动物学论文英文文献加翻译

动物学论文英文文献加翻译

Biological diversity means the variety of living within a certain range of organisms regularly posed by combining the ecological complexes of stability. Including such diverse animals, plants, micro-organisms of the species diversity, species diversity and variation of genetic and ecosystem diversity. Among them, the species diversity is the key to biological diversity, it reflects the biological and the environment between the complex relationship between, but also reflects the richness of biological resources. We now know that there are about two million kinds of organisms, these kinds of biological species constitute the diversity of biological species. Biological diversity is the formation of organisms and their ecology and the environment as well as the complex range of ecological processes related to the sum of genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity components. Genetic diversity refers to the body decided to biological traits and combinations of genetic diversity. Species diversity is the diversity of species on biological manifestations can be divided into regional species diversity and species diversity of communities. Ecosystem diversity refers to the biosphere habitats, communities and ecological processes of biological diversity. Genetic diversity and species diversity is the basis of the study of biological diversity, ecosystem diversity is the focus of the study of biological diversity. Was asked, based on the study of nature can be inferred What are the characteristics of the work of the Creator, is said to British scientists Sanderson Haldane John Leighton replied: "too much like beetles." Because the beetle is the largest animal on Earth the United States the text of the Smithsonian Institution concluded that the majority of unknown types of beetles may not be able to survive in our near 30-meter-high canopy of tropical forests.

【关于动物的英语作文】Do you know what kind of animal I like most? It’s monkey. Monkey is a kind of lovely animal. Many people like monkeys very much. Generally, monkey has small body covered with fur. Some kinds of monkeys have two big eyes and ears and a long tail. I can see them on TV or the zoo. Every time I go to the zoo, I will go to see them. Monkeys often stay in trees and jump between them. They are so lively and favorable. When they are happy, they will act for visitors. It’s very funny.

Biodiversity is an important theme in biology and is crucial to theprosperity and survival of humans. The benefits that ecosystems andindividual species provide to humans are countless: clean air andwater, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, preservation offertile soils, control of agricultural pests, aesthetic beauty,(Campbell & Reece, 2002) and many more. Moreover, biodiversity iscommonly studied to view community structure and the health of aparticular region. Species richness and abundance values can helpbiologists address certain environmental concerns and possiblesolutions to issues they may find. Bio Science 1 students at SolanoCommunity College often conduct studies of freshwatermacroinvertebrates in Suisun Creek to view biodiversity and todetermine water quality. The upstream and downstream sites rests onprivate property identified to the students only as �0�0“Frank�0�0’s Place�0�0”.The settings of the Suisun Creek sites were both overwhelmed withvegetation and overhead canopies. Timing of sampling is directlyrelated to the resulting collected species. Species diversity indices,such as Family-level biotic Index, are used to provide importantinformation on the community structure of freshwatermacroinvertebrates and can often tell us the overall health of theregion we are studying also FBI provides a rapid, but less critical,evaluation of streams in the field by biologists who can recognizearthropod families by sight.[2] The non-living, abiotic componentsthat the class attempted to research at all three stream locationsincluded taking readings of the water's: temperature (oC), dissolvedoxygen [% saturation and (mg/l)], conductivity (�0�0�0�8S), specificconductance (�0�0�0�8S), salinity (ppt), and pH. Dissolved oxygen is ameasured value of the oxygen content that is present in the water.

