英语biology论文

英语biology论文

Cell (biology)The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life.[1] Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. (Humans have an estimated 100 trillion or 1014 cells; a typical cell size is 10 µm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.) The largest known cell is an unfertilized ostrich egg cell.[2]In 1835 before the final cell theory was developed, Jan Evangelista Purkyně observed small "granules" while looking at the plant tissue through a microscope. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.[3]The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning, a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.[4][edit] General principles Mouse cells grown in a culture dish. These cells grow in large clumps, but each individual cell is about 10 micrometres acrossEach cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out each of these cells have several different abilities:[5]Reproduction by cell division: (binary fission/mitosis or meiosis). Use of enzymes and other proteins coded for by DNA genes and made via messenger RNA intermediates and ribosomes. Metabolism, including taking in raw materials, building cell components, converting energy, molecules and releasing by-products. The functioning of a cell depends upon its ability to extract and use chemical energy stored in organic molecules. This energy is released and then used in metabolic pathways. Response to external and internal stimuli such as changes in temperature, pH or levels of nutrients. Cell contents are contained within a cell surface membrane that is made from a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. Some prokaryotic cells contain important internal membrane-bound compartments,[6] but eukaryotic cells have a specialized set of internal membrane compartments.[edit] Anatomy of cellsThere are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.[edit] Prokaryotic cellsMain article: Prokaryote Diagram of a typical prokaryotic cellThe prokaryote cell is simpler than a eukaryote cell, lacking a nucleus and most of the other organelles of eukaryotes. There are two kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea; these share a similar overall prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions:on the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These are structures (not present in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells; enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of a cell wall covering a plasma membrane though some bacteria also have a further covering layer called a capsule. The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its environment, serving as a protective filter. Though most prokaryotes have a cell wall, there are exceptions such as Mycoplasma (bacteria) and Thermoplasma (archaea)). The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria, and acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from expanding and finally bursting (cytolysis) from osmotic pressure against a hypotonic environment. Some eukaryote cells (plant cells and fungi cells) also have a cell wall; inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. A prokaryotic chromosome is usually a circular molecule (an exception is that of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease). Though not forming a nucleus, the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid. Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids, which are usually circular. Plasmids enable additional functions, such as antibiotic resistance. [edit] Eukaryotic cellsMain article: Eukaryote Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell, showing subcellular :(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosomeEukaryotic cells are about 15 times the size of a typical prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is the presence of a cell nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. It is this nucleus that gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus." Other differences include:The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls may or may not be present. The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA. Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia. Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation, mechanosensation, and thermosensation. Cilia may thus be "viewed as sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation."[7] Eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella. The flagella are more complex than those of prokaryotes. Table 1: Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Typical organisms bacteria, archaea protists, fungi, plants, animals Typical size ~ 1–10 µm ~ 10–100 µm (sperm cells, apart from the tail, are smaller) Type of nucleus nucleoid region; no real nucleus real nucleus with double membrane DNA circular (usually) linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins RNA-/protein-synthesis coupled in cytoplasm RNA-synthesis inside the nucleusprotein synthesis in cytoplasm Ribosomes 50S+30S 60S+40S Cytoplasmatic structure very few structures highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton Cell movement flagella made of flagellin flagella and cilia containing microtubules; lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin Mitochondria none one to several thousand (though some lack mitochondria) Chloroplasts none in algae and plants Organization usually single cells single cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells Cell division Binary fission (simple division) Mitosis (fission or budding)Meiosis Table 2: Comparison of structures between animal and plant cells Typical animal cell Typical plant cell Organelles Nucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vesicles Lysosomes Centrosome Centrioles Vacuoles Nucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus (dictiosomes) Cytoplasm Mitochondria [edit] Subcellular components The cells of eukaryotes (left) and prokaryotes (right)All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a membrane that envelops the cell, separates its interior from its environment, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the electric potential of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cell volume. All cells possess DNA, the hereditary material of genes, and RNA, containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes, the cell's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article will list these primary components of the cell, then briefly describe their function.[edit] Cell membrane: A cell's defining boundaryMain article: Cell membraneThe cytoplasm of a cell is surrounded by a cell membrane or plasma membrane. The plasma membrane in plants and prokaryotes is usually covered by a cell wall. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of lipids (hydrophobic fat-like molecules) and hydrophilic phosphorus molecules. Hence, the layer is called a phospholipid bilayer. It may also be called a fluid mosaic membrane. Embedded within this membrane is a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move different molecules into and out of the cell. The membrane is said to be 'semi-permeable', in that it can either let a substance (molecule or ion) pass through freely, pass through to a limited extent or not pass through at all. Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells to detect external signaling molecules such as hormones.[edit] Cytoskeleton: A cell's scaffoldMain article: Cytoskeleton Bovine Pulmonary Artery Endothelial cell: nuclei stained blue, mitochondria stained red, and F-actin, an important component in microfilaments, stained green. Cell imaged on a fluorescent cytoskeleton acts to organize and maintain the cell's shape; anchors organelles in place; helps during endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis, the separation of daughter cells after cell division; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. There is a great number of proteins associated with them, each controlling a cell's structure by directing, bundling, and aligning filaments. The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is less well-studied but is involved in the maintenance of cell shape, polarity and cytokinesis.[8][edit] Genetic materialTwo different kinds of genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms use DNA for their long-term information storage, but some viruses (., retroviruses) have RNA as their genetic material. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. RNA is also used for information transport (., mRNA) and enzymatic functions (., ribosomal RNA) in organisms that use DNA for the genetic code itself. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are used to add specific amino acids during the process of protein genetic material is organized in a simple circular DNA molecule (the bacterial chromosome) in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different, linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (see endosymbiotic theory).A human cell has genetic material in the nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 23 pairs of linear DNA molecules called chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes, it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production as well as specific genetic material (most commonly DNA) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection. This can be transient, if the DNA is not inserted into the cell's genome, or stable, if it is. Certain viruses also insert their genetic material into the genome.[edit] OrganellesMain article: OrganelleThe human body contains many different organs, such as the heart, lung, and kidney, with each organ performing a different function. Cells also have a set of "little organs," called organelles, that are adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital are several types of organelles within an animal cell. Some (such as the nucleus and golgi apparatus) are typically solitary, while others (such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and lysosomes) can be numerous (hundreds to thousands). The cytosol is the gelatinous fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the and Chloroplasts – the power generators Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria play a critical role in generating energy in the eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria generate the cell's energy by the process of oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients (typically pertaining to glucose) to generate ATP. Mitochondria multiply by splitting in two. Organelles that are modified chloroplasts are broadly called plastids, and are involved in energy storage through the process of photosynthesis, which utilizes solar energy to generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.[citation needed] Mitochondria and chloroplasts each contain their own genome, which is separate and distinct from the nuclear genome of a cell. Both of these organelles contain this DNA in circular plasmids, much like prokaryotic cells, strongly supporting the evolutionary theory of endosymbiosis; since these organelles contain their own genomes and have other similarities to prokaryotes, they are thought to have developed through a symbiotic relationship after being engulfed by a primitive cell.[citation needed] Ribosomes The ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules. They each consist of two subunits, and act as an assembly line where mRNA from the nucleus is used to synthesise proteins from amino acids. Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to a membrane (the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in eukaryotes, or the cell membrane in prokaryotes).[9] Cell nucleus – a cell's information center The cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis (transcription) occur. The nucleus is spherical in shape and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During processing, DNA is transcribed, or copied into a special RNA, called mRNA. This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. The nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled. In prokaryotes, DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm. Diagram of a cell nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum – eukaryotes only The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that will float freely in the cytoplasm. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosomes on its surface and secretes proteins into the cytoplasm, and the smooth ER, which lacks them. Smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release. Golgi apparatus – eukaryotes only The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. It is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. Vesicles that enter the Golgi apparatus are processed in a cis to trans direction, meaning they coalesce on the cis side of the apparatus and after processing pinch off on the opposite (trans) side to form a new vesicle in the animal cell.[citation needed] Diagram of an endomembrane system Lysosomes and Peroxisomes – eukaryotes only Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases). They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides. The cell could not house these destructive enzymes if they were not contained in a membrane-bound system. These organelles are often called a "suicide bag" because of their ability to detonate and destroy the cell.[citation needed] Centrosome – the cytoskeleton organiser The centrosome produces the microtubules of a cell – a key component of the cytoskeleton. It directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles, which separate during cell division and help in the formation of the mitotic spindle. A single centrosome is present in the animal cells. They are also found in some fungi and algae cells.[citation needed] Vacuoles Vacuoles store food and waste. Some vacuoles store extra water. They are often described as liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane. Some cells, most notably Amoeba, have contractile vacuoles, which are able to pump water out of the cell if there is too much water. [edit] Structures outside the cell wall[edit] CapsuleA gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell wall. The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci, meningococci or polypeptide as bacillus anthracis or hyaluronic acid as in streptococci.[citation needed] Capsules not marked by ordinary stain and can detected by special stain. The capsule is antigenic. The capsule has antiphagocytic function so it determines the virulence of many bacteria. It also plays a role in attachment of the organism to mucous membranes.[citation needed]

