2024-07-05
日语论文1500字
发布时间：2024-07-04 19:21:44
日语论文1500字
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英语1500字论文
Interest and talent: to go along with interest inThe most important thing is to do what you really want things to go along with Yao MingEinstein had a famous saying: "Interest is the best teacher." Ancients Yiyun: "those who know it better than the person, good to know those who were not as fun." Interested in learning the inner drive has a magical effect, can become null and void effective, turn inefficient for Ming was a kid, Yao Ming's parents did not deliberately encourage him to basketball as their future careers, they are just to get him to do the things you like. They want a small child, like Yao Ming and the general school to university, finding a job, and then find their own way of life. But Yao had eventually opted for basketball. Later, he found himself really love Ming, Yao Ming's parents and his old teachers, coaches, and small partners, say, in fact, he does not like basketball beginning of the year for him, basketball is just a game. Yao Ming's father, Yao Zhiyuan, said a child, like Yao Ming and the other boys like guns, and later Aikan Shu, in particular, love to read geography books. There was a time also became interested in archeology, and then further, like to do model aircraft, he was the first time in Ti Gongdui took wages, buy a model aircraft to come back ourselves. And then later on like playing a learning, Yao Yao's parents never forced, but rather inspired to display their main emphasis on cultivating his interest. Yao enjoy this way to make learning fun. After growing up, every time someone asked about his childhood, he will say: "I am coming to play, and no one forced me to learn." In fact, he called the play is to read their favorite books, study all its own curious things. As the music in which, just like playing the parents have ordered their children after school and learn this or that - music, painting, dancing. Children did not have freedom of choice, parents have the final say. Yao Ming Yao Ming's mother never forced to do such a thing, and she let Yao trying to do anything they like. Yao Ming not only required her to do bad things or do things the wrong Ming until 9 years old, began a little interest in basketball. To 12 years old, he was very fond of the sport of basketball. Parents took him to the Shanghai Sports Institute, where he was a few hours every day playing basketball. Live on campus because of Yao Ming, the road away from home more distant, which makes him more time to play basketball, he was increasingly preoccupied with 's favorite player has three, they are Aruiweida Division? Sabonis, Hakeem? Olajuwon and Charles? Barkley, Yao has also admitted that he had used "Sabonis" as the network name. Yao Ming's mind, Sabonis is a basketball center technology, textbooks, "almost all the locations have some of the players in the technology." Sabonis is Yao started playing when the idol. Yao Ming like Sabonis play the way - skilled dribbling, with incredible way to give the ball to the open man, in the long-distance precision shooting. Whenever he was on the floor, he would emulate his idol this was very concerned about the Houston Rockets at the time. The team of another agile big man Hakeem? Olajuwon led by two consecutive years 1994 and 1995 to win the NBA championship. Yao fell in love with the team, and also very admired Hakeem Olajuwon. These are more interested in basketball to Yao Ming, but also made him even more motivation to play enough. Can be seen that interest in a person's personality formation and development of a person's life and activities have a huge is the individual specific things, activities and man-made objects, the resulting positive and tendentious, selective attitude and emotions. Everyone interested in the things of his to give priority attention to and actively explore and demonstrate fascinated. For example, the Yao Ming on the basketball produced a strong interest in, that is why attention to basketball and basketball only for the devoted enthusiasm, effort; also for example, some people interested in art, he would have a variety of oil paintings, art exhibition, photography will be seriously Watch, commentaries, to a good collection of works, in not only concern the surface of things, any kind of interest in this area are due to receive the knowledge or participation in such activities, people experience the emotional satisfaction generated. For example, a person interested in dancing, he would take the initiative and actively looking for opportunities to participate in, but also in dance to feel pleasure and relaxation, showing a positive and , the interest in the role of a person shown in the following areas:First of all, the role of the preparation for future activities. For example, a students of chemical interest, it may inspire a variety of chemical knowledge, he has accumulated to study a variety of chemical phenomena, for future research and chemical aspects of the work involved in laying the groundwork to prepare , the ongoing activities play a catalytic role. Interest is a kind of strong emotion of the interest of the activities, it can be to get people to focus on knowledge and creativity to complete the current activity. . well-known Chinese scholar Professor Ding Zhaozhong once said with deep feeling: "Any scientific research, the most important thing is to look for his own lack of interest in the work, in other words, that is, there is no dedication, this can not have any forced. ... ... such as engaging in physical experiment, because I am interested, I can two days and nights, or even three days and three nights in the laboratory, keep the instrument beside theI was anxious to find that I want to explore things. "It is the interest and dedication contributed to the scientific research undertaken by Professor Ding effort and he received a great , the attitude of activities to promote the role of creativity. Interest will encourage people to delve into the creative work and study. Secondary school students for a course on interest will be prompted him to study hard, and creative thinking, will not only greatly improved his grades, but will greatly improve the learning methods to improve learning , the people's interest not only in the study, the occurrence and development activities, up, and also to understand and engage in activities in the great driving force. Yao Ming's interest in basketball and become a great player and we are able to because of interest in the achievements of their own future.