With human beings on Earth since then, we continue to evolve at the same time has been hurt those lovely animals. They did not at fault, they are only in accordance with the laws of nature live in peace. But since the existence of mankind , their homes become increasingly small. Some animals have even become extinct. In the extinction of animal, the thylacine is the worst. Thylacine in a long time ago to live in the vast prairie, they have been very happy, carefree. Since the arrival of human beings have changed their lives. Due to the large number of human enclosure, livestock grass makes less and less change to many herbivores to move to other grasslands. This herbivorous animals to eat the wolf bag, there is no food. They steal human animals. Farmers would hate the wolf from the bag, see a killing one, on this last one wild thylacine was also killed. When people should be aware of extinct thylacine, the protection of the park began last a thylacine, it thylacine only 48 days before the final days. And 48 days later, the Forever thylacine disappeared from the Earth, the Forever! Of course, not all animals are extinct human killing, some changes in the environment are not suited extinction. However, the extinction of some animals, human beings have an unshirkable responsibility. Since ancient times human beings have been cruel to those animals alone, human deprivation of their right to live. Now seems to have been aware of the extinction of an animal hazards. In order to make money, what people are willing to do so, they sell fur animals, shopping malls, the meat of animals sold to restaurants. But we can not shirk all responsibility to the heads of traders, consumers also have the responsibility, if there is no consumer demand then the traders will not take the risk. Human beings are still eating wild animals. For example: the snake. If the extinction of the snakes, rats would wantonly breeding, then how do we ... ... So each has its biological significance of the existence, they are in the natural law of survival. If a broken food chain, then another will wantonly breeding animals, and even a threat to humanity, we bear in mind the protection of animals. The protection of animals is to protect human beings themselves!参考译文：自从地球上有了人类以后，我们在不断地发展进化的同时也在不断的伤害着那些可爱的动物们.他们没有过错,他们只是根据自然界的法则和平的生活着.可是自从有了人类的存在,他们的家园变的越来越小.有些动物甚至已经灭绝了. 在灭绝的动物里，袋狼算是最惨的了。在很久以前袋狼生活在广阔的大草原上，它们过的很快活，无忧无虑。自从人类的到来改变了它们的生活。由于人类的大量圈地，饲养牲畜使得绿草变地越来越少，许多食草动物迁徙到别的草原上。这样以草食性动物为食的袋狼就没有了食物。它们便去偷人类饲养的动物。农场主便痛恨起了袋狼，见一个杀一个，就这样最后一只野生袋狼也被杀死了。当人们意识到袋狼就要灭绝时，才开始保护公园里的最后一只袋狼，这只袋狼才过了最后48天的好日子。而48天后，袋狼永远的从地球上消失了，永远的！ 当然不是所有灭绝的动物都是人类杀死,有的是不适应环境的变化而灭绝的.但是某些动物的灭绝，人类有着不可推卸的责任。人类自古以来就一直残忍地对待着那些动物们,人类剥夺了它们生活的权利. 现在人们似乎还没有意识到一种动物的灭绝的危害。为了赚钱人什么都愿意做，他们把动物的皮毛卖到商场，把动物的肉卖到餐馆。但是我们不能把一切责任都推卸到商贩的头上，消费者也有责任，如果没有消费者的需求那么商贩也不会铤而走险。人类还在吃着野生动物。比如：蛇。如果蛇灭绝了，老鼠会大肆繁殖，到那时候我们该怎么办…… 因此每一种生物都有它存在的意义，它们都在以自然的法则生存。如果生物链的一头断了，那么另一种动物就会大肆繁殖，甚至威胁到人类，大家记住保护动物。保护动物就是保护人类自己！With human beings on Earth since then, we continue to evolve at the same time has been hurt those lovely animals. They did not at fault, they are only in accordance with the laws of nature live in peace. But since the existence of mankind , their homes become increasingly small. Some animals have even become extinct. In the extinction of animal, the thylacine is the worst. Thylacine in a long time ago to live in the vast prairie, they have been very happy, carefree. Since the arrival of human beings have changed their lives. Due to the large number of human enclosure, livestock grass makes less and less change to many herbivores to move to other grasslands. This herbivorous animals to eat the wolf bag, there is no food. They steal human animals. Farmers would hate the wolf from the bag, see a killing one, on this last one wild thylacine was also killed. When people should be aware of extinct thylacine, the protection of the park began last a thylacine, it thylacine only 48 days before the final days. And 48 days later, the Forever thylacine disappeared from the Earth, the Forever!

英文文章加翻译

付出与收获 Hard Work and Income

I always hear about my friends’ complaining, they say their income is such low that they can’t not make ends meet. At first, I would pity for them, but in the long run, I find their work is so easy, they just sit in the office from 9 am to 5 pm, they even don’t need to go out for business. While I see another friend, he works so hard, his working hour is very unstable, sometimes he even works until 9 pm. The fact is that he earns the most between my friends. It is true that no pain, no gain, if people want more, they need to pay out more. Comparing to be envy about other people’s great income, we’d better to work hard to realize what we want. There is not short-cut for people to get successful, working hard is the only way.

我总是听到朋友们的抱怨，他们说收入太少了，以至于无法收支平衡。刚开始，我会为他们感到遗憾，但是长期下来，我发现他们的工作很轻松，他们在办公室里朝九晚五地坐着，甚至不需要外出跑业务。然而我看到了另外一个朋友，他很努力工作，工作时间不稳定，有时候甚至于工作到晚上九点。事实上，他是我朋友之中赚得最多的。没有付出，就没有收获， 确实如此，如果人们想要更多，需要付出更多。与其羡慕别人的高收入，不如努力工作来实现我们想要的。成功没有捷径，努力工作是唯一的方法。

审美标准 The Standard of Beauty

It has been admitted that beautiful outlook can bring people a lot of attention, the beautiful person always win the chances to be successful. But what is the standard of a beauty, different times have different standard. In our parents’ generation, it was believed that a girl should be a little fatter, because it meant that she lived the better life, while the thin girl would be thought to be lacking of happiness. In today, the standard of beauty has changed, the most important standard of a beauty is to be thin, the thinner, the better. When we look at the commercial ads, all of the models are skinny, with the beautiful dress, they look so gorgeous. When I see my friends work so hard to lose weight, I feel worried about them. They don’t have to do it, the beauty’s standard will change any time. We should stay the way we are.

人们承认美丽的外表能给人们带来很多的吸引力，长得好看的人总是能赢得成功的机会。但是美丽的标准是什么呢，不同的时间有不同的标准。在我们父母那一代，人们认为女孩子应该胖点，因为那意味着她过得好，然而瘦的.女孩就会被认为缺少幸福。在今天，美丽的标准已经改变了，美丽的最重要标准就是瘦，越瘦越好。当我们看商业广告的时候，所有的模特都是很瘦的，加上华丽的服饰，他们看起来真美。看到我的朋友们那么努力的去减肥，我为他们担忧。他们可以不用减，美丽的标准会随时变。我们应该做自己。

国外学生不努力学习？Foreign Students Study Not Hard?

When people talk about the foreign education, they will be envious, because they think foreign students study in a very easy way, they don’t care much about study, they care about playing. When we take a look at our students, they need to put their minds on studying, they study so hard. The obvious difference makes people criticize our education. But the truth is that foreign students also need to study hard, when they go to college, they realize the pressure and start to focus their minds on study, for the purpose of making living. Foreign students play hard before they go to college. We only look at the foreign students before their campus life, so foreign students don’t play all the time.

