法学毕业论文外文文献

法学毕业论文外文文献

第一编参考文献7．[德]考夫曼、哈斯默尔主编．当代法哲学和法律理论导论．北京：法律出版社，2002．8．[美]博登海默．法理学——法律哲学与法律方法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999．9．[美]波斯纳．法理学问题．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001．第二编参考文献．7．[英]哈特．法律的概念．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996．8．[奥]凯尔森．法与国家的一般理论．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996．9．[美]博登海默．法理学——法律哲学与法律方法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999．10．[美]德沃金．认真对待权利．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1998．11．[美]L.亨金．权利的时代．北京：知识出版社，1997．12．[美]贝勒斯．法律的原则．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996．13．[日]谷口安平．程序的正义与诉讼．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1996．14．[英]哈特．惩罚与责任．北京：华夏出版社，1989．第三编参考文献6．[德]马克思．摩尔根《古代社会》一书摘要．北京：人民出版社，1965．7．[美]霍贝尔．原始人的法．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992．8．[英]梅因．古代法．北京：商务印书馆，1959．9．[日]川岛武宜．现代化与法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1994．第四编参考文献．20．[德]拉伦兹．法学方法论．五南图书出版公司(台湾)，1996．21．[德]迈耶．德国行政法．北京：商务印书馆，2002．22．[日]大木雅夫．比较法．北京：法律出版社，1999．23．[美]博登海默．法理学——法律哲学与法律方法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999．第五编参考文献10．[美]庞德．通过法律的社会控制 法律的任务．北京：商务印书馆，1984．11．[英]斯坦、香德．西方社会的法律价值．北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1990．12．[英]米尔恩．人的权利与人的多样性——人权哲学．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1995．13．[英]密尔．论自由．北京：商务印书馆，1986．14．[英]洛克．政府论（上、下篇）．北京：商务印书馆，1964．15．[法]孟德斯鸠．论法的精神（上、下册）．北京：商务印书馆，1963．16．[美]博登海默．法理学——法律哲学与法律方法．北京：中国政法大学出版社，1999．17．[美]罗尔斯．正义论．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1988．18．[美]麦金太尔．谁之正义？何种合理性？．北京：当代中国出版社，1996．19．[美]科斯．企业、市场和法律．上海：上海三联书店，1990．20．[美]波斯纳．法律的经济分析（上、下）．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1997．第六编参考文献12．[法]孟德斯鸠．论法的精神（上、下册）．北京：商务印书馆，1963．13．[美]伯尔曼．法律与宗教．北京：三联书店，1991．14．[美]庞德．法律史解释．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．15．[英]科特威尔．法律社会学导论．北京：华夏出版社，1989．这是关于法理学的一些外文参考文献,我不知道你要的是文章还是一些书,这此就是书了

【参考文献】 [1)李海东．刑法原理入门（犯罪论基础）[M]．北京：法律出版社，1998． [2]〔美〕迈克尔·D·贝勒斯．法律的原则——一个规范的分析[M]．张文显等译．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996． [3]〔日〕泷川幸辰．犯罪论序说[A]．王泰译．高铭暄，赵秉志．刑法论丛：第3卷[M]．北京：法律出版社，1999． [4]张明楷．刑法分则的解释原理[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004． [5]〔日〕长冈龙一．刑法の解释と罪刑法定主义の原则（一）[J]．东北学院大学论集·法律学第10号． [6]〔日〕川端博，山中敬一，日高义博．鼎谈？罪刑法定主义の问题状况[A]．现代刑事法[M]．2001，(11)． [7]〔日〕平野龙一．刑法总论Ⅰ[M]．有斐阁，1972． [8]高铭暄，马克昌．刑法学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，高等教育出版社，2000． [9]〔日〕内藤谦．刑法讲义总论（上）[M]．有斐阁，1983． [10]陈忠林．从外在形式到内在价值的追求——罪刑法定原则蕴含的价值冲突与我国应有的立法选择[J]．现代法学，1997，(1)． [11]〔日〕牧野英一．日本刑法（第64版）[M]．有斐阁，1939． [12]赵秉志，吴振兴．刑法学通论[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1993． [13]〔日〕曾根威严．刑法总论（第3版）[M]．弘文堂，2000． [14]〔日〕ホセョンパルト．罪刑法定主义——法哲学と实定法学の课题として[A]．法哲学年报（法哲学と实定法学）[C]．有斐阁，1976． [15]〔日〕山口厚．刑法总论[M]．有斐阁，2001． [16]储槐植．美国刑法（第2版）[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1996． [17]〔日〕泷川春雄．自由主义刑法の山脉と世界观[A]．平场安治．泷川先生还历纪念（现代刑法学の课题）（上）[C]．有斐阁，1955．