Humans in the 21st century, the electronic age also makes synchronous communication possible. In international business communication, the speaker can master the language communication, is achieving the desired objectives. Business writing is essential to the communication channels, this way of communication through the process of writing communication of tone problems are analysed thoroughly, so as to improve the business , introductionHumans in the 21st century, economic globalization, international business activities more frequent intercourse, business communication has entered a new stage of development, more and more people show the trend of internationalization, the working environment is more and more diversified. The electronic age also makes synchronous communication, English as possible throughout the world common language in business, one in speech communication plays a compelling communication effect. In international business communication, the speaker can master the language communication, is achieving the desired objectives. In the process of communication, also can use business writing. Business writing is necessary in a communication channel by way of communication, business writing, you can ask others to pass accuracy, business information and good business writing is a kind of business etiquette, can give people leave a good , the influence factors of tone1 words and construct sentences. First, sincere words to the communication or business life, sincere cooperation is the most important thing is the most basic, due to our partners to read every day, so the commercial electronic mail file should be concise wording, if use too much words one or two words can mean, obviously makes writing content and vague, drag will waste the time more readers. Regardless of such as in time at were now better, rather than the event is better. If. To use common words, avoid uncommon or spelling words. A word can express, don't use phrases. Use short sentences, because more easy to understand. With less ", "" and", "will", "" these make sentences nowadays become tedious conjunction. In the letter, don't use the same meanings of words. More than Because many use simple little can be more direct simple message and try to persuade the reader, and save time. Example is better than with which now. Avoid using the mean ambiguous words or phrases, the expression that readers will definitely affect misunderstanding, business communication. Therefore, business writing email should be specific, structure clear wording, content clearly. Moreover nowadays women in business, the role of not less than men, more and more women, especially the feminist movement to contain the words very sensitive sex discrimination. Avoid using business email has sex discrimination of communication, this words for both. The chairperson alternative chairman, etc. Finally, people often complain when used in anger or negative words or phrases, the expression of readers, often including criticism or blame, then against business communication. Business letters should adopt positive affirmation of the meaning of the words, avoid using negative expression. Even want to criticize each other, also should not be shown on the wording, should adopt positive tone and indirect or other language, in order to better acceptance. Because business communication purpose is not to blame each other, criticism or not intentionally let them feel guilty, the real purpose is to provide information or other beneficial to take action, to solve the the language style. General language styles mainly from natural and whether formal whether such two angles appraisal. Martin Joos according to the degree of formal language use forward five variants: the grave style (half style), The formal style (formal style), The consultative style style (with), Casual style (the casual style), Close the style (intimate style). Business language is a formal language, however, with the increasing trade between business contacts with the trade relations between each other, to strengthen the understanding and communication, due to personal attachment, the trend into the content of electronic business English language style, the liberalization of tend to use language and concise. On one hand, electronic business English should save those polite words, excess leads directly to the consultation, the main theme is to be short and concise, easy reading. On the other hand, electronic data exchange and cable etc, the use of language and short sentences are made its language style. If written content to benefit more words, writers, demand the other party has accepted the desire of the word, can show enthusiasm content, If written content just to benefit, writers speak words of writers, cautious, indirect some to give each other with greater freedom of choice, the language style -- Russia tenses. English tenses, passive and Chinese, it is through the verb forms change and other auxiliary means to achieve, and mainly through some Chinese grammar and prepositions, such as: ", and to have, by "etc, and to reflect changes of tenses, passive. Because of the differences in English communication, we are committed by the native, tenses, passive error. In spoken English has sometimes can be used to replace it, make mood, for example, some becomes indirect below sentence with general now or the can be used, but is polite to discuss some (with more tone of), as do/come on me? And I wonder if youcould heard/spare a minutes, etc. Now for a business of emotional component, such as I "m expecting to sell me. (please tactfully). The modal verb is in English, should pay attention to, such as table with purchase request more than you can, can go withme? And? Could I have obvious for different tone. Also used for more polite than that would, in tone than if you , the conclusionBased on the electronic business English writing the article discusses tone, the tone of the wording, tenses and style are analysed thoroughly. The firm is to illuminate the communicator usually depending on the communicative purpose use different tone, give word meaning, and thereby achieve interpersonal effective communication. Therefore, the tone of electronic business English writing is analyzed in the cooperation of a successful business neglected is an important part. In the writing process needs attention: language to clean, simple, straightforward, avoid cliches, Try to use a positive and optimistic tone, Application of active tense, rather than passive.
