杂志信息网-创作、查重、发刊有保障。

数学系毕业论文外文翻译

发布时间:2024-07-03 22:02:08

数学系毕业论文外文翻译

香港科技大学图书馆Dspace 包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容,均可免费获取全文。 Openj-gate 提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇,均可免费阅读。 剑桥大学机构知识库 由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护,提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。 发展中国家联合期刊库 非营利的电子出版物服务机构,提供来自发展中国家(如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、 津巴布韦等)的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。 美国密西根大学论文库 美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文,另还有博硕士论文。标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。 jfg CERN Document Server 主要覆盖物理学(particle physics)及相关学科,提供360,000多篇全文文献,包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。 kl ArXiv ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构,面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。 NASA Technical Reports Server 主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。 National Service Center for Environmental Publications National Service Center for Environmental Publications提供的是美国环境保护总署(EPA)出版物。可以通过EPA出版号或题名检索EPA National Publications Catalog。 Energy Citations Database 提供美国能源部的科技信息摘要。学科范围:材料科学、环境科学、计算机、能源和物理。文献类型包括期刊论文、学位论文、研究报告和专利。 网上免费全文期刊FullText 提供7000多种学术期刊的免费全文获取。 Open J-Gate 开放获取期刊门户 提供基于开放获取的近 4000 种期刊的免费检索和全文链接,包含学校、研究机构和行业期刊,其中超过 1500 种学术期刊经过同行评议( Peer-Reviewed ) PMC(PubMed Centeral) 美国NCBI(美国国家生物技术信息中心)建立的数字化生命科学期刊文献集,S现提供50余种生物医学期刊免费全文 DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) 免费的全文科技学术期刊。现有2752种期刊,其中830种可以全文搜索。目前有140307篇文章。 HighWire Press 斯坦福大学图书馆的分支机构——HighWire出版社,拥有最大的免费期刊数据库,可以在线提供916种免费期刊和1,149,216篇全文 University of Tennessee, Knoxville 田纳西大学的经济学杂志,包括2000年至2002年三年共12期的免费期刊。 The Electronic Library of Mathematics 欧洲数学会电子图书馆,提供了期刊、会议、论文集、专著、演讲、软件等资源。并提供期刊和电子版图书的全文浏览。非电子版图书提供前言、摘要、目录和书评等内容。特别地,在经典著作栏目内,目前可检索到哈密尔顿和黎曼的经典论文的全文。 美国“科学”网站收录内容以研究与开发报告为主,所有的信息均免费使用,也不必注册,但是通过这些站点链接的有些信息是限制使用或有条件使用的。 ERIC教育资源信息中心 美国教育部资助的网站系列和世界上最大的教育资源数据库,其中包括各种文档以及教育研究与实践方面的论文摘要,这些摘要超过了一百万篇,收录980多种教育及和教育相关的期刊文献的题录和文摘。部分资源可查找到全文 PLoS公共科学图书馆 PLOS是一家由众多诺贝尔奖得主和慈善机构支持的非赢利性学术组织,旨在推广世界各地的科学和医学领域的最新研究成果,使其成为一种公众资源,科学家、医生、病人和学生可以通过这样一个不受限制的平台来了解最新的科研动态。PLoS出版了8种生命科学与医学领域的期刊,可以免费获取全文。 Journal of Statistical Software 由美国统计协会出版的《统计软件杂志》,提供1996年至今20卷的内容。可以免费获取全文。 Social Science Research Network 社会科学(经济类)研究论文数据库,部分提供全文。 Max Planck Society 德国马普学会,该学会创办了3种开放存取杂志: (1)Living Reviews in Relativity ISSN 1433-8351 (2)Living Reviews in Solar Physics ISSN 1614-4961 (3)Living Reviews in European Governance ISSN: 1813-856X Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library(NCSTRL)

你这个分数给的太少了吧

Cobb - Douglas production function is a mathematician and economist Cob Douglas, according to the American history 1899-1922 year data, studies the relationship between labor input and capital input and output, a famous production function model. Based on the Cobb - Douglas production function model, the establishment of innovation the study of literature, this paper systematically describes the theoretical basis and derivation of the production function and the Co Bbu Douglas production function model, probably understand the nature and characteristics of the. Co Bbu Douglas production function originated in the production function, so we firstly in the second chapter describes the production function model and the concept of conclusion, then gradually extended to the Cobb Douglas production function, introduced the model and the factors of production and its to the first chapter, second chapter is the theoretical basis of setting Co Bbu Douglas production function in our model, use based on Cobb - Douglas production function model, the establishment of innovation model. Through the analysis of appropriate econometric, exploring the source of economic growth, to study the basic characteristics of China's economic the data of the 15 period of the 1995 to 2009 years, analysis of China's capital and labor inputs for China's social output. Selection on Q, selection of China from 1995 to 2009 of the gross national product of GDP, K and social fixed assets, Y and K are in billion for the unit, L and the number of the employed population in China during this period, with ten thousand men unit. In the actual regression model, the logarithmic form, in order to reduce heteroscedasticity. The results show that: the Cobb - Douglas function to the economic growth of China's explanation is significant, but in our country, the increase of capital contribution to economic growth to increase the contribution to economic growth than labor.