Biology论文是有些专业性，不过你可以按照下面的方法来逐渐理出思路：（题目）简明扼要的说出重点（作者）按贡献大小排序,并注明工作单位或研究室（摘要）简要介绍实验的流程、方法、得出的结论（关键词）为了便于别人搜索而设置,尽量不与题目中的词重复（前言/简介）描述前人在这方面努力的成果,以及自己实验的目的和动机以下2个顺序可以换 and Methods（材料和方法）描述实验材料和实验的流程及方法,尽可能详细,所用的物质、含量、时间、对照等都要描述清楚,在这个部分不要写实验结果（结果）图文并茂描述实验结果,顺序与实验步骤一一对应,所有的图表都要有相应的描述,可以简要分析实验结果,不一定要有误差分析（讨论）对实验结果进行总体总结,评估优劣,指出问题,以及可能的改进方案,发散思维,产生新的问题,表示“有待进一步的研究”（致谢）对那些帮助你实验或提供材料和设备的个人或组织进行感谢（参考文献及资料）罗列你在实验过程中（从实验设计到结果分析）所参考的前人文章的作者、文章名字、发表杂志、发表日期、以及在杂志上的具体页数如果有需要,还可以加上“支持信息”或者“附表”

自己写咯，要是论文没过，拿不到学位， 不能毕业，需要进行学位认证还是可以补救的啦

我能看到的信息的

biology期刊影响因子

genome biology影响因子是基因生物学领域顶级期刊genome biology的期刊评价指标。

genome biology影响因子是genome biology期刊前两年发表的论文在该报告年份（JCR year）中被引用总次数除以该期刊在这两年内发表的论文总数。这是一个国际上通行的期刊评价指标。

影响因子现已成为国际上通用的期刊评价指标，它不仅是一种测度期刊有用性和显示度的指标，而且也是测度期刊的学术水平，乃至论文质量的重要指标。影响因子是一个相对统计量。

Genome Biology有着强大的行业领导力和影响力，当前（2021-2022）影响因子为，是基因组生物学中排名最高的开放获取期刊。

Genome Biology有着专业的编辑团队，同时还与国际知名专家组建编委会，对论文质量严格把关。此外，Genome Biology的编辑会定期与研究人员、学者进行交流，以了解最前沿的学术动态。

genome biology影响因子的计算方法：

影响因子是以年为单位进行计算的。以1992年的某一期刊影响因子为例，IF（1992年） = A / B

其中：

A = 该期刊1990年至1991年所有文章在1992年中被引用的次数。

B = 该期刊1990年至1991年所有文章数。

许多著名学术期刊会在其网站上注明期刊的影响因子，以表明在对应学科的影响力。如：美国化学会志、Oncogene等。

中国大陆各大高校（如清华大学、武汉大学、中国科学技术大学、南开大学、中国农业大学、吉林大学、哈尔滨工业大学、浙江大学、上海大学、大连理工大学等）都以学术期刊的影响因子作为评判研究生毕业的主要标准。