Some people think that we learn our most important lessons in school. Others think that the knowledge we acquire outside of school is the most important. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.问题——现实情况——他人的观点——你的观点 Children all around the world are attending school. Education has become a core issue for every government on earth, and they are all striving hard to achieve higher quality and larger scale of education. This is by no means coincidence, but indicates the importance of education. In my point of view, we learn our most important lessons of our life in school, which is reflected by the emphasis of education by governments.理由一 In schools, students learn the essence of all human knowledge. The human knowledge is accumulated through all human history. Knowledge taught in lessons in school are selected and selected over thousands of years, composing the fundamental knowledge a person needed to survive and succeed in society. For example, the mathematics courses in school lay the basis for every student who is to understand numbers. If they know nothing about mathematics, they may well be fooled in the future by banks and other people.理由二 Also, the knowledge taught in school is often systematic and reasonable, rather than discrete pieces of knowledge. Through the process of learning systematically and solving academic problems by reasoning, students only learn the knowledge they are learning, but also learn the most efficient way to view and solve problems around us. For example, through learning physics and chemistry, students know more about what's happening around us, but more importantly, they grasp some idea of observation, assumption, experimentation and conclusion.理由三 And lessons in school often determine students' appetite of literature, art and music. In schools, student spend much more time learning famous piece of literary works, paintings, sculptures and great compositions, which is definitely different from what they hear and see outside the school. In this way, their appetites for beauty reach a higher level. And an appetite for fine arts and literature would bring tremendous benefits to the happiness of their life, considering the huge heritage of fine arts we have!理由四 To conclude, the knowledge taught in school is the true essence of all human knowledge, and school knowledge has a tremendous positive effect on individuals.总结理由，强化结论
日语专业毕业论文1500
日语虽然为一门语言,但高校在进行日语教学的过程中,却不能将日语单纯当做一门语言来讲解,让学生仅了解日语的使用 方法 。下面是我为大家整理的浅谈日语语言学 毕业 论文，供大家参考。
《 从日本古典文学看日语文字的形成及其发展 》
一种文字的产生绝非一两句话能够简单的表述出来，不管是何种文字都是经历了漫长的历史演变，最终千锤百炼形成的。作为人类智慧与 经验 的集合体，文学作品是文字记载的手段得以流传，能够在一定程度上反应出文字的形成与发展。对于日语文字的研究， 文章 主要从日本古典文学的角度出发进行研究。
一、汉字的传入及万叶假名
公元四世纪，汉字经朝鲜半岛传入日本。之前，日本以口头语言为主，没有文字。汉字的传入开始日文章字的出现。也使得日本大量的古代神话、歌谣、 传说 得以记录保存。随着佛教、儒教等 文化 思想随着文字的传入，进一步的促进了日文章化的繁荣。而汉字传入日本之后，如何被接受与利用，是研究的一个重点。
《古事记》是日本第一部文字记载书籍。公元712年前后，日本天皇命令太安万侣对稗田阿礼习诵的历史资料用文字进行记录。该书中，记录了自创世以来至天皇时代的历史及神话传说。之后，相继出现记录创世神话以及天皇统治历史的《日本书记》和对风土民情记录的《风土记》。以上三部著作都是采用汉字进行记录的，只是在汉字的功能使用上存在差异，很多地方采用变体的汉文字，主要原因是日本人在学习韩文字时，以日本式或者是生硬的表达造成的，该文体不是纯正的古汉语，因此也成为变体汉文;书籍中的歌谣所采用的文字后来被称之为“万叶假名”，该文字不是纯正日语中的假名，是在完全背离汉字意思的基础上，将汉字作为表音符号进行使用对如本固有词汇的读音进行表示。《万叶集》中大量的使用“万叶假名”，如“安米”表示“めめ”(读作ame，“雨”的意思)。由此可见，古代日文章学中，主要是采用汉字记录、汉文撰写的，主要是由于汉字传入日本时间较短，还没有形成日本本土文字。对“万叶假名”和变体汉文的应用，表现出古代日本人使用文字的一种倾向，在记录历史资料时，采用汉文记录，而对于抒情类诗歌的记录多以假名进行。“万叶假名”的应用也为以后的平假名和片假名的形成奠定了基础。
二、平假名的形成
平假名是在公元九世纪前后产生的，而将其称为假名也是后世出现的，最初称为“女手”，主要意思是女子使用的文字。有假名既有真名，真名也就是汉字。根据这一点可以推断，在假名出现之前，日本书写所采用的文字只有汉字一种，在官方记录和历史文献记录中管饭的得到应用。受日本封建社会发展的影响，朝廷中以男子为官为主，仅有小部分贵族男性才有机会学习汉字，对于当时的如本人而言，汉字是一种艰涩难懂的文字，所以百姓及女子很难接触到汉字的学习与使用。由于家庭式的私塾教学，为贵族女性的学习提供了机会，略有学识的女子在偷学汉字的时候，为方便记录，往往书写的比较潦草，简化了汉字符号，形成“女手”，也就是后来的“平假名”。平假名的应用一度受男性的排斥，但其由于简便书写受到文人的亲睐。
三、片假名的形成及发展
与平假名不同，片假名来源于汉字的楷书，取出负荷声音的汉字的一部分进行简化而来，是为了训读汉文而出现的，尤其是在佛经传入日本后，由于佛经全部是由汉字书写而成，日本的僧侣及文人在阅读佛经的时候，受发音不同的影响，为了记住汉字的日语发音，阅读者在该字旁，加注一个汉字进行表音。由于字间距的空间有限，因此采用汉字的偏旁部首来代替该汉字。就形成了最初的片假名，主要是以表音符号存在。到公元十世纪，片假名发展为独立的文字。由于该文字主要用于佛经阅读中，很受僧侣的亲睐。到公元十一世纪，片假名被广泛的用于记录一般性文章及诗词歌赋中。古典文学中，第一部采用“汉文训读”文体的文学书籍是公元12世纪出现的《今昔物语集》，也就是在汉字旁边用小字号的片假名进行标注，由于书中数千 故事 都是以“今ぃ昔”开头，以“卜ナ厶语リタヘルヤ”作为结尾，因此被称为《今昔物语集》。至此，片假名已经不单是作为表音符号，已经成为文章一种文体，有其固定的语义存在。平假名的发展经历了漫长的时候，现有的片假名文字主要是在明治时期确定下来的。二战之后，日本对文字的使用进行了规范，规定平假名和汉字混合书写主要用于普通文章，而片假名用于拟声词、外来语等的表述。至此，日语文字的使用规范得以成型。
四、结束语
通常情况下，认为日本是一个对外来文化善于接受和吸纳的民族。而对于古代日本而言，一致在效仿文化繁荣、历史悠久的邻邦中国。从文艺思潮到政治制度，从城郭建筑到水稻 种植 ，古代日本从中国大陆文化中接受了无以计数的养分，充分的进行吸收，促进了日文章化的兴盛和繁荣。文字作为日文章化发展的基础，从变体汉字到万叶假名、平假名、片假名，日语文字经历了漫长的发展过程，并通过日本古典文学充分的反映出了日本在接受和吸收外来文化的过程。
《 日语语言文学中的家园意识探究 》
摘 要：中日属于邻邦国家，两国在文化基础层面上有着鲜明的共同性。近几年来，随着我国对日本文化及其语言进行深入分析与研究，尤其是对日本国家语言文学中的主流意识与社会文化进行了探讨，受到理论界广泛关注。本文就日语语言文学历史发展进程及其特点进行简要概述，并与日本典型的社会文化与语言文学案例相结合，对日语语言文学中蕴含着的家园意识及其特点进行深入剖析。希望对日语语言文学研究提供一定的参考依据。
关键词：日语;语言文学;家园意识
1.前言
由于日本与我国属于近邻关系，所以两国文化发展底蕴较为深厚，共同点较为广泛。日本文化在我国悠久的历史文化长期影响与熏染下，遗留有我们很多历史文化符号与印记。但是随着时代变迁，西方国家掀起的资本主义思想潮流使日本文化受到严重冲击，西方文化印记也十分明显。所以，日本社会文化在我国历史文化和西方国家现代文化相互交融，相互碰撞下，形成了独具特色的意识形态与社会文化。随着经济全球化发展，语言文学成为我国各个高职院校日语专业学生必修课程。通过对日语语言文学主题思想、发展规律及特点进行有效分析，能够掌握日语语言文学蕴含着的主流意识及其形态，使我国日语语言文学体系更加的完善。
2.分析日语语言文学及其特点
从日语语言文学历史发展进程角度来看，远古时期，日语语言文学长期在我国悠久的历史文化影响下，遗留由我国浓厚的历史文化气息与鲜明的文化烙印。进入二十世纪而后，日本国家挣脱了“闭关锁国”的束缚，积极引进希望国家先进的思想文化，对现代化日语语言文学带来了巨大影响。日语语言文学特点主要表现在以下几个方面：
语言文学时代标记较为显著
我国汉语发音、拼写与日语有着很大差异，所以日语语言文学有着鲜明且独特的时代标记。例如，在抒情诗歌创造上，公元时期，日语抒情诗歌主要由三十一个音节组合而成，并通过短歌形式展现出来，而十七世纪，日本抒情诗歌从原来的三十一个音节缩短为十七个音节，使得骈句表现力变得更强。由此可知，日本语言文学主要是新形势与旧形式文化不断碰撞与融合下形成的。
语言文学社会特征较为强烈
从早期与近代日语语言文学典型著作中可以发现，其语言文学社会特征都较为强烈，是日语语言文学在历史发展进程中形成的特点。尤其是近现代化日语语言文学著作，能够将日本国家某个时期社会状况进行充分揭露，并将国民对社会疑惑、对未来向往充分反映出来。由于日本文化具有明显的地域性特征，所以其国内语言文学会随着时代变迁而发生改变。远古时期，日本语言文学著作开始向着城市化方向发展，京都作为日本经济、经济与文化较为集中地方，所以很多日语语言文学著作都将日本京都作为创作背景。江户时期，武士被当做为日本国家新延生的贵族，其中很多参与日语语言文学创作武士，使日语语言文学重心发生了转移，这个时期经典语言文学著作主要有《古今著闻集》与《今昔物语》，其中《今昔物语》由芥川龙之介所创作，其在日本古典语言文学熏染与影响下，以历史小说作为创作题材，以国民喜而乐见的社会故事作为创作原型，并利用借古喻今方式，能够将现实与人生充分反映出来。
语言文学家园意识较为浓厚
从日本国家社会 传统文化 发展进程中可以看出，日本国家非常注重家庭，认为家庭不仅是促进社会发展、稳定的基础，也是维系情感的纽带。所以，日本国家早期很多语言文学著作中，都具有浓厚的家园意识，尤其是以离愁、思乡作为思想主题的抒情诗歌，将人们对家庭思念、眷恋及向往充分表现出来。而从日本国家近代史来看，国民受到战争严重摧残，家园在战争中受到破坏，所以这个时期的日语语言文学，能够将日本国民对家园深深的眷恋之情充分表现出来。由此可知，日本很多语言文学著作中，都以家园作为创作题材，同时赋予了日语语言文学鲜明的创作特点。
3.分析日语语言文学家园意识及其特点
通过对日语语言文学及其特点进行深入分析，可知家园是日语语言文学创作不可缺少的一个题材，而本文也将从其创作题材出来，对语言文学家园意识进行分析与研究。日语语言文学家园意识特点主要表现在以下两个方面：