法学毕业论文中的外文文献

”参考文献“是指在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。

按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

根据《中国学术期刊（光盘版）检索与评价数据规范（试行）》和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范（修订版）》的要求，很多刊物对参考文献和注释作出区分，将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”，列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。

扩展资料：

书写格式：

（1）顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码在文后参考文献中列出。

格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。

作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。

（2）参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：

专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；

学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；

图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；

乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。这个中文版本就称为译文 回答者： xffjy - 见习魔法师 三级 10-22 11:52

意思是该参考文献来自国外。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。

按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

参考文献的正确运用对学术论文的整体质量而言是至关重要的，但是，参考文献引用不当的问题还是层出不穷，严重影响了论文本身的质量，降低了基于此的各类评价指标的客观性和可信度。

扩展资料

参考文献的功能

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，对于其本身有着不可替代的作用，相关论述已非常充分，在此不一一赘述了，只重申一下重点。

与作者而言，参考文献是论文科学选题的前提，是论证观点的有力支撑，是继承和传播前人研究成果的有效方式，保护和评价他人的劳动成果。

与学术期刊而言，参考文献可为编者审稿选稿提供参考借鉴，为自身的影响力扩散打造有利条件，可完成不同期刊之间的学术成果传递，节约宝贵有限的版面。

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

参考资料来源：人民网-关于参考文献不当引用的表现及控制探析

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中.外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。原文就是指原作品,原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。这个中文版本就称为译文