以1992年为例，计算某期刊在该年的影响因子：

X=以1992年为基点、某期刊于1990和1991年在1992年全部被引用之论文总次数。

Y=以1992年为基点、某期刊1990和1991年全部论文发文量的总和。

IF1992年 =【X（1990年，1991年） / Y（1990年，1991年）】。

《CURRENT BIOLOGY》是著名生物学期刊，其最新的影响因子为。

简介：

CURRENT BIOLOGY

出版国家：UNITED STATES

出版商：Cambridge, MA : Cell Press

出版周期：Semimonthly

出版年份：1991

语言：English

影响因子：

ISSN：0960-9822 (印刷版)

ISSN：1879-0445 (电子版)

研究领域：生物-生化与分子生物学

办刊成果：

2021年9月7日，河北大学生命科学学院陈立、孙江华、曾任森、Ted C. J. Turlings、徐天和徐蒙等在《当代生物学》（《Current Biology》）发表论文，揭示了蚂蚁和蚜虫更隐秘的沟通机制。

影响因子（英文：Impact Factor），简称IF，是汤森路透（Thomson Reuters）出品的期刊引证报告（Journal Citation Reports，JCR）中的一项数据。 即某期刊前两年发表的论文在该报告年份（JCR year）中被引用总次数除以该期刊在这两年内发表的论文总数。这是一个国际上通行的期刊评价指标。

影响因子现已成为国际上通用的期刊评价指标，它不仅是一种测度期刊有用性和显示度的指标，而且也是测度期刊的学术水平，乃至论文质量的重要指标。影响因子是一个相对统计量。

biology上发表研究论文

Biology论文是有些专业性，不过你可以按照下面的方法来逐渐理出思路：（题目）简明扼要的说出重点（作者）按贡献大小排序,并注明工作单位或研究室（摘要）简要介绍实验的流程、方法、得出的结论（关键词）为了便于别人搜索而设置,尽量不与题目中的词重复（前言/简介）描述前人在这方面努力的成果,以及自己实验的目的和动机以下2个顺序可以换 and Methods（材料和方法）描述实验材料和实验的流程及方法,尽可能详细,所用的物质、含量、时间、对照等都要描述清楚,在这个部分不要写实验结果（结果）图文并茂描述实验结果,顺序与实验步骤一一对应,所有的图表都要有相应的描述,可以简要分析实验结果,不一定要有误差分析（讨论）对实验结果进行总体总结,评估优劣,指出问题,以及可能的改进方案,发散思维,产生新的问题,表示“有待进一步的研究”（致谢）对那些帮助你实验或提供材料和设备的个人或组织进行感谢（参考文献及资料）罗列你在实验过程中（从实验设计到结果分析）所参考的前人文章的作者、文章名字、发表杂志、发表日期、以及在杂志上的具体页数如果有需要,还可以加上“支持信息”或者“附表”

在一项新的研究中，来自美国普林斯顿大学的研究人员惊奇地发现，他们以为是对癌症如何在体内扩散---癌症转移---的直接调查却发现了液-液相分离的证据：这个生物学研究的新领域研究生物物质的液体团块如何相互融合，类似于在熔岩灯或液态水银中看到的运动。相关研究结果作为封面文章发表在2021年3月的Nature Cell Biology期刊上，论文标题为“TGF-β-induced DACT1 biomolecular condensates repress Wnt signalling to promote bone metastasis”。

论文通讯作者、普林斯顿大学分子生物学教授Yibin Kang说，“我们相信这是首次发现相分离与癌症转移有关。”