具有“安宁”的象征意义
从传统日语语言文学至近现代化日语语言文学，很多日语语言文学家将家园塑造成具有“安宁”意义的象征。“安宁”不仅象征着人们安逸的生活，同时也象征着人们宁静的内心。从日本语言文学历史发展进程来看，其发展过程中并不顺利，自日本国家挣脱“闭关锁国”枷锁后，日本国家特有的农耕文化受到严重冲击，而日本社会经济发展形式也发生了很大改变。日本国家传承下来的农耕社会文化，能够给人带来安宁与安全感，当这份安宁感被破坏后，日本国家在给世界各国带去战争灾难的同时，也给国内民众带来了巨大的浩劫，这时日本国内民众对家园向往与渴望不断增长，从这个时期日语语言文学著作中能够充分体现出来。当世界二次战争结束之后，很多日本语言文学家创作的语言文学著作中仍然带有浓厚的家园悲剧色彩，由于残酷的战争，很多家庭骨肉分离，很多人失去了宝贵的生命。在二战期间，日本国家涌现出很多女性文学家，如津岛佑子，通过细腻描述方式，将自己失去家园、失去亲人悲痛之情充分抒发出来，并对家园抱以新的向往与希望。《安魂曲》由日本著名作曲家――武满彻所创作，将人们对家园安宁感的向往与渴望进行了描述。
具有“缩小”的意识特点
“缩小意识”属于日语语言文学较为典型的一个特点。在日本国家，很多语言文学作家喜欢将大的认知、观念及事件缩小，即缩小至一个家园中，并采取以小见大表现手法，将其对社会感知，对人生领悟表达出来。通过这种表现方式，能够将日本国民社会生活映射出来，日本国民所向往的精致生活，从生活环境到院子布设、饮食文化，都能够将缩小条件下完美展现出来。在日本语言文学作家笔触下，能够将家庭缩小，并蕴含着浓厚的亲情，达到日本国民所向往的美好生活。而很多现代学派的日本创作家，将家园庭院作为重点描述对象，而庭院也是现代化居住文化不可缺少的一部分，从庭院规划设计到整体布置，都能够将日本国民生活观念及文化观念集中展示出来。日本语言文学著作中都塑造了很多典型“庭院”，而庭院摆设物品也具有深刻的象征含义，都集中在庭院这个小小的环境中。所以，家园中的“缩小”意识，能够将日语语言文学与 社会实践 进行有效结合，使得语言文学更加的真实。
4.结语
家园意识作为日语语言文学创作的重要特征，能够将日本国民对美好家园向往与追求充分体现出来。从中可以明确日语语言文学多以家园作为主要的创作题材，将日本国民思乡之情作为创作主题思想，从而引发日本国民的共鸣。因此，我国在日语语言文学研究中，可以从其家园意识角度出来，对完善我国日语语言文学研究体系具有重要意义。(作者单位：四川商务职业学院经济贸易系)
参考文献
[1] 王正鸿.论日语语言文学中的家园意识[J].时代 教育 ，2013，8(17)：89-90.
[2] 艾千又.从日本古典文学看日语文字的形成及其发展[J].华人时刊(中旬刊)，2013，8(01)：76-78.
[3] 於国瑛.日本最大的说话集――“今昔物集”[J].日语知识，2011，9(11)：65-66.
[4] 张军.李瀛芥川龙之介与日本古典文学――以《今昔物语集》为中心[期刊论文]-山东文学(下半月)，2010，8(4)：75-76.
[5] 王昭.文学的时代时代的文学――日本自然主义文学初探[J].时代文学，2010，6(10)：75-77.
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英语语言学1500字论文
On suprasegmental features 一． Introduction So far we have been talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments, or phones. Phonetic features can also apply to a string of several sounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance. The study of phonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment, are known as suprasegmental features, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is known as prosody. It mainly includes syllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation. In this paper, I will talk about the suprasegmental features in great detail. Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental.二． Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in language is the syllable. Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts, although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" is difficult to define in absolute terms. A syllable can be divided into three parts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is called a closed syllable. In English only long vowels and diphthongs can occur in open syllables. The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as four consonants. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. In some languages, syllables are always open, that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant. (Hawaiian) On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word begins in a glottal stop.) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they must end in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah. Let's build a fire. Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon. (Like Hawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant.)三． Stress The nature of stress The word stress is used differently by different authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent and prominence is also defined differently. Robins has defined it as “a generic term for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part of utterance”. The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone would agree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, that the middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllable is stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort of idea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables, though they might explain it in many different production of stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllables have one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach has manifested that at least four different factors are important to make a syllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words, loudness is a component of ) Length: The length of syllables has an important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longer than the others will be heard as ) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with a pitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have a strong tendency to produce the effect of ) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use ) In some languages, each syllable is equally stressed or unstressed，as in Cambodian2) the syllable in each word is more stressed. The place of stress is fixed on a certain syllable:1) initial. Finnish, Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. ) Complex set of rules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules for stress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllable word: síkwi meat; in words of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or on the first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on the next to last syllable: wunúvtu stand up)The place of stress is ) In Russian the stress is completely random: xoroshó, xoró) In English the stress is more predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longer word receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and often renders differences in meaning: project/to project, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress per word: English is such a language. In English, words of four syllables or more have a primary and a secondary stress. Some English compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of the compound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/noun combinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), English sentence stress has two main functions:⑴ to indicate the important words in the sentence; ⑵ to serve as the basis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech, sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry the basic meaning of a sentence, . nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those which are usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which show grammatical relationships, such as articles, auxiliary and modal verbs, monosyllabic prepositions, etc.
