的施工方案，并组织进行技术革新，从而保证施工技术的可行性及先进性。 （2）认真做好工程前期准备工作，编制切实可行的施工组织设计，装饰工程施工前期准备工作大致可分如下几个方面： a.施工管理人员的准备 施工现场项目管理人员包括项目经理、施工员、技术员、质检员、材料员、统计核算员、安全管理员等几个岗位，工程部依据工程规模及难易程度确定管理人员的数量并进行职能分配，项目经理做为项目的负责人，在工程部的领导下，组织本项目人员认真熟悉图纸，与营业部沟通现场用工及材料用量。提出人员及机具计划，在公司要求工期内制定详细的施工进度计划。 b.施工操作人员准备 工程部依据项目部提出的劳动力计划，结合公司整体施工项目的进展情况，准备各工种人员，并组织项目部有关人员对入场工人进行入场前的教育及相应的技术安全培训，使工人在入场前对工程项目的技术难度、质量要求有所了解。总工办针对工程的特殊工艺对项目人员进行专项培训。如果工程单项需要分承包方，则由营业部负责分承包方的联系，由工程部进行工程考察确认，分承包方一旦确定，则由工程部组织项目部针对本工程对其进行培训，培训内容涉及技术、质量、安全、进度、现场文明施工等方面。从而保证了在施工过程中，各班组均能全面执行公司的各项施工管理制度，并能够由项目部对其进度、质量进行控制。 c.施工技术的准备 项目部在熟悉施工图纸的基础上，对图纸中的问题进行汇总，由总工办组织项目部及营业部结合本公司的施工特点，提出具体的修正方案，报甲方及设计单位共同探讨，以达成一致，使得问题能够在进场施工前得到最大限度的解决。项目技术人员在工程部及总工办的指导下，结合工程项目特点，编制出施工组织设计，内容包括工程概况及施工特点，施工方案（包括施工准备、施工顺序、主要项目施工方法、质量及安全保证措施、降低成本措施、保证工期及文明施工措施），施工进度计划，劳动力、材料及机具需要量计划，施工平面布署及项目管理人员职责分配等。公司在多年的施工过程中，总结出一套比较成熟的施工作业方法，并编制成作业指导书，供项目人员参考，从而大大提高了工作效率，也方便了对施工操作人员的培训。d施工材料的准备 为了提高计划材料的准确性，由项目部依据营业部下发的分项材料表对各分项材料用量进行核对，及时将修正材料量返回营业部预算员处，由预算员下发材料计划表，此计划表做为采购人员的采购依据提前联系供货单位，从而保证材料的供应。项目部同时向采购人员提供材料进场时间要求，从而使采购人员做到心中有数，按部就班的进行材料的准备。 e.施工机具的准备： 装饰工程所用施工机具大致可分为手使工具及电动工具，电动工具由公司采购部门供应，采购部门依据项目部提供的机具名称，对机具进行检修维护，从而保证机具在施工过程中的正常运转。 f.施工现场的准备： 工程开工前，项目经理组织项目部管理人员对工地进行实地勘察，了解施工现场的环境，确定材料堆放地点、施工用水及用电情况，对原有建筑的情况进行摸底，并将实际勘察结果填入《交接备忘录》中。原有结构影响装饰施工质量及效果之处，以及修正措施要及时知会顾客，争取顾客的同意。在特殊环境下要注意允许施工时间及道路运输情况。 （3）加强施工项目的过程控制，创造精品工程 a.施工人员的控制： 施工项目管理人员由项目经理统一指挥，各自按照岗位标准进行工作，工程部随时对项目管理人员的工作状态进行考查，并如实记录考查结果存入工程档案之中。各岗位依据其性质，量化为若干小的考评项目。考评结果将是工程部对管理人员进行评定的依据，评定结果与奖罚挂钩。 施工操作人员要相对稳定，相对稳定的施工队伍是一个企业的根本保证，每一个操作人员对公司的管理都清清楚楚，这样便于工程质量的稳定提高。现场施工员依据施工进度计划，合理安排人力，力争做到人员流水作业，降低窝工损耗，在移动通信天河营业厅工程施工过程中，短短40天的时间，完成300万元的产值，在1900平方米的工作面上，施工后期有150名木工，30名电工操作。在工作安排上，将铝塑板包柱等作业项目划分成许多分项，操作人员进行单项作业，并将班组分成基层、面层下料组、面层粘贴组。使得整个工程有条不紊的进行下来，从而在时间上保证了顾客按时开业，嬴得了顾客的高度赞扬。施工作业人员由工程部统一调度，某工种在一个项目结束或间歇时，便及时转到别的项目操作，即保证了工人的收入稳定也保证了公司技术工人的相对稳定。 b.施工材料的控制： 装饰材料品种繁杂，质量及档次相差悬殊，装饰工程所用材料又受到业主的克观影响，因此，装饰施工材料控制比较麻烦。