当人们谈论国外的教育时，他们会很羡慕，因为他们认为国外的学生学习很轻松，无需放太多心思在学习上，国外学生只关心玩。当看看我们的学生时，他们需要全身心投入学习，很刻苦。明显的不同让人们批判我们的教育。但是事实上，国外的学生也需要努力学习，在他们上大学以后，意识到压力，开始投入学习，为了生存。国外学生在上大学前都爱玩。我们看外国学生只看他们大学前的生活，因此，外国学生并不总是在玩。

追求稳定还是创业 To Pursue Stability or Do Pioneering Work

When college students graduate, most of them will choose to join the civil servants exam or further study, these two choices become more and more popular, they have the common side, that is stability. The young people pay special attention to stability when they find a job, because in today’s society, the pressure is so heavy, they fear to lose job, working for the government is the best choice for them, they don’t have to worry about losing jobs. While they are so young, they should be energetic, they should do the pioneering work, they have nothing to lose, because they have nothing at the beginning. If the young people don’t dare to fight, they waste their youth, all their lives are insipid, when they are old, they look back on their youth, just nothing leaves. If the young people want to do pioneering work, just do it, take no hesitation.

当大学生毕业，很多人会选择参加公务员考试或者深造，这两个选择有一个共同点，那就是稳定。年轻人在找工作的时候很注重稳定，因为在今天的社会，压力是很大的，他们害怕失去工作，为政府工作对于他们来说是最好的选择，不用担心丢掉工作。然而他们是那么的年轻，应该充满活力，应该去创业，他们没有什么输不起，因为他们刚开始本来就一无所有。如果年轻人都害怕奋斗，浪费了青春，他们的一生都平淡无奇，当他们老了，回望青春，发现什么也没留下。如果年轻人想要创业，那就去吧，不要犹豫。

第一次上讲台 The First to Stand In Front of the Platform

I still remember the first time to stand in front of the platform, it was two years ago, I was arranged by my headmaster to get my internship, I would go to the countryside to be a teacher. When I arrived at the school, at first, I did not get used to the environment, but after a week, I got used to it. I was asked to teach the students English, I felt so never that night, I worried the students wouldn’t listen to me. In the morning, I had to start my class, my feet seemed to hard to move on. When I went to the platform, all the students looked at me, I was so nervous, then I introduced myself, as I went further in the class, I found myself felt much more ease, the students cooperate with me, I felt more and more confident. I learned so much from my first time to stand in front of the platform.

我仍然记得我第一次站在讲台上的情形，那是两年前，我被班主任安排实习，我要去乡村当教师。当我到达学校的时候，刚开始，我不适应那里的环境，但是一周后，我适应了。我要教学生英语，那晚，我感到很紧张，我害怕学生不听我的话。早上，我不得不开始我的课，我的脚似乎很难移动。当我走到讲台上，所有的学生都看着我，我觉得很紧张，然后我开始介绍自己，随着在课堂上展开课，我发现我不那么紧张了，学生也配合我，我感到越来越自信。我在第一次上讲台上学到了很多。

让梦想成真Make It Be

Don’t allow your troubles to get the best of you. Instead, allow those troubles to make the best of you.

不要被烦恼击败,相反,要让这些烦恼磨练出更优秀的你

Don’t tire yourself out fighting against the challenges. Instead, find new energy by embracing1 those challenges and working through them to create real value.

不要因与挑战作斗争而身心疲惫,相反,要在接受挑战、战胜挑战的过程中找到活力去创造真正的价值。

Always remind yourself that discour-agement is nothing more than a response you’ve chosen. When you find that you’ve chosen to let it be, you can just as surely choose to let it go.

时常提醒自己,气馁只不过是你自己的选择。当你发现是你选择了气馁,你当然也可以选择不这样。

Replace discouragement with determin-ation. It is your life’s energy, and you can point it in whatever direction you choose. Your most powerful response is not based only on what has already happened. Your most powerful response also takes into account what you wish to make happen next.

用决心消除气馁,这就是你生命的活力,是放之四海而皆准的。你最有力的反应不仅仅受所发生的事情的影响,而且与你期待发生的事情有一定关联。

Look forward, and envision in great detail the future you desire. Then gather all your energy, and step forward to make it be.

向前看,详尽地展望你所期盼的未来。然后集中你所有的精力,努力前进,让梦想成真

梦想,你心中永远的激情Dream,A Pas

英语励志短文带翻译:It’s December, so most of the year is now behind us. But there’s a new year coming up, which will give us time to live, to love, to give, and to make our dreams come true.

已经是十二月了,一年就快过完了。但新的一年即将到来,我们将会有更多的时间去生活,去爱,去付出,去实现我们的梦想。

Everyone in this world has a dream: a passion, a vision in their life that pulls them and urges them to move forward in life. You, my friend have this vision with-in you. It "whispers" to you sometimes, but in some cases, it cries out. It cries out to be listened to and acted upon because this vision comes from your soul.

在这世界上,每个人都怀有自己的梦想:对生活的激情和梦想促使人们不断前进。朋友,你内心也怀有这样一种梦想,它有时会对你低语,但有时候,它也会大叫出来,这样你就会听见,并将其付诸于实践,因为这梦想来自你的灵魂深处。

Within this "Inner Vision" there lies the magic of living your life with passion, fulfillment and purpose. This means being true to who you really are —and living your life on purpose with all the passion and energy you are capable of living.