语言学在人类文明史中具有悠久的历史和深远的影响,语言学在某种程度上记录了人类历史的演变程序。下文是我为大家整理的的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 论模糊语言学与英语教学 摘要：语言的模糊性是语言的基本属性之一，如同语言的社会性、符号性、系统性、生成性、冗余性一样，各种语言不无具有模糊性，英语也不例外。就模糊语言学在英语教学中的运用、二者之间的关系等方面谈谈认识，以期抛砖引玉，与同行一起探讨这个新学科领域的话题。 关键词：模糊性;英语教学;教学大纲 自从最早由美国加利福尼亚大学电机工程系控制论专家查德. Zadeh在《资讯与控制》Information and Control杂志上发表论文“模糊集”Fuzzy Sets开始，就标志著模糊学或模糊理论的诞生，随着模糊理论研究的发展，模糊语言学Fuzzy linguistics也应运而生。虽然，模糊语言学是最近二三十年才兴起的一门学科，并且是介于语言学与模糊学之间的边缘学科，然而，由于它是研究语言和言语中的模糊现象的学科，其模糊语言的理论和方法可以用来指导外语教学。因此，从它的诞生开始就引起了语言教学领域，尤其是英语教学领域的高度重视。 一、模糊语言学与英语教师 尽管模糊语言学是语言理论学科系列中正在形成的一门新学科，但由于在我们赖以生存的现实中模糊事物和人类思维中模糊概念、模糊逻辑的普遍性，更由于模糊的特征是英语语言的一种重要的自然特征，作为英语教师要搞好英语教学，就非常有必要在语言理论基础方面增加模糊语言学的理论知识。 完全可以想象，如果英语教师具备了一些模糊语言学的基本知识，就能较好地把握语言的模糊性，在英语教学实践过程中与纷繁复杂的语言现象打交道时，处理和解决语言问题就能更加灵活得体。例如，在英语翻译教学中，模糊语言学理论尤为重要。我们知道，由于自然语言中绝大多数词都是模糊词，因此，在翻译时处处都会遇到模糊言语现象，也迫使译者在处理这些现象时使用模糊翻译方法。下面引用一段欧亨利小说While the Auto Waits中的描写来说明这个问题： To repeat：Her dress was gray，and plain enough to mask its impeccancy of style and fit. A large meshed veil imprisoned her turban hat and a face that shone through it with a calm and unconscious beauty. She had e there at the same hour on the day previous， and on the day before that;and there was one who knew it. 再叙述一下那位姑娘吧：她身着灰色衣服，十分朴素，但很时髦，又非常合身，一条大网面纱遮住了她的头巾式无檐帽和面孔，但透过面纱，仍能瞥见她那文静而又美丽的脸庞。她昨天、前天在同样的时候来过这儿，坐上片刻。几天来，有一个人注意到了这种情形。 对比以上译文，可以发现在对英文的翻译中使用了许多语义模糊的词语，就连动词Shone的原意也不得已而忽略了，代替以模糊表达意思“瞥见”。而在上面这段文字中尤其是在文艺作品的翻译中，如果不采用模糊表达的翻译方法，既无法将原文的基本意思展现出来，更谈不上翻译文学作品要达到的“信、达、雅”的标准，自然也谈不上文学翻译的再创造了。由此我们也体会到，作为英语教师掌握一定模糊语言学理论知识的必要性和重要性。 二、运用模糊语言学理论正确认识教学大纲的模糊性 统一的英语教学大纲是英语教学的指导性档案，可以说是英语教学的指挥棒。然而，由于教学大纲内容本身存在着一定的弹性和不精确性，也就是在此谈到的模糊性，当在看待英语教学大纲时也不能视为“放之四海而皆准”的硬性准则。 例如，在针对全国普通高专颁布的《普通高等专科英语课程教学基本要求》中关于教学目的的内容是：“培养学生掌握必需的、实用的英语语言知识和语言技能，具有阅读和翻译与本专业有关的英文资料的初步能力，并为进一步提高英语的应用能力打下一定的基础。”以上短短的一段话就包含了几个模糊限制语，譬如“必要的、初步的、一定的”。这些不精确的用语本身就说明了高专英语教学目的具有模糊性，而这些模糊性的限制语又恰恰说明了高专英语教学目的适时得体，符合实际的要求。同时，这对于评价教师的业绩以及学生的成绩都大有好处。 比如，在评价一位英语教师的教学效果时，我们能不能因为某些学生的英语应用能力强而另一些学生较弱就判定这位教师的业务能力不行，或教学态度不好呢?如果这样认为，恐怕这种评价就有失公允，也不切合实际，因为，在高专英语的教学基本要求中的教学目的本身具有模糊性，不精确性。并且，事实上，一些学生的应用能力强而部分学生弱都是教学中必然存在的现象，也是教学大纲允许的，也正是由于教学大纲中教学目的的模糊性而必然造成的结果。 除了以上谈到的教学目的具有模糊性外，其中“应用能力”这个术语也具有模糊性。虽然教学目的中明确提出“培养学生掌握必需的、实用的英语语言知识和语言技能，具有阅读和翻译与本专业有关的英文资料的初步能力，并为进一步提高英语的应用能力打下一定基础”。 在这里虽然明确提出了“应用能力”，然而且不说模糊性极强的“一定的基础”的表述，仅就“应用能力”这个术语在大纲中并没有做任何说明，因而表现出较强的不确定性和模糊性。事实上，根据现今外语教学领域里大多数专家的共识，英语“应用能力”主要指的是由美国著名的社会语言学家海姆斯提出的“交际能力”。这种“交际能力”的概念还包含了由转换生成语法的创始人乔姆新基提出的“语言能力”petence.根据海姆斯的观点，“交际能力”包含了： 1语言能力——即语言知识，包括语音、词汇、语法的知识; 2社会语言能力sociolinguistic petence——即使用功能变体和言语功能的能力; 3话语能力discourse petence——即学会怎样用语言来做事、交流; 4对应能力strategic petence——交际是一种彼此之间的协调，在协调中有各种对应手段，如怎样能开始一段谈话，怎样转换话题，怎样结束谈话等。 因此，就“应用能力”这个术语运用于英语教学中时，英语教师究竟该怎样认识和理解，究竟该怎样去培养学生的“应用能力”，以及怎样理解“交际能力”中包含的四种能力，或许对于许多教师来说仍旧是模糊的。然而，只有当我们了解了“应用能力”的模糊性之后的这样一个大前提，才可能对“教学大纲”和“教学目的”有进一步的理解和认识。这样，在英语教学过程中才不会简单地、绝对地看待“应用能力”的问题，也才能符合实际地、有的放矢地组织教学，以期收到更好的教学效果。 三、运用模糊语言学正确认识英语教学法的模糊性 英语教学法流派多种多样，理论各异，新观点、新方法、新学派层出不穷。到目前为止，已有十几种教学法流派存在。如，传统的语法翻译法Grammar Translation Method、听说法Audio lingual Method、阅读法Reading Method、认知法Cognitive Approach、暗示法Suggest Method、视听法Audio Visual Method，以及近几年产生的程式教学Programmed Instruction和计算机辅助语言教学puter aided Language Instruction等等。 从这些英语教学学派的产生和发展历史来看，它们都不是随心所欲的，都有其一定的社会文化背景，其哲学、教育学、心理学、语言学等理论基础之间既存在着相互排斥、相互矛盾的各具特色的个性，同时也存在着相互制约、相互联络、相互继承发展的共性关系。而恰好就是这种共性关系使各学派之间的界限彼此模糊，呈现出你中有我，我中有你的局面。比如，听说法和视听法，这两种教学法既在基本特点上存在差异，又存在着共性，表现出二者之间的界限是模糊的。 听说法的基本特点强调：1以句型结构操练为主;2在口语基础上培养书面语;3不用母语;4反复模仿，强化操练。而视听法的基本特点强调：1幻灯影象和录音视听相结合;2感知整体结构的对话;3充分利用幻灯、录音视听教具;4在口语基础上进行书面语教学;5集中强化教育。 概括地讲，二者界限的模糊性表现在：1它们都强调在口语基础上培养书面语能力和用外语讲解外语以培养外语语感;2它们所产生的心理学基础都是行为主义心理学Behavioristic Psychology和描写语言学descriptive linguistics，而这就不可避免会使它们彼此之间存在着共性。 可见，在英语教学过程中了解并掌握英语教学法的不同流派的个性、共性以及彼此间的模糊性，从而扬长避短，博采众长，对于建设中国特色的外语教学法体系大有益处。 综上所述，探讨以英语为主的外语教学同模糊理论以及模糊语言学的关系，提倡用模糊语言学的理论和方法来指导英语教学，将有利于提高我国英语教学水平。 参考文献： [1]李晓明.模糊性：人类认识之谜.人民出版社，1985. [2]苗东升.模糊学导引.中国人民大学出版社，1987. [3]陈治安.