1楼的改改用吧。

外语系毕业论文翻译

(最好)不要某宝,不要个人,一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障,有售后,北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下 终身满意。

外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

“毕业论文”用英文是dissertation dissertation[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn]n. 专题论文,学位论文;学术演讲 毕业论文; 博士论文; 论文; 学位论文 例句: was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation. 他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文.2. I have not yet footnoted my dissertation. 我还没有给我的论文加上脚注.3. I'm working my notes up into a dissertation. 我正在把我的笔记修改成论文.

A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法,.代表文学学士,.代表理学学士,***处填上专业。

毕业论文外文翻译翻译什么

外文翻译,就是翻译一篇你参考的外文资料。文献综述,就是目前你研究课题的国内外研究情况的介绍、分析和存在的问题。当然,这些是建立在你查阅文献资料的基础上,要注意:文献综述要述评,而不能只是概括叙述别人的观点。

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。

7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

毕业设计中的外文翻译就是内容提要,有一些导师会要求写成摘要,把内容提要的中文版翻译成英文即可。值得一提的是,内容提要下方的关键字也需要翻译成英文。

内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里,作者以极经济的笔墨,勾画出全文的整体面目;提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。

内容提要是正文的附属部分,一般放置在论文的篇首。

写作内容提要的目的在于:

1.为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时,先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解,知道研究所取得的主要成果,研究的主要逻辑顺序。

2.为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要,就能大略了解作者所研究的问题,假如产生共鸣,则再进一步阅读全文。在这里,内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。

因此,内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来,便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面,不要罗哩啰嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋,缺乏说明观点的材料。

内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。

报道性提要,主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等,对文章内容的提示较全面。

指示性提要,只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等),对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。

文献综述简称综述,是对某一领域,某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料,然后通过分析、阅读、整理、提炼当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议,对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。

文献综述,一般都包含以下四部分:摘要、引言、主体和参考文献。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法、结果、动态和进展。

扩展资料:

文献综述看似简单,其实是一项高难度的工作。在国外,宏观的或者是比较系统的文献综述通常都是由一个领域里的顶级“大牛”来做的。

在现有研究方法的著作中,都有关于文献综述的指导,然而无论是教授文献综述课的教师还是学习该课程的学生,大多实际上没有对其给予足够的重视。而到了真正自己来做研究,便发现综述实在是困难。

以下为注意事项:

⒈ 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。

⒉ 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。

⒊ 引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。

文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来,这些文献在他人引用时是否恰当,有无谬误,综述作者是不知道的,所以最好不要间接转引文献。

⒋ 参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.综述篇幅不可太长。杂志编辑部对综述的字数一般都有一定数量的约定。作者在初写综述时,往往不注意这点,造成虚话、空话较多,重点不突出。综述一般不宜超过4000字。

综述并不是简单的文献罗列,综述一定有作者自己的综合和归纳。有的综述只是将文献罗列,看上去像流水账,没有作者自己的综合与分析,使人看后感到重复、费解,材料与评述不协调。

6.一些作者似乎把论文的引言看成是一种形式,是可有可无的部分,将引言的写作和正文的写作相分离,只是为了给论文加一顶帽子。

常见的现象是,一般化地论述研究的重要性,甚至从技术所涉及的行业在国民经济中的地位开始谈起,就像一篇领导的讲话稿。就是落脚于研究的主题,也是从宏观谈起到微观结束,停留在一般性的论述较多。

显然,这样做的结果是使读者无法准确地判断“论文命题”的具体价值,缺少对当前研究状况的概括和介绍,不知道作者的研究与以往的研究工作有什么不同?