法学毕业论文外网参考文献

法律思维论文参考文献

最近我在写毕业论文，想得最多的就是参考文献不知道在哪找?不知道你们会不会也有这样是问题呢?以下是我为您搜集整理的法律思维论文参考文献，希望能对您有所帮助。

1、期刊论文类

1.鲁丽丽：《形式与非形式逻辑——论法律逻辑之定位》，《现代物业》2013年第5期。

2.成静：《论法律逻辑学与法律思维能力的培养》，《安康学院学报》2013年第2期。

3.杨娟：《法律思维研究综述——从语言的角度》，《经济管理者》2012年第24期。

4.庾晋鹏：《从法律推理到法律论证——法律逻辑内涵的逐渐丰富》，《经济师》2012年第11期。

5.李瑜青、张建：《法律思维内涵与特征再思考》，《东方法学》2012年第2期。

6.王利明：《论法律思维》，《中国法学教育研究》2012年第2期。

7.孙培福：《法律方法中的逻辑真谛》，《齐鲁学刊》2012年第1期。

8.王新娟、张斌：《法律方法与法律思维的培养——以问题意识为导向的宪法案例教学》，《当代教育论坛》(综合研究)2011年第9期。

9.梁开银：《法律思维：法学教育与司法考试的契合点——论法学教育与司法考试的互动与改良》，《法学评论》2011年第4期。

10.郭瑞昌：《论中国传统法律思维方式的现代化》，《沧桑》2011年第2期。

11.李义松、苏胜利：《环境公益诉讼的环保逻辑与法律逻辑》，《青海社会科学》2011年第1期。

12.项庭庭：《浅议法律思维》，《南昌教育学院学报》2011年第1期。

13.马玉波：《法律逻辑的思维模式选择——谈谈刑法案例分析的方法》，《牡丹江大学学报》2010年第10期。

14.郭新杰、葛宇宁：《试论法律逻辑的品质》，《重庆理工大学学报》(社会科学版)2010年第4期。

15.周占生：《法律思维路径之辨——以规范结构为基点》，《河南大学学报》(社会科学版)2010年第2期。

16.王萍：《对法律思维研究的整理与思考》，《汕头大学学报》(人文社会科学版)2010年第2期。

17.印大双：《法律逻辑与大众逻辑之博弈》，《理论与改革》2009年第2期。

18.徐楠：《浅议法律逻辑研究的转向》，《沧桑》2009年第1期。

19.聂小明：《关于法律思维方式特征的内在观察》，《滁州学院学报》2008年第6期。

20.杨建军：《逻辑思维在法律中的.作用及其限度》，《华东政法大学学报》2008年第5期。

21.孙光宁：《法律思维模式及其选择》，《长白学报》2008年第2期。

22.张瑞峰、巴尔：《论法律思维在中国法治建设中的作用》，《社会纵横》(新理论版)2008年第1期。

2、学位论文类

1.卞叶：《论法律类型及其类型思维》，硕士学位论文，苏州大学，2013年。

2.黄笑君：《论法官的法律思维》，硕士学位论文，广州大学，2012年。

3.郎盛科：《论我国司法审判中的法律推理》，硕士学位论文，辽宁师范大学，2012年。

4.施榕娜：《法律规则与道德评价对法律推理的影响》，硕士学位论文，西南政法大学，2011年。

5.张林波：《法律领域的逻辑应用研究》，硕士学位论文，西南政法大学，2011年。

6.王建荣：《论法律推理与法律解释》，硕士学位论文，西南政法大学，2011年。

7.胡媛：《试论中国法律逻辑及其发展方向》，硕士学位论文，西南政法大学，2010年。

8.杨冠祥：《法律逻辑研究的新视角》，硕士学位论文，中国政法大学，2010年。

9.付云云：《法律推理之路》，硕士学位论文，西南政法大学，2010年。

10.王萍：《论法律思维的概念》，硕士学位论文，山东大学，2010年。

11.胡桂哲：《形式法律推理与实质法律推理的比较研究》，硕士学位论文，河北大学，2010年。

12.蔡勇：《论法律推理中的实质推导》，硕士学位论文，中国政法大学，2009年。

13.邢杰：《从法官裁判视角看法律推理》，硕士学位论文，燕山大学，2008年。

14.王亮亮：《法律逻辑的生命源》，硕士学位论文，燕山大学，2008年。

15.范春莹：《法律思维研究》，博士学位论文，山东大学，2008年。

16.罗冰：《民法教学中法律思维的培养》，硕士学位论文，首都师范大学，2008年。

3、著作类

1.郑永流(译)：《法律思维导论》，法律出版社2013年版。

2.张斌峰著：《法律逻辑学导论》，武汉大学出版社2013年版。

3.李静著：《法律思维训练与法律文书写作——推理、结构与修辞》，中国法制出版社2012年版。

4.杨力著：《法律思维与法学经典阅读——以哈特〈法律的概念〉为样本》，上海交通大学出版社2012年版。

5.范春莹著：《法律思维研究》，法律出版社2012年版。

6.缪四平著：《法律逻辑——关于法律逻辑理论与应用分析的思考与探索》，北京大学出版社2012年版。

7.关老健著：《法律逻辑学研究》，人民出版社2012年版。

8.郑智航著：《法律内在逻辑的基调演变》，法律出版社2012年版。

9.陈瑞华著：《法律人的思维方式》(第二版)，法律出版社2011年版。

10.黄伟力著：《法律逻辑学导论》，上海交通大学出版社2011年版。

11.葛洪义主编：《法律方法与法律思维》，法律出版社2010年版。

12.穆晓军著：《经理人必备的法律思维》，北京大学出版社2010年版。

13.焦宝乾著：《法律论证：思维与方法》，北京大学出版社2010年版。

14.赵利、黄金华著：《法律逻辑学》，人民出版社2010年版。

15.龙卫球著：《法学的日常思维》，法律出版社2009年版。

16.张大松主编：《法律逻辑学案例教程》，复旦大学出版社2009年版。

意思是该参考文献来自国外。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。

按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T7714-2015《信息与文献参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

参考文献的正确运用对学术论文的整体质量而言是至关重要的，但是，参考文献引用不当的问题还是层出不穷，严重影响了论文本身的质量，降低了基于此的各类评价指标的客观性和可信度。

扩展资料

参考文献的功能

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，对于其本身有着不可替代的作用，相关论述已非常充分，在此不一一赘述了，只重申一下重点。