在材料进场前必须先报验，将业主同意的材料样品一式两份封样保存，一份留项目，一份留业主，在材料进场后，依样品及相关检测报告进行报验，报验合格的材料方能使用。采购人员在采购时，也要严格执行材料的检查验收手续，保证采购材料一次合格。为了便于管理，公司将各种材料的检查方法及检验标准编辑成册，采购人员、质检人员、施工人员全部用同一标准来衡量材料是否合格。在进场材料的管理上，采用限额领料制度，由施工人员签发限额领料单，库管员按单发货，从而即能保证质量又能节约成本，对于易碎或贵重材料，在施工现场单独存放，尽量减少人为的搬运次数。对于现场发现的不合格材料，如果不能及时退库，则单独放置并在明显位置标注不合格品字样，这样能够防止错发错拿现象。现场所剩边角余料如不能使用，则及时退回公司辅料库，以便其它工程使用。 c.施工机具的控制 库管员要对施工机具妥善保管，分类存放，实行施工机具领用登记制度，以谁领用谁保管谁负责为原则，操作人员在领用工具时要向库管员说明机具的使用目的，库管员按照机具使用要求发放机具，保证机具正常的使用寿命。为了保证正常施工生产，公司对每一台设备都建立了维修档案，从而保证了进场设备都已经过检测合格。对于工人手使工具，由工程部按工种不同列出必备工具明细，入场前检查各工种自备工具是否齐全，保养是否良好，如用于打玻璃胶的专用工具，贴防火板专用工具，安装修边角及不锈钢扣条的专用工具等。 d.施工工艺的控制 施工工艺是决定工程质量好坏的关键，有好的工艺，能使操作人员在施工过程达到事半功倍的效果。为了保证工艺的先进性及合理性，公司对于不太成熟的工艺安排专人在加工厂进行试验，将成熟的工艺编制成作业指导书，并下发各施工主管，施工管理人员在现场指导生产时则依此为依据对工人进行书面交底，并由班组长签字接收。工艺交底包括工具及材料准备、施工技术要点、质量要求及检查方法、常见问题及预防措施。在进行世贸商场二层内装地面砖铺贴过程中，技术人员针对其面积大，柱子多等特点，制定了相应的工艺做法，从技术上保证了铺贴质量，在施工时先交底后施工，严格执行工艺要求，从而使该工程被评为单项样板工程。在华夏证券门头工程施工中，加工厂及现场紧密配合，在现场进行骨架制作的同时，加工厂就开始了铝塑板面层的加工。由于各项工序严格执行工艺要求，现场安装时尺寸丝毫不差，既提前了工期，又节约了管理费用。 e.施工环境的控制 施工环境对装饰工程的影响很大，尤其是油漆工程，在进行油漆施工时，现场不得有灰尘，天气必须晴朗，为了保证工程质量，必须控制好施工环境，这就要求施工管理人员在进行工序安排时要合理，避免施工污染，同时保证各工序所需环境要求，如室温要求、基体干燥要求、空气清洁要求等。因此一般结构方面的工作先进行，饰面工作后进行；头顶工作先进行，头顶以下工作后进行；隐蔽工程先进行，包封工作后进行；水电管线工作先进行，灯具、开关、插座、洁具、五金配件安装工作后进行；易受污染或贵重材料，保养不易的工作（玻璃制品、镜面、壁纸、面料、地毯等）应最后再做。如果冬季施工时，室内温度达不到要求，则要制定相应的保温升温措施，同时要注意火灾的发生。 （4）加强专项检查、及时解决问题 a.开展自检、互检活动，培养操做人员的质量意识。 各工序完成后由班组长组织本班组人员，对本工序进行自检、互检，自检依据及方法严格执行技术交底，在自检中发现的问题由班组自行处理并填写自检记录，班组自检记录填写完善，自检出的问题已确实修正后方可由项目质检员进行验收。 b.下道工序是用户，认真开展交接检活动 上一道工序完成后，在进行下道工序施工前，由质检员组织上、下工序施工班组长进行交接检，由下道工序班组长检查上道工序质量，对影响本道工序的质量问题提出意见，并填写交接检记录，质检员督促上道工序人员进行修正后，下道工序人员方可进行施工。通过此项活动增强了工人本身的质量意识，加强了工人的责任感，如果不交接即生产，一旦出现问题，不是自己做的事也要承担责任。从而在操作人员中形成人人管质量，遍遍有把关。从根本上杜绝不合格品的存在。 c.专职检查、分清责任 在班组自检基础上，项目质检员要对各班组长的各道工序进行检查，从严要求，对不合格的要立即处理，在检查时必须分清产生不合格的原因，是由于工人操作引起，还是由于施工材料或施工方法引起的不合格。查清原因后，对于反复发生的问题要制定整改措施及相应的预防措施，防止同类问题再次发生。对于工人操作引起的不合格，要视情况严重程度对工人采取处罚措施，并及时向操作人员讲明处罚的理由，使工人理解“松是害，严是爱”的道理。 d.