因此,科技论文的引言必须交代研究工作的背景,概括性地论述所研究问题的现状。对研究现状的论述,不仅是考查作者对资料的占有程度和熟悉程度,更重要的是从资料的全面程度和新旧程度可以判断研究工作的意义和价值,以及研究结果的可信度。

7. 引文罗列,缺少分析和概括。引言不仅要反映背景的广度,更重要的是要考查作者对研究背景了解的深度。

一般作者对研究的问题了解不深,在介绍研究现状时往往是列出一大堆参考文献,罗列出不同研究者的不同作法和结论,缺乏作者的分析和归纳,没有概括出研究的成果和存在的问题,有的甚至将一些与本文研究没有直接关系的文献也列在其中,片面地强调资料占有的丰富性。

尽管有人认为,对研究现状的介绍不同的杂志有不同的要求,但从论文写作的角度出发,引言的目的是阐述论文命题的意义,而并非是研究资料的综述,尽管综述对读者查找资料提供了方便。

因此,应当用作者自己的语言概括出研究的现状,特别是存在的难点和不足,从而引出论文研究的主题。

参考资料来源:百度百科-文献综述

外文翻译是什么意思问题一:毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思?有什么要求?外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文互章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。问题二:毕业论文的外文文献是什么意思?是说找一篇外文文献,然后把它翻译成中文吗?5分是在知网上(应该是Ebhos罚差不多是这个,具体记不清了)找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章,然后可以从头翻译或者从当中开始翻译。问题三:英文文献中的co-是什么意思co-表示共同,通常放在元音词根前C供operation合作(co+operation操作→共同操作→合作)Coagulate凝结(co+agul凝聚+ate→凝聚起来)Coalesce联合;合作(co+al=ally联盟+esce)Coexist共存(co+exist存在)Cohere附着;粘着(co+here粘→粘在一起)Coincide一致,符合,巧合(co+in进+cide掉下→共同掉进来→巧合)Coordinate协调:同等的(co+ordin顺序+ate→顺序一样→同等的引申为平等;协调)问题四:英文翻译是什么意思?度假者你现在离梦想更近了问题五:毕业论文中的外文参考文献什么什么意思?参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中.外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。原文就是指原作品,原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。这个中文版本就称为译文回答者:xffjy-见习魔法师三级10-2211:52问题六:99233用英文翻译是什么意思ninety-ninethousandtwohundredandthirtythree问题七:这是什么意思!英文翻译!我...我是在寻找爱。抚正的爱。可笑...不方便...消费...不能住在没有对方的爱。-从绝望的主妇简单的生活。简单的爱寻找失踪我们都是寻找一个人。特别的人,将会为我们提供什么的失踪,在我们的生活。有人能够提供同伴。我们都是寻找一个人。而如果我们能不能找到它们,我们只能祈祷...他们发现,我们....-从绝望的主妇请找我,快...问题八:"这是什么意思?"用英语怎么说?5分中文:这是什么意思?英文翻译:Whatdoesthatmean?相关例句:1.你知道这是什么意思?Doyouknowwhatitmeans?2.这是什么意思呢?Whatdoesthatmean?3.这是什么意思呢?Whatdoesthismean?4.你想知道这是什么意思吗?Youwanttoknowwhatthatmeans?5.知道这是什么意思吗?Doyouknowwhatthatmeans?问题九:外文参考文献中文翻译!!求助50分红色旅游阶段的革命历史遗迹回归中国的中国游客来这里充斥的红色精神有助于了解中国问题十:英文文献综述中的是什么意思5分是期的意思。比如就是2009年第107卷第三期第266-271页。