在这心灵深处的梦想中隐藏着一种魔力,它会促使你满怀激情地去生活,去实现自我,去追求生活的目标。这意味着你将会实现真正的自我——充满激情与活力地去过一种你能拥有的、有目标的生活。

When you live from your inner passions, you’ll never have to seek agreement from others —you’ll be the master of your own destiny. More importantly, you’ll feel whole, connected and inspired.

当你怀着满腔激情去生活时,你永远不必寻求他人的认同,你将成为自己命运的主宰。更为重要的是,你会感觉到一个完整、不孤独、有激情的自我。

Find your inner fire, your sense of purpose; this fire will help you harness strengths you’re not even aware you have. Be connected with your inner passion and live that passion daily.

寻找你内心深处的火花——生活的目标;这火花会让你拥有你自己从未意识到的强大力量。拥抱你内心深处的激情,满怀激情地去迎接每天的生活吧!

在进行英语 文章 赏析的过程中,多元素互动模式的构建,有利于我们能更加准确深刻的理解文章的意思。下面是我带来的英文文章加翻译原文，欢迎阅读!英文文章加翻译原文精选 Build Me a Son塑造我的儿子 Build me a son, O Lord, who will be strong enough to know when he is weak, and brave enough to face himself when he is afraid; one who will be proud and unbending in honest defeat, and humble and gentle in victory. 主啊!求你塑造我的儿子，使他在软弱时，能够坚强不屈;在惧怕时能够勇敢自持，在正常的失败中，毫不气馁;在光明的胜利中，仍能保持谦逊温和。 Build me a son whose wishes will not take the place of deeds; a son who will know Thee... and that to know himself is the foundation stone of knowledge. 恳求你塑造我的儿子，不至空有幻想而缺乏行动;引领他认识你，同时让他知道，认识自己，才是一切知识的基石。 Lead him, I pray, not in the path of ease and comfort, but under the stress and spur of difficulties and challenge. Here, let him learn to stand up in the storm; here let him learn compassion for those that fail. 我祈求你，不要使他走上安逸、舒适之途，求你将他置于困难和挑战的磨练和激励中，求你引领他，使他学习在风暴中挺身站立，并学会怜悯那些在重压之下失败跌倒的人。 Build me a son, whose heart will be clear, whose goal will be high, a son who will master himself before he seeks to master other men; one who will reach into the future, yet never forget the past. 求你塑造我的儿子，求你让他有一颗纯洁的心，并有i在大的目标;使他在能指挥别人之前，先懂得驾驭自己;当迈入未来之际，永不忘记过去的教训。 And after all these things are his, add, I pray, enough of a sense of humor, so that he may always be serious, yet never take himself too seriously. Give him humility. so that he may always remember the simplicity of true greatness, the open mind of true wisdom and the meekness of true strength. Then, I, his father, will dare to whisper have not lived in vain." 在他，有了这些美德之后，我还要祈求你赐给他足够的幽默感，以免他过于严肃，还苛求自己。恳求你赐给他谦卑的心，使他永远记得，真正的伟大是单纯，真正的智慧是坦率，真正的力量是温和。如此，我这作父亲的，才敢低声说:"我没有虚度此生。 " 英文文章加翻译原文阅读 The World as I See It我的世界观 How strange is the lot of us mortals! Each of us is here for a brief sojourn; for what purpose be knows not, though he sometimes thinks he senses it. But without deeper reflection one knows from daily life that one exists for other people -first of all for those upon whose smiles and well-being our own happiness is wholly dependent, and then for the many, unknown to us, to whose destinies we are bound by the ties of sympathy. 我们这些总有一死的人的命运多么奇特!找们每个人在这个世界上都只作一个短暂的逗留;目的何在，却无从知道，尽管有时自以为对此若有所感。但是，不必深思。只要从日常生活就可以明白:人是为别人而生存的——首先是为那样一些人，我们的幸福全部依赖于他们的喜悦和健康;其次是为许多我们所不认识的人，他们的命运通过同情的纽带同我们密切结合在一起。 A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving. I am strongly drawn to a frugal life and am often oppressively aware that I am engrossing an undue amount of the labor of my fellow-men. regard class distinction as unjustified and, in the last resort, based on force. I also believe that a simple and unassuming life is good for everybody, physically and mentally. 我每天上百次的提醒自己:我的精神生活和物质生活都是以别人(包括生者和死者)的劳动为基础的，我必须尽力以同样的分量来报偿我所领受了的和至今还在领受着的东西。我强烈地向往着俭朴的生活。并且时常发觉自己占用了同胞的过多劳动而难以忍受。我认为阶级的区分是不合理的，它最后所凭借的是以暴力为根据。我也相信，简单淳朴的生活，无论在身体上还是在精神上，对每个人都是有益的。 My passionate sense of social justice and social responsibility has always contrasted oddly with my pronounced lack of need for direct contact with other human beings and human communities. I am truly a "lone traveler" and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friend, or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties, I have never lost a sense of distance and a need for solitude-feelings which increase with the years. One becomes sharply aware, but without regret of the limits of mutual understanding and consonance with other people. No doubt, such a person loses some of his innocence and unconcern; on the other hand, he is largely independent, of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows and avoids the temptation to build his inner equilibrium upon such insecure foundations. 我有强烈的社会正义感和社会责任感。但我又明显地缺乏与别人和社会直接接触的要求，这两者总是形成古怪的对照。我实在是一个"孤独的旅客我未曾全心全意地属于我的国家、我的家庭、我的朋友，甚至我最为接近的亲人;在所有这些关系面前，我总是感觉到一定距离而且需妥保持孤独——而这种感受正与年俱增。人们会清楚地发觉，同别人的相互了解和协调一致是有限度的，但这不值得惋惜。无疑，这样的人在某种程度上会失去他的天真无邪和无忧无虑的心珑;但另一方面，他却能够在很大程度上不为别人的意见、习惯和判断所左右，并且能够避免那种把他的内心平衡建立在这样一些不可靠的基础之上的诱惑。 英文文章加翻译原文学习 Blood, Toil, Sweet and Tears 热血、辛劳、汗水和眼泪 I say to the House as I said to Ministers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, sweat and tears. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. 我已告知参加新政府的各位大臣，在此我再敬告诸位议员:除了热血、辛劳、汗水和眼泪，我没有其他，可以奉献。我们面临着极其严峻的考验;我们面临着漫长而艰苦卓绝的斗争。 You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the the dark and lamentable-catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. 你们会问，我们的政策是什么?我的回答是:在陆地上、在海上、在空中作战。我们要不遗余力，凭籍上帝赐予我们的全部力量，同人类历史上空前黑暗、空前暴虐的专制制度作殊死搏斗。这就是我们的政策。 You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs -victory in spite of all terrors- victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival. 你们会问，我们的目标是什么?我可以用一个词作答，那就是:胜利。不惜一切代价，甘冒一切危险去夺取胜利。不论前面的道路多么漫长，多么崎岖一定要夺取胜利!因为不获得胜利就得灭亡。 Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. 我们每一个人都必须认识到:没有胜利，大英帝国将不复存在，大英帝国倡导的一切将不复存在，推动人类历史朝既定目标前进的动力将不复存在。 I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. 我满怀希望欣然承担我的使命。我确信人民不会容忍我们的事业逍遥失败。 I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, "Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength." 此时此刻，我认为我有权要求得到所有人的支持，我要说:"来吧!让我们同心协力，奋勇向前吧。 "