定期抽查，总结提高 公司品管部及工程部定期到各项目对工程质量情况进行检查，对发现的问题定期集中分类，定期召开质量分析会，组织施工管理人员对各类问题分析总结，针对特别项目制定纠正/预防措施，并贯彻实施。使各施工管理人员在不断解决问题的过程中，提高水平。 5． 做好内部验收，向顾客提供满意的产品 工程完工后，在交付顾客使用前，由公司品管部、工程部、设计部及营业部对工程进行全面的验收检查，对于发现的问题，书面通知项目部及时整改，如有必要则进行二次内验，只有在内部验收通过后，工程才能交付顾客进行验收。从而保证顾客一次性验收合格，达到顾客的满意。 不能及时退库，则单独放置并在明显位置标注不合格品字样，这样能够防止错发错拿现象。现场所剩边角余料如不能使用，则及时退回公司辅料库，以便其它工程使用。 c.施工机具的控制 库管员要对施工机具妥善保管，分类存放，实行施工机具领用登记制度，以谁领用谁保管谁负责为原则，操作人员在领用工具时要向库管员说明机具的使用目的，库管员按照机具使用要求发放机具，保证机具正常的使用寿命。为了保证正常施工生产，公司对每一台设备都建立了维修档案，从而保证了进场设备都已经过检测合格。对于工人手使工具，由工程部按工种不同列出必备工具明细，入场前检查各工种自备工具是否齐全，保养是否良好，如用于打玻璃胶的专用工具，贴防火板专用工具，安装修边角及不锈钢扣条的专用工具等。 d.施工工艺的控制 施工工艺是决定工程质量好坏的关键，有好的工艺，能使操作人员在施工过程达到事半功倍的效果。为了保证工艺的先进性及合理性，公司对于不太成熟的工艺安排专人在加工厂进行试验，将成熟的工艺编制成作业指导书，并下发各施工主管，施工管理人员在现场指导生产时则依此为依据对工人进行书面交底，并由班组长签字接收。工艺交底包括工具及材料准备、施工技术要点、质量要求及检查方法、常见问题及预防措施。在进行世贸商场二层内装地面砖铺贴过程中，技术人员针对其面积大，柱子多等特点，制定了相应的工艺做法，从技术上保证了铺贴质量，在施工时先交底后施工，严格执行工艺要求，从而使该工程被评为单项样板工程。在华夏证券门头工程施工中，加工厂及现场紧密配合，在现场进行骨架制作的同时，加工厂就开始了铝塑板面层的加工。由于各项工序严格执行工艺要求，现场安装时尺寸丝毫不差，既提前了工期，又节约了管理费用。 e.施工环境的控制 施工环境对装饰工程的影响很大，尤其是油漆工程，在进行油漆施工时，现场不得有灰尘，天气必须晴朗，为了保证工程质量，必须控制好施工环境，这就要求施工管理人员在进行工序安排时要合理，避免施工污染，同时保证各工序所需环境要求，如室温要求、基体干燥要求、空气清洁要求等。因此一般结构方面的工作先进行，饰面工作后进行；头顶工作先进行，头顶以下工作后进行；隐蔽工程先进行，包封工作后进行；水电管线工作先进行，灯具、开关、插座、洁具、五金配件安装工作后进行；易受污染或贵重材料，保养不易的工作（玻璃制品、镜面、壁纸、面料、地毯等）应最后再做。 建筑装饰项目的技术管理 由于建筑装饰工程项目的特殊性，作为建筑装饰项目的施工管理者在注重施工管理方面的同时，也应该在项目施工设计方面有相当的能力，以适应建筑装饰其技术管理的特殊性。 因此建筑装饰施工管理人员同时有施工与管理两方面任务与职责。施工管理者在拥有良好的施工管理素质，同时还应该掌握相应的技术知识。 由于装饰工程项目的施工周期相对土建工程要短，所以，施工组织设计的科学性、合理性、可操作性尤为重要。因此，技术管理的控制点和有效性是衡量企业技术发展和技术进步的重要标准，是企业可持续发展的技术保障。 了解和掌握国内外的技术发展动向，推动企业科技进步，提高设计和施工水平。当代科学技术的发展速度之快，大大促进了生产力的提高。科学技术转化为生产力，使社会的方方面面正悄然地发生变化；信息爆炸与信息高速公路令世界变小。搜集、整理、比较、筛选有关装饰业的最新科技信息和动态，使我们利用新技术、新工艺、新材料变为可能。每年的各类展览会和博览会，使我们很直观的了解和搜集到最新的业内信息，各种专业报刊和网上信息，又成为我们了解最新业内动态的便捷途径。 建立技术储备档案对搜集到的有关资料，按化工、建材、纺织、五金等大类分别存档；又在大类中进行细分，如化工中的防火、防水、防腐材料，木材、钢材、块材等的粘合剂，各部内外墙的涂饰材料，各种木材、钢材的涂饰材料等分门别类地造册存档。便于日后检索和查找。并不断地对档案进行更新换代，使之完善。 推广与应用新技术及其成果 率先开发应用网络管理系统和CAD辅助设计，使我们受益菲浅；而进一步加强网络化管理的深度，提高微机的自动化水平，又成为我们新的亟待解决的课题。