毕业论文外文翻译数据挖掘

Stored procedureFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchA stored procedure is a subroutine available to applications accessing a relational database system. Stored procedures (sometimes called a proc, sproc, StoPro, or SP) are actually stored in the database data uses for stored procedures include data validation (integrated into the database) or access control mechanisms. Furthermore, stored procedures are used to consolidate and centralize logic that was originally implemented in applications. Large or complex processing that might require the execution of several SQL statements is moved into stored procedures and all applications call the procedures procedures are similar to user-defined functions (UDFs). The major difference is that UDFs can be used like any other expression within SQL statements, whereas stored procedures must be invoked using the CALL statement[citation needed]CALL procedure(…)orEXECUTE procedure(…)Stored procedures can return result sets, . the results of a SELECT statement. Such result sets can be processed using cursors by other stored procedures by associating a result set locator, or by applications. Stored procedures may also contain declared variables for processing data and cursors that allow it to loop through multiple rows in a table. The standard Structured Query Language provides IF, WHILE, LOOP, REPEAT, CASE statements, and more. Stored procedures can receive variables, return results or modify variables and return them, depending on how and where the variable is [hide]1 Implementation2 Other uses3 Comparison with Dynamic SQL4 Difference between Stored Procedures and Functions5 Disadvantages6 References7 External links[edit] ImplementationThe exact and correct implementation of stored procedure varies from one database system to another. Most major database vendors support them in some form. Depending on the database system, stored procedures can be implemented in a variety of programming languages, for example SQL, Java, C, or C++. Stored procedures written in non-SQL programming languages may or may not execute SQL statements increasing adoption of stored procedures led to the introduction of procedural elements to the SQL language in the SQL:1999 and SQL:2003 standards in the part SQL/PSM. That made SQL an imperative programming language. Most database systems offer proprietary and vendor-specific extensions, exceeding SQL/PSM. For example, Microsoft SQL Server allows for stored procedures to be written using Transact-SQL; Oracle calls its dialect PL/SQL, DB2 uses SQL/PL, PostgreSQL provides PL/pgSQL and also allows users to define their own function languages such as pl/perl or pl/php, and MySQL supports their own stored procedures that try to adhere closely to the SQL:2003 standard[edit] Other usesIn some systems, stored procedures can be used to control transaction management; in others, stored procedures run inside a transaction such that transactions are effectively transparent to them. Stored procedures can also be invoked from a database trigger or a condition handler. For example, a stored procedure may be triggered by an insert on a specific table, or update of a specific field in a table, and the code inside the stored procedure would be executed. Writing stored procedures as condition handlers also allow DBAs to track errors in the system with greater detail by using stored procedures to catch the errors and record some audit information in the database or an external resource like a file.[edit] Comparison with Dynamic SQLBecause stored procedure statements are stored directly in the database, this can remove the compilation overhead that is typically required in situations where software applications send inline (dynamic) SQL queries to a database. However, most database systems implement statement caches to avoid repetitive compilation of dynamic SQL statements. In addition, pre-compiled SQL statements, while avoiding some overhead, add to the complexity of creating an optimal execution plan because not all arguments of the SQL statement are supplied at compile time. Depending on the specific database implementation and configuration, mixed performance results will be seen from stored procedures versus generic queries or user defined major advantage with stored procedures is that they can run directly within the database engine. In a production system, this typically means that the procedures run entirely on a specialized database server, which has direct access to the data being accessed. The benefit here is that network communication costs can be avoided completely. This becomes particularly important for complex series of SQL procedures allow for business logic to be embedded as an API in the database, which can simplify data management and reduce the need to encode the logic elsewhere in client programs. This may result in a lesser likelihood of data becoming corrupted through the use of faulty client programs. Thus, the database system can ensure data integrity and consistency with the help of stored procedures.[edit] Difference between Stored Procedures and Functionsa. Only function can Return a value (to be precise using the Return keyword)b. Procedures can use ‘Return’ keyword but without any value being passedc. Functions could be used in select statements, provided they don’t do any data manipulation inside and also should not have any OUT, IN OUT . Functions must return a value, but for procedure it is not . The Function can have only in parameter.[edit] DisadvantagesStored procedures are often said to be more secure than dynamic SQL, since users may have no direct table access. In real world, the database is most often used not by users, but by programmers. If they are restricted to a fixed set of procedures and not allowed to run proper queries, the system will perform poorly. In order to fix this, the developers need to have access to actually modify the procedures, which is far more administrative privilege than allowing simple select/insert/update/delete statements. Spurious changes to stored procedures may lead to destabilizing remote parts of code. Splitting project team into database and application developers creates extra bureaucracy barrier, which in non security-critical systems is mostly of using "where something in (value1, value2, ...)" may lead some developers to write code that passes SQL as a string to a stored procedure, leading to far more dangerous SQL injection attacks than are feasible with sanitized parameterised more, some modern DBMS systems (notably from MS SQL Server 2000 onwards) don't offer any performance benefits of using stored procedures - they are compiled and cached in the same manner as dynamic SQL is. Indeed, it has been observed that using simple CRUD procedures creates only an extra efficiency overhead.[edit] ReferencesThis article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)

在某宝上面输入“毕业论文翻译神器”一下子就找到了。我用过,速度很快。当然好东西,也就不是免费的。不过,也不贵。也就一两块钱一页。我翻译了上万字,才花了10块钱。你可以去试试。这总比自己一句句翻块多了