论文文献翻译前面要加英文

中文参考文献要翻译成英文吗：是在甚么场合使用？如果是发表在中文刊物，无需翻译参考文献，翻译篇名、摘要和关键词就能够了。如果是对外学术交换，应当把论文全篇包括参考文献都翻译为英语。

英文是文章的摘要，方便英文使用者搜索到你的文章。如果你的文章写得好，被国外的人引用不是更好么。。。为什么叫做装。。。

检验你的英文水平啦~

毕业论文参考文献的一般性要求一般来说，硕士毕业论文的参考文献应以原文献为主，如果文献本身的中文的则应该保持中文样式。如引用的文献是英文的，在毕业论文中仍需保留英文的格式，并不需要翻译成中文。这也是符合引用规范的。再者就是如果翻译，可能会出错。

了解学校对毕业论文的相关规定，每个学校都对硕士论文的格式有着明确的规定，在修改毕业论文格式之前需要自己仔细阅读学校的相关文件要求，按照文件要求来修改，做到有的放矢。不能因为没有了解相关要求，结果导致不符合要求，浪费了宝贵时间！

参考学校历年的优秀毕业论文，在了解学校的具体文件要求后，可以参考之前毕业的学生（尤其是去年的）的优秀毕业论文，对自己有疑惑的地方进行仔细查看，做到万无一失！对其中精华的地方可以模仿修改。

扩展资料

1、研读原文

毕业论文外文文献翻译首先应真正读懂原文。具体来说，就是要理解句子和文献的真正含义，明确原文的主旨，准确理解原文内容本身的含义及与之相关的外延和内涵，还应抓住原文的中心思想和寓意，根据上下文理顺逻辑关系，确保文理清晰、译文准确。

2、提纲表达

其次，应在透彻理解原文的基础上，写出译文提纲。首先，要研究文献的语法内容，如语态、时态等；要研究句子的结构，如恰当的词汇和句型等；要研究遣词用句，如充实单词或句子等。其次，要依照逻辑思维和语篇层次理顺全文。

3、修改润色

译文初稿形成后，应从语法上检查，从语篇上分析，从逻辑上推敲，与原文对照，查看是否有错译漏译现象，看看有没有不合适和不通顺的尚需要进行润色加工的地方。

微生物英文论文翻译文献

如果比较有创新，可以投biotechnologyletters，既然是letter，则会把你的很多内容精简掉。另外，韩国有个杂志，!