推进行业进步要从推广与应用新技术、新工艺、新材料入手，对已掌握的安全、环保、高效、节能等方面的产品和技术，要优先利用；从前期谈判就向业主介绍和推荐，设计时积极采用，从而形成企业优势。在这里还应看到，推广与应用新技术、新工艺、新材料一定要具有前瞻性；在一定的时段或一定的经济环境中，这种推广与应用可能有阻力或不被业主认可，但这只是暂时现象，纵观时代的进步，优胜劣汰是发展的必然趋势。在这方面谁走在前面，谁将会有更多的机会和能力赢得市场。 推广技术的更新改造现代装饰技术较之传统装饰技术，已不可同日而语，不同的材料、工艺、设备，必然导致技术的变革和更新改造。纳米技术的出现可预见的是会对涂料工业注入新的活力，出现划时代的新型涂料产品，那么与之相关的施工工艺和技术也会出现变化。微机内存配置的提高，新的管理和设计软件的开发应用，无疑会使管理与设计上一个新台阶，会使工作效率得到更大的提高，加工设备的更新改造，数控设备的应用，使半成品和加工件的质量和材料利用率得到提高。抱残守缺的时代已经一去不复返了。我们相信装饰技术的更新与改造的周期会越来越短，发展的速度会越来越快。培训相关人员应用新技术、新工艺、新材料的能力随着新技术、新工艺、新材料的出现，我们经过试验或比较得出有关数据和操作经验，然后编制作业指导书，将使用的工具、施工工艺、技术要点、检验与验收标准列入其中，下发相关的部门和操作人员；使管理、操作和检验人员很快熟悉了自己的工作要点。在实际操作中，由工艺员和技术员进行指导，以点带面的逐步展开，这种做法已被实践证明是快捷而又行之有效的。 制定科技人员发展规划及实施办法，对技术质量管理的制定修订提出建设性意见。 技术人员已越来越被企业所重视，人才专业结构的合理组合已成为企业人才发展规划的侧重点。就装饰企业而言，设计与施工是两个重要的一线部门，所要求的技术人员的标准相对较高，专业设置既全面又要有所侧重；而企业的网络管理和开发则需要相当水平的专业人才，那么管理层的人员配置又需要管理加技术的复合型人才，人才的综合素质越高，企业的发展潜力和市场竞争力就会越大，这是不容置疑的事实。人才发展规划是根据企业规模、实力和发展规划而制定的，不可能一蹴而就。因此，在企业发展的大目标下，有计划、有侧重地逐步招聘，培养和合理使用人才，并不断地更新知识；实施进程不会是一年两年，是要不断调整，平衡、优化，使企业的人才资源配置合理，加快企业的发展步阀。 企业的技术质量管理，是企业逐年发展过程中所积累、总结、完善而形成的制度或措施，它通过内部和外部条件的转化和提高而逐渐完善。制度的形成与完善是要经过长期的修正、补充和检验的。因此，技术质量的控制是否有效，成为是否修订现阶段措施的基本条件；基于此点来衡量技术质量管理工作，将会得出正确的判断，无效或失效就要修订或改进；相反，则要巩固与加强管理力度，使企业发展。参加或主持企业重大技术会议，解决技术疑难问题 解决技术疑难问题，是技术管理工作中的重中之重，无论是设计还是施工，这类问题不解决，将直接影响工程质量而造成无谓的浪费或经济损失。针对不同的问题召开专题会议，比如专业或技术要求较高的单位工程，对其消防、屏蔽、抗静电、温湿度、超静除尘、强弱电、声学、隔音等等，都要进行充分的论证，形成合理可行的方案；对质量通病的预防，如大面积的铺贴石材、地砖，或是大面积的纸面石膏板吊顶，针对容易出现的地面空鼓、不平或吊顶不平与开裂，分析缺陷成因，制定相对应的施工方案与技术要点，在实施过程中严格控制和检查，使问题相继得到解决。对已经出现的质量问题，经过分析找出原因，然后进行小范围试验，问题解决后，写成作业指导书进行推广。技术疑难问题会随着新技术、新工艺、新材料的不断采用，而逐渐出现，及时发现、及时解决、不留尾巴是解决问题的最好办法。自己解决不了可以采用派出去、请进来的办法，积累解决问题的经验和能力。 参与合同评审，对合同中涉及的技术能力把关 前文说到的专业或技术要求较高的单位工程，在合同评审中会经常出现，对其技术可行性评审论证后，确定自己的技术能力范围；对一些专业的单项工程或作业进行分承包，进而保证工程整体的施工质量和要求。 主持重要的设计评审，最终审批图纸 对重要工程的设计评审包括几个方面： 图纸设计是否满足了建设方的各方面要求，是否符合国家规范；图纸设计是否科学合理又有先进性，总体风格及效果； 图纸设计的规范性，完整性和保证程度； 图纸设计材料的购置能力，施工的可行性； 能够满足以上要求，由企业技术负责人审批。 