INTRODUCTION: Parsing a natural language sentence can be viewed as making a sequence of disambiguation decisions: de- termining the part-of-speech of the words, choosing between possible constituent structures, and select- ing labels for the constituents. Traditionally, disam- biguation problems in parsing have been addressed by enumerating possibilities and explicitly declaring knowledge which might aid the disambiguation pro- cess. However, these approaches have proved too brittle for most interesting natural language prob- lems. This work addresses the problem of automatically discovering the disambiguation criteria for all of the decisions made during the parsing process, given the set of possible features which can act as disambigua- tors. The candidate disambiguators are the words in the sentence, relationships among the words, and re- lationships among constituents already constructed in the parsing process. Since most natural language rules are not abso- lute, the disambiguation criteria discovered in this work are never applied deterministically. Instead, all decisions are pursued non-deterministically accord- ing to the probability of each choice. These proba- bilities are estimated using statistical decision tree models. The probability of a complete parse tree (T) of a sentence (S) is the product of each decision (dl) conditioned on all previous decisions: P(T[S) = H P(dildi-ldi-2""dlS)" diET Each decision sequence constructs a unique parse, and the parser selects the parse whose decision se- quence yields the highest cumulative probability. By combining a stack decoder search with a breadth- first algorithm with probabilistic pruning, it is pos- sible to identify the highest-probability parse for any sentence using a reasonable amount of memory and time. The claim of this work is that statistics from a large corpus of parsed sentences combined with information-theoretic classification and training al- gorithms can produce an accurate natural language parser without the aid of a complicated knowl- edge base or grammar. This claim is justified by constructing a parser, called SPATTER (Statistical PATTErn Recognizer), based on very limited lin- gnistic information, and comparing its performance to a state-of-the-art grammar-based parser on a common task. It remains to be shown that an accu- rate broad-coverage parser can improve the perfor- mance of a text processing application. This will be the subject of future experiments. One of the important points of this work is that statistical models of natural language should not be restricted to simple, context-insensitive models. In a problem like parsing, where long-distance lex- ical information is crucial to disambiguate inter- pretations accurately, local models like probabilistic context-free grammars are inadequate. This work illustrates that existing decision-tree technology can be used to construct and estimate models which se- lectively choose elements of the context which con- tribute to disambignation decisions, and which have few enough parameters to be trained using existing resources. I begin by describing decision-tree modeling, showing that decision-tree models are equivalent to interpolated n-gram models. Then I briefly describe the training and parsing procedures used in SPAT- TER. Finally, I present some results of experiments comparing SPATTER with a grammarian′s rule- based statistical parser, along with more recent re- suits showing SPATTER applied to the Wall Street Journal domain. REFERENCES: L. R. Bahl, P. F. Brown, P. V. deSouza, and R. L. Mercer. 1989. A tree-based statistical language model for natural language speech recognition. IEEE ~Pransactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Sig- nal Processing, Vol. 36, No. 7, pages 1001-1008. L. E. Baum. 1972. An inequality and associated maximization technique in statistical estimation of probabilistic functions of markov processes. In- equalities, Vol. 3, pages 1-8. E. Black and et al. 1991. A procedure for quanti- tatively comparing the syntactic coverage of en- glish grammars. Proceedings o/ the February 1991 DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, pages 306-311. E. Black, R. Garside, and G. Leech. 1993. Statistically-driven computer grammars of english: the ibm/lancaster approach. Rodopi, Atlanta, Georgia. L. Breiman, J. H. Friedman, R. A. Olshen, and C. J. Stone. 1984. Ci~ssi]ication and Regression Trees. Wadsworth and Brooks, Pacific Grove, California. P. F. Brown, V. Della Pietra, P. V. deSouza, J. C. Lai, and R. L. Mercer. 1992. "Class-based n-gram models of natural language." Computa- tional Linguistics, 18(4), pages 467-479. D. M. Magerman. 1994. Natural Language Pars- ing as Statistical Pattern Recognition. Doctoral dissertation. Stanford University, Stanford, Cali- fornia. published in ACL 95

外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章,和你的设计题目相似的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,这就是外文翻译,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下,不要很具体,因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍,文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。

毕业论文外文翻译要全翻译吗

通篇翻译~这项考察的是对外部文献的检索和对其他语言专业相关的文献的理解能力。对找的论文要求不大,大概就是跟所学专业相关的英文文献,字数的话你们导师应该有要求。

对呀,不够够了字数也可以不用全翻译

翻译一整篇。一般各个学校论文外文翻译都有相应的规定,如果只有翻译字数要求但是没有说明是翻译一篇还是翻译选取段落的情况下,翻译一整篇是最保险的。在选取时,要选取与论文相关的外文,还要选取字数符合规定的外文。

扩展资料:

论文外文翻译注意事项

1、专业词汇翻译。专业词汇的本意和专业汉语词汇可能不一样,所以翻译时,英文专业词汇一定要翻译成汉语的专业术语。

2、翻译语序。英文的语序习惯和汉语是不一样的,在翻译时,要将语序调整成汉语的习惯,使翻译后的文章语序通顺。

当然是翻译整篇论文啊,不然你觉得翻译什么啊,你要是英文不是很好的话,就去找清北医学翻译给你翻译,那边都是翻译高手

相关百科