。化学和微生物分析分析糖尿病和蛋白的浓度在实验饮食，排泄物和益生菌产品，是根据（1990）的测定方法（和，分别）。本通用电气测量用弹式量热计（模型1261，幼鱼仪器有限，莫林，白介素），和铬浓度测定的自动分光光度计（总v-650，总公司，东京，日本）按照对程序的芬顿和芬顿（1979）。微生物的检测粪便样本（14和28）和肠道食糜（28）进行培养不同介质的测定总厌氧细菌（胰酶大豆琼脂），双歧杆菌。（琼脂），乳酸杆菌。（刘健琼脂+ 叠氮化钠+ 胱氨酸盐酸盐一水合物），（台糖琼脂）和梭菌属。大肠菌群（紫红胆汁琼脂）。微生物的检测益生菌产品进行了培养技术。对嗜酸乳杆菌是列举使用琼脂+ 叠氮化钠+ 胱氨酸盐酸盐一水合物，枯草杆菌采用平板计数琼脂，酿酒酵母和曲霉的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂。厌氧条件的测定厌氧是由使用气体厌氧系统（桶，260678号；培养基，底特律，米）。胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂（号236950），琼脂（288130号），紫红胆汁琼脂（号216695），平板计数琼脂（247940号），和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（213400号）用来购买了从琼脂实验室（底特律，米），与台糖琼脂（cm0589）购买蛋白（新罕布什尔州，英国）。值的益生菌产品确定的值（基本表上举，缝纫机，德国）。。小肠形态三横截面为每个肠道样本准备染色后，蔚蓝的和使用标准石蜡包埋程序。共有10个完整的，welloriented绒毛单位被选定为每个一式三份肠道截面如前所述（金等人。，2008）。绒毛高度测量从冰山的绒毛绒毛隐窝交界处，和隐窝深度的定义是深度凹陷相邻绒毛。所有形态测量（绒毛高度和隐窝深度）是在10-μ米递增使用图像处理分析系统（擎天柱软件版本，媒体cybergenetics，北阅读，马）。

Purpose: high energy saccharifying enzyme screening of fine strains, Methods: by ultraviolet light and resurrection single spore suspension liquid alternant processing, use transparent circle and wave screening for early fermentation and screen, Conclusion: the strains isolated by 12, placebo-controlled trial flask, reached the enzyme U/mL, starting improved than strains, the effect is remarkable, breeding of the genetic stability test shows that strains have good genetic words: uv mutagenesis, Saccharifying enzyme, Aspergillus, Strain