模糊语言学概论.西南师范大学出版社，1997. [4]Chomsky， and Mind. New York： Harcourt，Brace & World，1972. [5]Zadeh，L. A.“Fuzzy sets” Information and Control，1963，8：338-2353. [6]Zadeh，.“Quantitative Fuzzy Semantics”，Information Sciences，1971，3：159-2176. 篇2 论大学英语语言学习策略 摘要：英语语言学习策略的研究是一个年轻的领域，本文对国内外英语语言学习策略研究的发展做了概括介绍，分析了大学英语教学存在的问题和探讨了英语语言学习策略的研究方法。 关键词：英语语言 策略 研究 在现代大学英语教学中，普遍呈现出来的现象为：高校英语语言教学人员对英语的教与学的认识已经发生了很大的变化，学生如何学习已成为教育研究的重点。 一、国内外英语语言学习策略研究的概况 语言学习策略是学习者为了取得更好的语言学习效果而采取的各种策略，即学习者在学习外语过程中对有效的学习方法的选择和使用。学习策略研究不仅有助于语言学习者的个体差异，而且对外语语言的教和学及建构产生了重大影响。国内外研究者以认知心理学为理论研究的基础，将英语学习策略分为认知策略、元认知策略、情感策略和交际策略。 一国外英语语言学习策略研究的发展 研究语言学习策略的外国研究者有Ruhin, Naiman ,Wong Filhnore，Stern, A Wenden, Jam M alley, Chamol, R Oxford以及A. Cohen等。20世纪70年代初，外语教学法研究停滞不前以及认知心理学的迅速发展促使外语教学研究的重点从研究教师如何“教”转向研究学习者如何“学”。这时的语言学习策略的研究在语习得研究中占有重要地位。 这一研究很快发展成语言学习策略的研究。旱期的语言学习策略研究注重归纳并描述学习策略和刘一学习策略进行分类。之后，研究者在研究的深度、广度及研究方法等方面有较大改进，是学习策略研究的第一个重大发展。早期的学习策略研究无论是在方法上还是在研究成果上都给后来的研究打下了良好的基础。 20世纪80年代后，语言学习策略的研究得到了迅速的发展，A. Wenden, Jam Mallev, U. Chamo}, R. Oxford以及A. Cohen等研究者刘一学习策略进行深入研究，最具典型性和代表性的是。Malley等人的研究，他们以认知学习理论为指出将语言认知过程和学习策略相关联，得出一整套理论化的语言学习策略。随着语言学习策略研究的深入开展，有关学习策略的论著也越来越多，如W enden和Ruhin于1987年编辑出版的论文集Learner Salegies in Language Learning《语言学习，}，的学习者策略。 Malley和Chamo于90年代出版的专著Learner Salegies in Second Language Acquisition《第一言习得中的学习策略》以及Oxford于1990年出版的专著LanguageLearning Every Teacher Should Know《语言学习策略:教师须知》等。Oxford还建立了语言学习策略调查问卷Salegiese InveWorv for Language Learning。 二国内英语语言学习策略研究的发展 我国对语言学习策略的研究从20世纪80年代中期开始，研究者有黄小华、桂诗春、刘润清、文秋芳等，他们在自己的论著中都涉及到语言学习策略。这此学者的研究为教育研究打下了良好的基础，他们的研究对于语言教学有指出意义，对英语学习者的学习也有实践指出意义。 这一阶段的语言学习策略研究有如下特点：第一，学习策略研究是以各种语言学习理论为指导的研究。Krashen的监控理论、Aderson的认知学习理论以及其他对学习者本体研究的成果都为学习策略研究者提供了丰富的理论基础。第二，学习策略研究逐渐从巨集观转向微观。研究者针刘一阅读理解策略、听力理解策略、词汇学习策略等进行单项研究。第三，研究者重视学习策略研究的方法，认为研究方法关系到研究结果的信度和效度。第四，学习策略研究从理论走向实践。研究者认为只要是被证明有效的学习策略，就可以培训学习者使川这此策略，从而提高他们的学习效果。 20世纪90年代以来，我国外语界学者们对中国学生的外语学习策略展开了广泛的研究，发表了大量论文。1996年，文秋芳所著《英语学习策略论—献给立志学好英语的朋友》成为国内第一部专门论述语言学习策略的著作。 2002年，程晓堂和郑敏编写的《英语学习策略》表明语言学习策略研究在我国进入了一个新的阶段。 二、大学英语教学存在的问题和英语语言策略研究方法 改革开放以来，我国的大学英语教学取得了迅猛的发展，教学质量取得了显著的提高。然而，由于各种复杂的因素，很多大学生在外语学习上花了大量的时间和精力，但学习的效果并不理想。有此教师仍采取传统的以知识讲解为重点的教学方法，忽视培养学生的学习方法和学习策略。 二目前大学英语教学存在的问题 随着国际交流的深入发展和竞争的日益激烈，社会对外语人才的去求在数量、质量、层次和种类上要求更高。然而，我国的大学英语教学明显滞后，相当部分大学生几乎把大学学习的前一两年都花在了英语学习上。造成这样结果的原因主要包括:外语教学理论研究薄弱;师资质量不高;;教学水平有限;外语教学应试倾向严重;外语教学上形式和教学方法缺乏创新;学生学习态度不积极;学习不得法;中小学、大学外语教学严重脱节等。 另一方面，我国外语教学理论研究和实践上也存在误区，如外语学习越早越好;外语是一门知识课;外语是教会的;外语学习有捷径可走;外语学习年限越氏越好;交际能力就是说话能力等。这此都影响了我国外语教学质量的提高与发展。 要提高大学英语教学水平，关键在于教师怎么教和学生怎么学。有此教师欠缺语言学习策略理论知识，未从学习者角度探索学习方法，因而无法指出学生的学习。因此，要使学生在英语学习中形成有效的学习策略，教师首先应参与学习策略的学习和研究。探讨和研究英语学习策略并在教学中指导和渗透学习策略，是当今英语教师又一个重要任务。 二英语语言学习策略研究方法 要指导和培训大学生英语学习策略，英语教师应掌握一定研究方法和技巧，学会观察和记录资料，并掌握分析方法。 一般来说，英语语言学习策略研究的型别有：自然调查survey,对研究contrastive study，相关性研究correlational study，发展研究developmental/ longudinal study和策略训练研究strategy training}。学习策略研究资料采集的方法有：观察法observation，问卷调查法}questionnaire ,访谈interview}，日记diary和口头报告verbal roport。 目前国内外的研究趋势是定性研究与定量研究相结合，而且定性研究有增加的趋势。研究者通常采用多种方式收集资料，以客观全面地反映事实、深入分析，避兔所得的结论的片面性。因此，英语教师在进行策略研究中应多角度采集资料，采用定性与定量研究，探索有效的指,,和培训学生的方法，提高教学效果和自身的科研水平。 参考文献： [1] Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. University Press. 1990. [2] 束定芳.外语教学改革:问题与对策[J].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2005: 4.
How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third EditionTo be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc.... and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc.......... It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. *******************Speaking:In China, you won't have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc.... Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General is the time to switch to "Your Major in English" *******************************Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, Journalist, History, Education or even a bit more technical like Finance, Business Administration or is extremely useful to know more because there are so many words in English and they appear differently to each other. For people whose second language is English, will find it difficult to guess the meaning of a new sure, it is not possible to know a major first and put all your effort on that major, in the end you will have a rich vocabulary of that on learning Technical English:To master technical English in your area of study, there are two difficulties to , the language, because it is not your first language, you need to remember the terms, knowing how to pronounce it and spell , surely you need to understand the terms in a technical matter what field, it is going to be the same; the two difficulties above must be I take Physics as an example (note that whatever field you are looking into is going to be similar):The term "momentum" is basically the product of the mass of the object and the velocity it travels. Obviously, you need to understand mass and velocity as well. If you understand mass and velocity, then you get the explanation of the term "momentum" in physics, then you are most likely to understand the word and use it properly in the technical world of Physics. From this example, you can see how to understand a technical word in a technical fashion: you need to understand the very fundamental knowledge of a field to be able to understand more complex terminologies or learning technical English in your field of study, I have a good recommendation to save your time:To understand technical knowledge in your first language (Chinese), then you might not have the second it left to overcome is just the first difficulty (the language), hence the effort required is can give you an example of my own:When I was learning chemistry at A-level, I had already learnt inorganic chemistry at the equivalent level in China, so I had no difficulty whatsoever in learning inorganic chemistry in the UK in I had not learnt organic chemistry in China, and I was struggling significantly in learning organic chemistry in the UK due to dual difficulties.************OK, I have finished talking about how to improve your technical i will talk about IT (Information Technology), why is this important? Because nowadays it is the information age, you need to know computers, Internet, media and communications etc. Knowing how to use Internet to search information will help your English. ************I don't want to waffle too much on this. Computers are more and more important nowadays, everyone wants a computer and most people have their own computers. But most people are not using the right Operating System for learning English. Now I would like to introduce you to Debian Linux Operating system or a much nicer operating system called Ubuntu Linux. If you still don't have a computer you can buy a China's home grown computer based on a Loongson CPU. It saves your electricity and your time to deal with will help you to improve your English skills because you need to read some documents and follow the instructions to set up software programs, it also requires you to search the Internet (Google for example) to find the answers to your problems (. installations of software programs)you can read about the commands of Linux in the terminal by putting in "man
像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~
日本学前教育论文1500字
主要问题你可参考一下前4点，改革动力分析结合后3点进行：1）目前还必须处理好幼儿园和保育所两者的关系和职能分工；2）各地区学前教育的发展情况很不平衡，且私立幼儿园造成家长负担过重；3）经济低迷和都市化造成生态环境恶化，儿童游戏活动场地减少；4）政府和官方二战后不能认真反省，教科书存在一系列问题，影响学前教育，带来潜在而深远的负面影响。 1）幼保一体化的进展：由双轨制转向教育公平和民主化，共同担负保教任务。2）学前教育师资的培养和提高：一方面，把提高教育质量放在突出地位，大抓教师素质，重视教师队伍建设，改善师资培训制度，提高幼儿园教师工资待遇；另一方面，非常重视幼儿园教师的在职进修，进修制度完善。3）幼儿的家庭教育和社区教育：树立学校教育、社会教育、家庭教育三位一体的大教育观。
日本的学前 教育 主要通过两条途径实现，一是幼儿园，一是保育所，约有80%的幼儿会进入私立幼儿园。日本学前教育的发展过程，其实就是不断使其实现法制化的过程。下面是我给大家推荐的日本学前教育论文，希望大家喜欢!