他们的研究不仅将相分离与癌症研究联系在一起，而且融合后的液体团块产生了比它们的部分之和更多的东西，自组装成一种以前未知的细胞器（本质上是细胞的一个器官）。

Kang说，发现一种新的细胞器是革命性的。他将其比作在太阳系内发现一颗新的星球。“有些细胞器我们已经认识了100年或更久，然后突然间，我们发现了一种新的细胞器！”

论文第一作者、Kang实验室博士后研究员Mark Esposito说，这将改变人们对细胞是什么和做什么的一些基本看法，“每个人上学，他们都会学到‘线粒体是细胞的能量工厂’，以及其他一些有关细胞器的知识，但是如今，我们对细胞内部的经典定义，对细胞如何自我组装和控制自己的行为的经典定义开始出现转变。我们的研究标志着在这方面迈出了非常具体的一步。”

这项研究源于普林斯顿大学三位教授实验室的研究人员之间的合作。这三位教授是Kang、Ileana Cristea（分子生物学教授，活体组织质谱学的领先专家）；Cliff Brangwynne（普林斯顿大学生物工程计划主任，生物过程中相分离研究的先驱）。

Kang说，“Ileana是一名生物化学者，Cliff 是一名生物物理学者和工程师，而我是一名癌症生物学家和细胞生物学者。普林斯顿大学刚好是一个让人们联系和合作的美妙地方。我们有一个非常小的校园。所有的科研部门都紧挨着。Ileana实验室实际上与我的实验室在Lewis Thomas的同一层楼! 这些非常紧密的关系存在于非常不同的研究领域之间，让我们能够从很多不同的角度引入技术，让我们能够突破性地理解癌症的代谢机制--它的进展、转移和免疫反应--也能想出新的方法来靶向它。”

这项最新的突破性研究，以这种尚未命名的细胞器为特色，为Wnt信号通路的作用增加了新的理解。Wnt通路的发现导致普林斯顿大学分子生物学教授Eric Wieschaus于1995年获得诺贝尔奖。Wnt通路对无数有机体的胚胎发育至关重要，从微小的无脊椎动物昆虫到人类。Wieschaus已发现，癌症可以利用这个通路，从本质上破坏了它的能力，使其以胚胎必须的速度生长，从而使肿瘤生长。

随后的研究揭示，Wnt信号通路在 健康 的骨骼生长以及癌症转移到骨骼的过程中发挥着多重作用。Kang和他的同事们在研究Wnt、一种名为TGF-b的信号分子和一个名为DACT1的相对未知的基因之间的复杂相互作用时，他们发现了这种新的细胞器。

Esposito说，把它想象成风暴前的恐慌购物。事实证明，在暴风雪前购买面包和牛奶，或者在大流行病即将到来时囤积洗手液和卫生纸，这不仅仅是人类的特征。它们也发生在细胞水平上。

下面是它的作用机制：惊慌失措的购物者是DACT1，暴风雪（或大流行病）是TGF-ß，面包和洗手液是酪蛋白激酶2（CK2），在暴风雪面前，DACT1尽可能多地抓取它们，而这种新发现的细胞器则把它们囤积起来。通过囤积CK2，购物者阻止了其他人制作三明治和消毒双手，即阻止了Wnt通路的 健康 运行。

通过一系列详细而复杂的实验，这些研究人员拼凑出了整个故事：骨肿瘤最初会诱导Wnt信号，在骨骼中传播（扩散）。然后，骨骼中含量丰富的TGF-b激发了恐慌性购物，抑制了Wnt信号传导。肿瘤随后刺激破骨细胞的生长，擦去旧的骨组织。( 健康 的骨骼是在一个两部分的过程中不断补充的：破骨细胞擦去一层骨，然后破骨细胞用新的材料重建骨骼)。这进一步增加了TGF-b的浓度，促使更多的DACT1囤积和随后的Wnt抑制，这已被证明在进一步转移中很重要。

通过发现DACT1和这种细胞器的作用，Kang和他的团队找到了新的可能的癌症药物靶点。Kang说，“比如，如果我们有办法破坏DACT1复合物，也许肿瘤会扩散，但它永远无法‘长大’成为危及生命的转移瘤。这就是我们的希望。”