你在CNKI里面去搜一下这篇文章，原文我没有留，译文留了里面的图表自己补Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric characterization of some fatty acids from white 和 interior spruce（云杉种子脂肪酸的GC-MS分析）译文出处：. Carrier et al./J. Chromatogr. A715 (1995)317-324外文译文正文：摘要：本文主要是研究测定云杉种子中脂肪酸的成分。一是通过气相色谱分析种子油中获得的脂肪酸甲酯化衍生物。云杉脂肪酸甲酯化衍生物的洗脱时间不受有效标样类别的影响。二是将提取物二乙氨化，并通过气相色谱-质谱进行分析。由所得图谱分析确定样品中含有cis-ll-18:l,cis-5,cis-9-18:2和 和 cis-5,cis-9,cis-12-18:3等脂肪酸。1 引言内陆云杉(Picea glauca engelmannii Complex)是白云杉(Picea glauca) 和恩格尔曼(Picea engelrnannii) 在它们重叠地带的自然杂交品种。它是一种重要的经济作物，在英国的哥伦比亚每年有8千万株的种植量。本文研究的目的是通过胚离体培养的克隆繁殖系统来改进优化云杉的生产。人工种子的生产是研究目的之一，涉及到人工胚乳（幼苗发芽储存物质）的形成。本文的研究旨在为发展人工胚乳，更好的了解云杉幼苗发育的营养需要提供有用的基础数据。云杉种子中含有约30%的脂类物质[1]。和其它裸子植物一样，高脂质含量表明脂类代谢是幼苗获得自养能力前的重要营养供给 [2]。本文测定内陆云杉种子的脂类及其组成。据调查，目前还没有关于云杉种子脂肪酸研究的报道。在前期研究中，用气相色谱法（GC）分析内陆云杉种子脂肪酸的甲酯化产物，但是其中丰度第二的脂肪酸甲酯化产物很难由现有的标准图谱进行确定。这些洗脱峰存在于cis-9,cis-12-18:2和cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-18:3的脂肪酸甲酯衍生物之间。初始GC-MS测定显示分子离子峰与18：3甲酯衍生物相匹配。前人有关白云杉脂肪酸含量的研究中，丰度第二的成分是5，9-18：2。为明确和完善云杉种子脂肪酸成分研究，本文对内陆白云杉种子大量脂肪酸进行测定。通过GC-MS测定不饱和脂肪族的许多方法是可行的。与丙酮、硼酸反应后，接着与临位二元醇作用是确定不饱和双键的常用方法，硅烷基化及甲酯化也是惯常方法[3]。质谱数据结果能提供丰富的资料，但是锇的四氧化物反应过程中存在着潜在危险。研究发现，氢化作用后进行环氧化也能确定不饱和双键的位置[3]，虽然这是一个不错的方法，但两步衍化十分耗时。另一种确定双键位置的方法是在羧基端加入一稳定基团，例如掺入形成酰胺基[4]，双键数可能会在形成质谱图谱时减少。吡咯烷一般作为质谱洗脱脂肪酸识别酰胺的物质[3]。然而，对于未知脂肪酸成分是否含有羟基、环氧基及其他保守基团，二乙胺化是有效的方法[4]。该方法优点是较其他方法容易获得衍生物及进行质谱分析，现已成功应用于对欧洲云杉脂肪酸双键位置的确定[5]。本文报道内陆白云杉种子的总脂类中脂肪酸的含量及种类。脂类提取然后一部分甲酯化，再进行GC分析；另一部分则二乙胺化，并进一步进行GC-MS测定。2 实验部分2 1 化学药品化学药品均达到试剂级别。氯化氢甲醇购买于Supelco Canada Oakville, (Ont., Canada)，二乙胺及冰醋酸分别购于Aldrich(Milwaukee, WI, USA)和Fisher Scientific(Nepean, Ont., Canada)。白云杉和及青冈云杉种子分别由Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration(Indian Head, Sask., Canada)和British Columbia Research (Vancouver,BC,Canada)提供。十七碳脂肪酸及其他脂肪酸甲酯化物标品购于Nu-Chek-Prep (Elysian, MN,USA)。 方法初始甲酯化研究根据成熟的方案[6-8]提取内陆云杉种子并进行甲醇反应。十七碳脂肪酸作为内参标品。如前所述对脂肪酸甲酯进行分析[8]。GC-MSGC-MS分析均用Fison 8000型GC-MS仪（Fisons Instruments,Manchester, UK），具60m× 熔融石英毛细管柱（J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA）和与Fison Tri2000质谱四极杆相接的接口。所有样品以逐一注入的模式注入。最初柱温70℃，然后以20℃/min升至180℃，接着以每秒4℃/min升至240℃。GC接口及物料保持在250℃。每以70eV的电子能量从50-510的质量范围重复检测。总脂类提取和二乙氨衍生化作用100mg种子提取中加入异丙醇，用TP型匀浆器（Janke & Kunkel, Germany）以最大速度均质3min；密封并沸水浴5min；冷却后加入 CH2Cl2，室温放置30min，间断漩涡振荡；再加入1ml水及2mlCH2Cl2 。涡旋振荡并830g离心。保留有机相，用2mlCH2Cl2再次抽提水相。合并获得的有机相，蒸发溶剂获得总脂。根据Ref.[5]设计的方案获得二乙氨衍生物。总脂转移至1ml穿刺反应瓶中，反应瓶中含二乙氨和冰醋酸，然后在氮气保护下净化，再密封置于穿刺反应仪（Rockford, IL, USA）中，105℃下反应75min。而后反应混合物转移至带有瓶塞的玻璃试管中。在氮气流中蒸发掉二乙氨，然后加入1ml水及3mlCH2Cl2，涡旋震荡并830g离心。最后蒸发至得到干物质并回收二乙氨衍生物的有机相。3 结果及讨论甲酯化每毫克鲜重的种子直接甲酯化[6]能产生150µg的总脂肪酸。但种方法并不能总是能定量的测定从植物组织中提取出来的脂肪酸。它能够像最初一样很好地测定植物叶片中的脂肪酸，对其他植物组织就未必能起到很好的作用，例如内陆云杉种子。按Hara等人提出的总脂肪酸提取方案，然后再用甲酯化气相色谱分析法，可以测出每毫克鲜重种子300µg范围内的总脂肪酸。上文均用Holbrooketal提出的提取方案和转甲基化方法。内陆云杉种子总脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱分析结果如图1，通过与标样的保留时间和图谱比较可以得知1、2、3、6的峰值分别代表16:0, 18:0, 9-18:1和9,12-18:2脂肪酸甲酯。根据现有的色谱条件trans-9-18:l和trans-9,trans-12-18:2脂肪酸甲酯的洗脱时间比相应的顺式异构体cis-9-18:1和cis-9,cis-12-18:2脂肪酸甲酯要早。结合植物油脂多为顺式异构体这一事实，可以推知在这次测定中所得的同样应该是顺式异构体。所以在图1.中的峰值3和6可以确定为cis-9-18:1和cis-9,cis-12-18:2脂肪酸甲酯。在图1.（标注为7）的质谱数据图谱中的丰度第二的组分显示的离子峰为292，这和18:3脂肪酸甲酯相匹配，但是它的保留时间与现有的任一标样都不符。同样地，组分5的离子峰为294，显示为一种不明双键位置的18:2二烯酸甲酯。白杉种子总脂肪酸提取物的GC-MS分析结果如图2.所示。从中可以观察到两个物种的脂肪酸甲酯的结构是相似的。离子峰D和E分别是296和294，表明它们分别为18:1和18:2脂肪酸甲酯。图1.中的峰5、7和图2.中的峰D和E对应的物质的结构阐述将在下文介绍。 二乙氨衍生物二乙氨衍生物提供一分子电荷稳定基团给分析物，使其在断片发生之前重新电荷分布产生峰值[3]。以cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-18:3（a-亚麻酸）作为参考物质对这种方法进行了首次评定，依照Ref.[5]介绍的规律解释质谱结果显示：每隔14u出现一个饱和键，而片段在Cn和Cn+1之间被12u所分隔则表示在Cn+1和Cn+2存在一个不饱和双键。可以用这一结论解释二乙氨衍生物质谱分析中的cb-9,cis-12,cis-15-18:3的双键位置。质谱分析结果基本符合Ref.[5]介绍的规律。电子轰击后的二乙氨衍生物的质谱图谱显示于图3的A和B，对应的峰分别是第6和7。图3A显示离子峰为335u，对应的二乙氨衍生物为18:2。片段m/z 198-210和 m/z 238-250的差别表示在C9-C10和C12- C13各存在一个双键，就如Ref.[5]叙述的，经测定该化合物为cis-9,cis-12-18:2。丰度为第二的脂肪酸的二乙氨衍生物被显示于图3B，其离子峰显示为333u，测定对应的物质为18:3的二乙氨衍生物，在m/z 142-154, 196-208 和236-248间存在12u的差异说明在5、9、12三处各有一个双键。而在云杉属中，9,12-18:2表示cis构象，故可以确定该化合物为cis-5,cis-9,cis-12-18:3。电子轰击后，二乙氨衍生物的质谱图谱（图1中对应峰5）不能有效说明双键的所在位置，但白云杉脂肪酸二乙氨衍生物的图谱（图2对应峰E）能有效地说明，如图4A所示：离子峰为335确定为18:2二乙氨衍生物，双键位置分别在碳5、9位，测定为cis-5，cis-9-18:2。图4B中显示的二乙氨衍生物的图谱，在图2中对应着峰D。离子峰337u对应18:1二乙氨衍生物，尽管不是很清晰，但该图谱仍显示在226-238质量单位间存在12u，说明双键位置在碳11、12间，化合物确定为cis-11-18:1。通过比较两种云杉种子的脂肪酸甲酯的保留时间可以推测图1.中的峰值5和图2中的峰值是相同的（即两者都是cis-5,cis-9-18:2）同样的，图2.中的峰值D和图1.中的峰值4也有相似的保留时间。因此初步鉴定它们为cis-11-18:1。图2.中的峰值A、B、C、D、E、F和G被确定为16:0,18:0,cis-9-18:l,cis-i1-18:1,cis-5,cis-9-18:2,cis-9,cis-12-18:2 和cis-5,cis-9,cis-12-18:3。这些脂肪酸在白杉和内陆云杉种子中的分布如表1.所示。白杉和内陆云杉种子的油脂含量分别是鲜重的49±5%和41±1%。相对于其它族的脂肪链来说cis-5,cis-9-18:2和cis-5,cis-9,cis-12-18:3的三乙氨衍生物的图谱在m/z182处均显示出强烈的离子效应。这种强的离子效应可能是由在形成烯丙基片段时两个亚甲基将双键分隔而引起。这一假设是从图3B.和图4A.中的脂肪酸衍生物图谱分析中提出来的。在图3A.和图4B.中的图谱并没有显示出在m/z182强烈的离子效应。脂肪酸cis-5,cis-9,cis-12-18:3 在对[5,9,11] 和 , mariana, obovata, orientalis和sitchensis [10]的研究中都有检测到。我们在P. glauca 和 P. glauca engelmannii Complex的研究中也检测到了这些物质。其他文章[1，12]报道P. glauca中丰度第二的脂肪酸为cis-5,cis-9-18:2，我们实验室所得的P. glauca种子提取物的确含有这些脂肪酸，但却是次要组分，结果见表1.。参考文献[1] . Attree, . Pomeroy 和 . Fowke, Planta, 187 (1992) 395.[2] . Ching, in . Kozlowski (Editor), Seed Biology, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York, 1972, p. 103.[3] L. Hogge 和 J. Millar, in . Giddings et al. (Editors), Advances in Chromatography, Vol. 27, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987, p. 299.[4] . 和ersson, . Heimermann 和 . Holman, Lipids, 9 (1974) 443.[5] R. Nilsson 和 C. Liljenberg, Phytochem. Anal., 2(1991) 253.[6] J. Browse, . McCourt 和 . Somerville, Anal. Biochem., 152 (1986) 141.[7] A. Hara 和 . Radin, Anal. Biochem., 90 (1978) 420.[8] . Holbrook, . Magus 和 . Taylor, PlantSci., 84 (1992) 99.[9] R. Ekman, Phytochemistry, 19 (1980) 147.[10] . Jamieson 和 Reid, Phytochemistry, 11(1972) 269.[11] M. Olsson, R. Nilsson, P. Norberg, S. von Arnold 和 C. Liljenberg, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 32 (1994) 225.[12] . Attree, . Pomeroy 和 . Fowke, Plant Cell Rep., 13 (1994) 601.