与作者而言，参考文献是论文科学选题的前提，是论证观点的有力支撑，是继承和传播前人研究成果的有效方式，保护和评价他人的劳动成果。

与学术期刊而言，参考文献可为编者审稿选稿提供参考借鉴，为自身的影响力扩散打造有利条件，可完成不同期刊之间的学术成果传递，节约宝贵有限的版面。

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

参考资料来源：人民网-关于参考文献不当引用的表现及控制探析

电子文献著录格式〔序号〕作者.题名〔文献类型标志/文献载体标志〕.出版地：出版者，出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问路径例:〔10〕Pacs-l: the public-access computer systems forum〔EB/OL〕．Houston, Tex: University of Houston Libraries, 1989[1995-05-17]. 载体类型 磁带（magnetic tape） 磁盘（disk） 光盘（CD-ROM） 联机网络（online）标志代码 MT DK CD OL

法学毕业论文外文翻译

Shallow view college students（浅析大学生消费观） In the current consumption market, as a special group is receiving more and more attention. Cell phones, Internet, sports, tourism, av equipment are students of consumption. Their younger age, different from other social consumer groups of consumer psychology and behavior. On one hand has strong consumption demand, on the other hand, has obtained the financial independence. Consumer spending power of advanced concepts, the lag and has great influence on them. With this curious, we investigated the students listened, currently the showed that the following reasons for college students have a profound influence on the , family environment for students of consumption "congenital". Family is the basic factors restricting their consumption. Most students from rural areas currently. Rural students would not spend a lot of money to buy a bar of chocolate, biscuit, candy and snacks. A classmate of institute of grammar, told reporters he every month in the consumption of food and supplies, and a small part of life. However, the students from the developed city, in the free allowance is master circumstance, even the remaining money to spend on hair, clothing, accessories, and other items. MP3Second, the consumption of college campus environment. According to the understanding of the ", just past 11 golden weeks, "some travel agency" lovers swims "travel group, a lot of students. Some boys to girls, the pursuit of cosmetics, snacks, flowers as "sociology". In the investigation and discussion, we found that the students love more than 100 - month about spending at least 200 yuan, also has 50 yuan, the highest reach 500 yuan. One of the students of agronomy humorously tells a reporter, dating from the average expenses for the situation had been broken and three kinds, namely, man should take all NanNvFang share and the initiative of all, girls love spending even more than the addiction among is one where money. Some students spend all day in the net cafe, wasting their time and energy, and parents hard-earned , social environment influence on college students' view. In the interview process, a eppo school students told reporters: "some students fashion and famous, too." compare existing In the seminar, some students, in order to have a phone or a paragraph on the most popular, some classmates to economize, even sacrifice other necessary expenses. Some male classmate to buy a pair of shoes, the female classmate brand in order to buy a set of famous cosmetic or a brand-name clothes at hand to his family, money or borrow money from their classmates, these reflects some students don't know into, and driven them form the vanity of endless themselves. In addition, the male classmate hair, earrings, female students, also make positive modelling teachers and parents students are the pillars of the construction of the future society, its consumption ideas and directly affected the life character and the influence of the motherland, indirect jiangshan justice. Good training and strengthening consumer habits will get to the school, good shape, and formed the role of school student wind virtuous circle. Therefore, the schools should set students' good consumption psychology and behavior of the cultivation of campus culture construction as an important component. Facing the current as of inviting advertising the snowflake fly to the university campus, teachers and parents have necessary guidance from the side with the correct method, students correct view firmly. College students from his actual consumption of the economic situation, develop simple life style, develop good consumption habits and consumption mentality. 在当前的消费市场中，大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体正受到越来越多的关注。手机、旅游、上网、运动、影音器材都是大学生的消费热点。他们年龄较轻，有着不同于社会其他消费群体的消费心理和行为。一方面有着旺盛的消费需求，另一方面，尚未获得经济上的独立。消费观念的超前和消费实力的滞后，都对他们有很大影响。带着这样的好奇，我们调查了农大的同学，听取了老师们的意见。 调查结果显示，下面几种原因对大学生的消费观有着深刻的影响。 第一，家庭环境对大学生的消费观产生“先天性”的影响。家庭条件是大学生消费的根本制约因素。农大学生大部分来自于农村。农村来的学生不愿花费很多钱去买巧克力、饼干、糖果之类的零食。文法学院的一位同学告诉记者，他每个月的消费大部分用在伙食及学习用品上，还有一小部分是生活用品。但是，来自发达城市的学生，在零用钱掌握比较自由的情况下，甚至会把剩余的钱都花费在发型、服装、饰物和MP3等其它物品上。 第二，校园环境对大学生消费观的影响不可忽略。据了解，刚刚过去的“十一黄金周”，一些旅行社组织的“情侣游”旅行团里，有着不少大学生的身影。一些男生为了追求女生，把化妆品、零食、鲜花当成“攻心”的利器。在调查和讨论会上我们发现，谈恋爱的学生每月大约多支出 100－200 元，最少的也有 50 元左右，最高的达到 500 元。一位农学院的同学幽默地告诉记者，谈恋爱的费用支出一般由男方承担的局面已经完全被打破，而出现三种情况，即男方全部承担、男女方共同承担和女方主动全部承担，女生的恋爱支出甚至有超过男方的情况。 沉迷于网络也是钱财的去向之一。部分学生整日泡在网吧，浪费了自己的时间和精力，还有父母辛苦挣来的血汗钱。 第三，社会环境对大学生消费观的影响。在采访过程中，一位植保学院的同学告诉记者：“部分大学生过分追求时尚和名牌，存在攀比心理。”在讨论会中，一些同学指出，为了拥有一款手机或者换上一款最流行的，有的同学情愿节衣缩食，甚至牺牲其他必要开支。有些男同学为了买一双名牌运动鞋，女同学为了买一套名牌化妆品或者一件名牌衣服，不惜向家人伸手要钱甚至向同学借钱，这些都反映出一些学生不懂得量入而出，虚荣心的驱使使他们形成无休止的攀比心理。除此之外，男同学染发，打耳环，女同学们向明星造型看齐，也令老师和家长们忧心。 大学生是未来社会建设的栋梁，其消费观念的塑造和培养直接地影响其一生品德和行为，间接影响祖国的江山社稷。良好的消费习惯得到培养和加强，会对良好校风的塑造起促进作用，并形成校风助学风的良性循环。因此，学校应该把大学生良好消费心理和行为的培养作为校园文化建设的重要组成部分。面对眼下各种诱人的广告像雪花般飞向大学校园，老师和父母有必要从旁指引，用正确的方法坚定大学生正确的消费观．。在校大学生消费时应从自己实际的经济状况出发，发扬朴素的生活作风，养成好的消费习惯和消费心态。

Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine: 1. If a new product likely to find a market. 2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example: and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market. and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country. 3. Social Conditions If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail. Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing. 2. Telephone Survey In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes.'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best results. Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market＿Research on Smoking A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate) B How. many do you smoke a day? C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other. Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate．Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion. The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions. Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program. 7 The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;．the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective. The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is requires long periods of careful planning and administration. Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively. The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are based. Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be．engaged as an adviser. Purpose of Advertising Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the : To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read. The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different一types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries. 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each 9 group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by another. 3. Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore. A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be immediate. 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration. Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly, he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad. Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide, without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references, files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.

怎么方面的？经济学吗？

市场行情，最差的也要1000字50元，没有人会要分的

法学毕业论文题目涉外

学术堂整理了十五个新颖并好写的毕业论文题目：1、非全日制劳动者权益保护问题研究2、论行政法比例原则的适用3、论行政事实行为4、论《英雄烈士保护法》的立法意义与完善路径5、论我国政府信息公开制度的完善6、论劳务派遣中劳动者合法权益的保障7、“当场击毙”正当化研究8、我国偷渡犯罪刑法立法研究9、我国未成年人犯罪刑法立法研究10、论刑法中的犯罪的社会危害性11、论刑法在反恐中的作用与局限12、我国环境犯罪刑法立法研究13、人体器官犯罪研究14、我国宪法指导下的刑法理念研究15、论民间文学艺术的知识产权保护

海商法的行吗？

法学本科毕业论文选题：1、论我国民间借贷的现状及法律规制2、论法律的平等价值3、上市公司并购业务若干法律问题研究4、论虐待被监护、看护人罪5、所有权保留若干问题研究6、网络金融犯罪的法律规制7、论公司合同风险及其规制8、论夫妻侵权的法律规制法辅9、逃税罪研究10、校园暴力的成因与法律防范11、正当防卫疑难问题研究12、网络著作权侵权问题研究13、不真正不作为犯研究14、论交通肇事罪15、论虐待被监护、看护人罪以上选题由学术堂整理提供

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。 6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。