Kang和Esposito最近共同创立了KayoThera公司，以他们在Kang实验室的合作为基础，寻求开发治疗晚期或转移性癌症患者的药物。Kang说，“Mark所做的那类基础研究既呈现了突破性的科学发现，也能带来医学上的突破。”

这些研究人员发现，DACT1还发挥着许多他们才开始 探索 的其他作用。Cristea团队的质谱分析揭示了这种神秘细胞器中600多种不同的蛋白。质谱分析可以让科学家们找出在显微镜玻片上成像的几乎任何物质的确切成分。

Esposito说，“这是一个比控制Wnt和TGF-b更动态的信号转导节点。这只是生物学新领域的冰山一角。”

Brangwynne说，相分离和癌症研究之间的桥梁仍处于起步阶段，但它已经显示出巨大的潜力。

他说，“生物分子凝聚物在癌症---它的生物发生，特别是它通过转移进行扩散---中发挥的作用仍然不甚了解。这项研究为癌症信号转导通路和凝聚物生物物理学之间的相互作用提供了新的见解，它将开辟新的治疗途径。”（生物谷 ）

参考资料： Esposito et al. TGF-β-induced DACT1 biomolecular condensates repress Wnt signalling to promote bone metastasis. Nature Cell Biology, 2021, doi:. D. Patel et al. Condensing and constraining WNT by TGF-β. Nature Cell Biology, 2021, doi:.

biology杂志中科院分区

不需要，审稿较快，一般不会超过两个月给意见，对稿件的原创性要求比较高期刊名biology and fertility of soilsSCI收录，中科院杂志分区土壤科学分类下的 2 区期刊近四年影响因子：2013年度 2012年度 2011年度 2010年度 出版社或管理机构 杂志由 SPRINGER 出版或管理。 ISSN号：0178-2762 杂志简介/稿件收录要求 This journal will publish original papers reviews and short communications (in English) on all fundamental and applied aspects of biology (microflora and microfauna) and fertility (productivity) of soils. The intent is to provide a forum for research aimed at broadening the understanding of biological functions processes and interactions in soils particularly if the work concerned refers to the increasing demands of agriculture deforestation and industrialization. Articles on techniques and methods that evaluate processes biogeochemical interactions and ecological stresses will be particularly welcome. To have special issues on relevant subjects the journal will call for coherent reviews and paper at appropriate intervals.

期刊名 molecular biology of the cell 出版周期: 半月刊 中科院杂志分区 细胞生物学分类下的 3 区期刊 ,该杂志由于刊文量越来越大， 影响力大大降低，由开始的7分以上一路下滑 近四年影响因子:2013年度 2012年度 2011年度 2010年度 出版社或管理机构 杂志由 AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY 出版或管理。 ISSN号：1059-1524 杂志简介/稿件收录要求 Molecular Biology of the Cell, the journal owned and published by The American Society for Cell Biology, publishes papers that describe and interpret results of original research concerning the molecular aspects of cell structure and function. Studies whose scope bridges several areas of biology are particularly encouraged, for example cell biology and genetics. The aim of the Journal is to publish papers describing substantial research

期刊名 journal of molecular biology 出版周期: 半月刊 中科院杂志分区 生化与分子生物学分类下的 3 区期刊 ，不open，好像不收版面费，最新情况建议咨询主编。 近四年影响因子:2013年度 2012年度 2011年度 2010年度 出版社或管理机构 杂志由 ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 出版或管理。 ISSN号：0022-2836 杂志简介/稿件收录要求 The Journal of Molecular Biology publishes original scientific research concerning studies of organisms or their components at the molecular level. Published weekly, the journal provides up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of all aspects of molecular biology. Research Areas Include: Gene structure, expression, replication, and recombination in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms; Structure, function, chemistry, and in vivo modification and processing of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically important macromolecules; Cellular and developmental biology; Genetics, structure, and growth cycles of viruses and bacteriophages.

英语毕业论文英语

毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)

“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse（学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的

毕业论文是Graduationthesis若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper

论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)