《日本学前教育的特点及启示》
摘 要：日本的学前教育主要通过两条途径实现，一是幼儿园，一是保育所，约有80%的幼儿会进入私立幼儿园。日本学前教育的发展过程，其实就是不断使其实现法制化的过程。日本一向重视学前教育师资的培养，要当一名幼儿园教师，不管是国立、公立或者私立，都必须是持有相当的资格证者。纵观我国学前教育，有投入不足，立法不完善和教师队伍素质偏低等问题，需要进一步的发展和完善。
关键词：日本 学前教育 特点 启示
1日本幼儿教育的特点
幼保二元化体制
日本的学前教育主要通过两条途径实现，一是幼儿园，一是保育所。它们之间的区别是：(1)分属不同部门领导。(2)招收对象：幼儿园为3～6岁幼儿，保育所则为0～6岁幼儿。(3)入学时间：幼儿园每年4月，实行学年制，有寒暑假;保育所则随时开放，无寒暑假。(4)保育时间：幼儿园每天为4小时，保育所则为8小时。(5)保育所所受公费补贴较多，收费低廉;幼儿园受公费补助少，收费较贵。(6)教育水准：保育所比幼儿园仍低一个档次。2004年12月，日本中央教育审议会发表了《关于幼儿教育、保育一体化的综合机构》的咨询 报告 ，报告阐述了幼儿教育、保育一体化的意义与理念。目前，两者一体化虽未完全实现，但两者的教育内容都发生了很大的变化，融合的趋势已日益明显。
以法治教，以法促教
日本学前教育的发展过程，其实就是不断使其实现法制化的过程。从公布《幼儿园保育及设备规程》(1899年)、《幼儿园令》(1926年)，到颁布《学校教育法》(1947年)、《幼儿园设置标准》(1956年)和《幼儿园教育大纲》(1964年);从公布《社会事业法》(1938年)到颁布《 儿童 福利法》(1947年)和《儿童福利设施最低标准》(1948年)。进入90年代，随着少子化、核心家庭化、都市化、信息化等倾向，文部省先后颁布了《天使计划》(1994)、《幼儿期开始进行心灵教育》(1999)，意在通过提升家庭的教育力和社区的教育力，以协调好各个方面力量对学前儿童进行教育，形成“育子的社会”。
重视师资队伍建设
日本一向重视学前教育师资的培养，要当一名幼儿园教师，不管是国立、公立或者私立，都必须是持有相当的资格证者。在日本，教师职业的准入门槛相对较高，即使取得幼儿园教师资格的最低档“二种许可证”，也必须具有短期大学的学士学位。为了保证教师能够时刻保持必要的资质能力，定期更新知识和技能，文部省于2009年将教师资格证的有效期定为10年，每10年必须更新一次。幼儿园教师获得合格证的途径，一是直接通过大学教育，修完所规定的学分。一级资格证要求4年制大学修完124学分以上，一般还要求有学士称号，二级资格证要求短期大学等高等学校修完62学分以上。
2日本学前教育对我国的启示
加强对学前教育的重视
我国长期以来存在着学前教育财政投入不充足的问题，仅占全国教育经费总投入的―，而且在城乡之间、公办与民办园、不同办学主体公办园之间存在财政投入的体制性差异，政府的投入主要集中在县城以上的幼儿园。2012年6月29日，在经济学家智囊团(the Economist Intelligence Unit)发布的对45个国家和地区学前教育发展水平进行的排名比较研究报告――《良好开端》(Startingwell：Benchmarking early education across the world)中显示，在“付得起”(入园贵)排名上，我国“最贵”，处在最后一位，即第45位。该报告指出，由于中国政府很少为处境不利的幼儿和家庭提供学前教育补贴，对学前教育的投入也很少，导致公立幼儿园数量少，私立幼儿园收费贵，送孩子上幼儿园比上大学贵。2010年，中国最好的大学北京大学的月收费是102美元，但是有的幼儿园的月收费却高达660美元，相当于顶尖大学月收费的6倍。
完善学前教育立法
纵观我国学前教育发展历程，改革开放前教育立法几乎是空白。直到八十年代末，才陆续颁布了《幼儿园工作规程》、《托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计规范》、《中华人民共和国未成年人保法》、《中华人民共和国教师法》、《幼儿园教育指导纲要》等相关的法律和条例。进入九十年代，随着我国经济体制变革，幼儿园的办园体制、投入机制发生了根本变化，与此相配套的学前教育法律法规建设却相对比较滞后，除《幼儿园管理条例》、《幼儿园工作规程》外，涉及前教育的法律大量散见于其他相关法律法规中。令人欣慰的是，2003年，全国人大教科文卫委员会把学前教育立法列入了立法调研计划，2006年底正式委托国家教育部开展学前教育法案的研究起草工作。2007年11月，国家教育部将学前教育立法纳入了今后五年的立法工作重点。
加强师资队伍建设
我国幼儿师资队伍整体水平偏低，据中国教育统计网2008年数据显示，我国现有幼儿园专任教师898552人，其中高中阶段以下 毕业 31271人，占;高中阶段毕业360492人，占;专科毕业423413人，占;本科毕业82724人，占。且幼儿教师专业化水平不高，以福建省为例，约有幼儿教师没有教师资格证，民办园中未取得资格证书的教师比例远高于此。近年来，幼教师资队伍建设日益受到重视，2009年4月8日，中国首届教师资格证制度国际学术研讨会上，教育部师范教育司表示，我国教师资格证将定期进行认证，并将实行教师资格证临时证书、有限期证书、终身证书的分类管理。
参考文献
[1] 刘天娥.现代日本学前教育的特点及其启示[J].南昌航空大学学报，2012(02)：103-108.
[2] 刘焱，史瑾，潘月娟.世界学前教育排名比较研究及启示[J].学前教育研究，2013(02)：1-7.
[3] 曹志祥.日本学前教育现状及发展趋势[J].世界教育信息，1998(05)：23-26.
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