对设计的质量进行抽查与评定，审批设计更改 定期与不定期进行图纸设计抽查，对已竣工的图纸设计分为优、良、可、差四级评定，促进设计质量的提高，并将量化的统计结果发放至每一设计人。审批由于业主、现场或设计需要的设计变更，汇总不同的变更原因，找出设计失误，同样是提高设计质量的又一手段。 审批施工组织设计和工程技术交底好的施工组织设计和工程技术交底，是有效控制施工质量、进度、成本的先决条件；因此对其科学合理和严密可行的要求很高，不同的环境、条件、技术含量和工期要求，以及不同的地区、季节等因素，都是施工组织设计和工程技术交底的依据。稍有疏漏将会出现失误，从而影响施工作业的顺利实施，规范施工组织设计和技术交底已成为企业招投标与施工准备的重要运作环节。因此，其编制的科学合理和严密可行，能够指导施工是得到审批的必备条件。 施工过程中技术资料和工程质量的检查 施工过程中技术资料是否齐备，工程质量是否达标，是衡量企业和项目经理管理水平高下的关键，是质检部门评定质量的依据。

1、论文题目

2、摘要与关键词

3、目录

4、翻译任务描述：主要写有关报告的背景，翻译任务的内容，目的、意义及报告整体结构。

5、翻译过程描述：包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等，译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等，译后——译后的校对、修改等。

6、文献综述：对该研究领域的研究现状（包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等）、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。

7、案例分析：如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中，应从不同维度、不同侧面，如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位，突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用，但也不能生搬硬套，要做到理论指导实践。

8、结论：主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。

9、参考文献：应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出（如APA或MLA）。

10、致谢。

翻译报告注意事项：

1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论

研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量！一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题，并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。

如果实在迷茫，不知道选取哪个理论，就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来，列一个清单，选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料，积极查阅知网等文献检索工具，多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告，学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。

2、制定翻译计划

在阅读材料之前，应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案，确定翻译进程，确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中，可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句，优先进行翻译。

3、撰写结论

撰写结论的内容，包括以下三个方面：

1）翻译过程的总结。

2）翻译报告的局限性。

3）对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。