论文翻译英文文献翻译不

这个一般不用。如果要是发文章的话，有的编辑部要求文献中英两种都有。

毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。

本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范：

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文）

5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

三、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次。

原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次。

原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。

要求有外文原文复印件。

扩展资料：

文献翻译要求

1、翻译要注重专业、准确

文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科，每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如，从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握，这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。

2、翻译要注重知识更新

文献翻译涉及到各种学科，这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此，译员也要与时俱进，随时掌握最新的知识，这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。

3、翻译要注重本地化

无论是将国外的文献翻译进来，还是将国内的文献介绍出去，翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化，符合目标语言的习惯。

4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅

文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学，逻辑的连贯严密，另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此，这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。

参考资料：百度百科-文献翻译

外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。

要求如下：

1、前言

简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。

2、主体

主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。

可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。

主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。

总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。

如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。

3、总结

常见的方式有：

①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；

②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；

③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。

4、参考文献

通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。

在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。

扩展资料：

1、如何查询国内专利文献

可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。

可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。

2、如何查询国外专利文献

科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。

3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库

欧洲专利局专利数据库：

 （免费 文摘）

美国专利商标局专利数据库：

（免费 文摘、全文）

WTO知识产权组织：

（免费 文摘）

IBM专利数据库资源：

（免费 文摘、部分全文）

更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：