电气自动化论文附录英语文献

电气自动化论文附录英语文献

电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy , the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and technical edge that the MS would provide is I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with 's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you

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具有良好的身体素质、职业道德和人文素质，较强的语言文字表达能力和一定的社会交往能力及继续学习能力。 具有较强的用英语进行人际和人机交流能力，具有阅读和翻译本专业有关英文资料的能力。

我认为不会有答案的，如果你有汉文版的，并自己初步翻译了的文章，我可以帮你修改一下！

电气自动化英语论文

以下翻译杜绝机译，请放心采用。In this winding system, we use Mitsubishi A series PLC as master station PLC because it has the characteristic of quick response and great ability of information processing. 在这一卷绕系统中，我们采用了三菱的A系列PLC（可编程控制器）作为主站控制器，因为它具有迅速响应的特性和巨大的信息处理能力。It is used to control the behaviors of the total winding system together with FX series PLCs of winding and unwinding system. 它被用来控制整个卷绕系统以及卷绕和退绕系统FX系列PLC的性状。The operating actions of the system and the sequence of these actions were edited beforehand into the control program by the designer. 系统的动作行为和这些动作的顺序被设计人员事先编辑进控制程序中。The control program sets a series of operations of the winding system, which tells the PLCs how to control a system. 此控制程序设定卷绕系统的一系列运作，他告诉PLC如何来控制系统。The current states of all sensors or actuators are saved as an array of input, output or flag signals in the PLC memory. 所有传感器或执行器的现行状态都被作为输入、输出或旗号信号的阵列，在PLC存储器保存下来。Therefore, the PLC program is the basis of monitoring in a PLC controlled manufacturing system.因此，PLC程序在一个由PLC控制的制造系统中是监控的基础。 The programming method used is the ladder diagram method. 所采用的编程方法是梯形图法。The PLC system provides a design environment in the form of software tools running on a host computer terminal which allows ladder diagrams to be developed, verified, tested, and diagnosed. PLC系统提供了一个软件工具形式的设计环境，这些软件工具在可以开发、验证、测试、并诊断梯形图的主机终端上运行。First, the high-level program is written in diagrams. 首先，在梯形图中写下高层次的程序。Then, the ladder diagram is converted into binary instruction codes so that they can be stored in random-access memory (RAM) or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). 然后梯形图就被转换成二进制指令码，所以它们就可被储存在随机存取存储器（RAM）或可擦除可编程序只读存储器（EPROM）中。Each successive instruction is decoded and executed by the CPU. 每一个相继的指令由CPU（中央处理器）解码和执行。Thefimctionof the CPU is to control the operation of memory and I/O devices and to process data according to the program. CPU的功能是控制存储器和输入/输出器件的工作，并根据程序处理数据。Each input and output connection point on a PLC has an address used to identify the I/O bit. 在一个PLC上的每一个输入和输出连接点都有一个地址，用来识别该输入/输出位。The method for the direct representation of data associated with the inputs, outputs, and memory is based on the fact that the PLC memory is organized into three regions: input image memory, output image memory, and internal memory[4]. 这种用于直接表示与输入、输出和存储器相关的数据的方法是基于以下事实，即PLC存储器被组织进了三个区域：输入图像存储器、输出图像存储器和内部存储器【4】

不会写论文还这么嚣张?不就是250分吗得到了又怎么地？能吃呀？

Welding Automation Research in the engineering school is largely focused on problems involving sensing, modeling, and control of welding processes, ., welding automation. Faculty and students from electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and material science are involved in the welding automation research. The overall objective of this research is to provide both greater productivity and enhanced quality for welding in the manufacturing

你确定这是电气工程的？这是电子方面的 懒的看了 毕竟很多术语不懂

电气自动化专业英语论文

用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.

你确定这是电气工程的？这是电子方面的 懒的看了 毕竟很多术语不懂

我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》

说实话毕业论文弄好的话还是比较烦人的，准备了两个星期也没弄出来，题目全被否决了，老师又不给现成的题目，选题都麻烦的不得了，最后直接找VIP英语论文的帮我的，值得庆幸的是我还好找VIP英语论文的老师帮了忙，还辅导我熟悉了论文，还有答辩的问题，老师也没发现有什么问题，还是顺利的通过了，嘿嘿vwqbjuexwx

电力系统自动化论文附录在哪

电力系统自动化技术的日新月异和控制水平的不断提高搜企网版权所有，为电力工业解决能源资源和环境约束的矛盾创造了条件。我为大家整理的电力系统自动化技术论文，希望你们喜欢。 电力系统自动化技术论文篇一 浅析电力系统自动化技术 【摘 要】随着电力电子技术、微电子技术沟迅猛发展，原有的电力传动(电子拖动)控制的概念已经不能充分概抓现代生产自动化系流中承担第一线任务的全部控制设备。而且，电力拖动控制已经走出工厂，在交通、农场、办公室以及家用电器等领域获得了广泛运用。它的研究对象已经发展为运动控制系统，下面仅对有关电气自动化技术的新发展作一些介绍。 【关键词】电力自动化;现场总线;无线通讯技术;变频器 0 引言 现今，创新的自动化系统控制着复杂的工艺流程，并确保过程运行的可靠及安全，为先进的维护策略打造了相应的基础。 电力过程自动化技术的日新月异和控制水平的不断提高搜企网版权所有，为电力工业解决能源资源和环境约束的矛盾创造了条件。随着社会及电力工业的发展，电力自动化的重要性与日剧增。传统的信息、通信和自动化技术之间的障碍正在逐渐消失。最新的技术，包括无线网络、现场总线、变频器及人机界面、控制软件等，大大提升了过程系统的效率和安全性能。 电力系统自动化系统一般是指电工二次系统，即电力系统自动化指采用各种具有自动检测、决策和控制功能的装置并通过信号系统和数据传输系统对电力系统各个元件、局部系统或全系统进行就地或远方自动监视、协调、调节和控制以保证电力系统安全稳定健康地运行和具有合格的电能质量[1]。 1 电力自动化的发展 我国是从20世纪60年代开始研制变电站自动化技术。变电站自动化技术经过数十年的发展已经达到一定的水平，在我国城乡电网改造与建设中不仅中低压变电站采用了自动化技术实现无人值班，而且在220kV及以上的超高压变电站建设中也大量采用自动化新技术，从而大大提高了电网建设的现代化水平，增强了输配电和电网调度的可能性，降低了变电站建设的总造价，这已经成为不争的事实。然而，技术的发展是没有止境的，随着智能化开关、光电式电流电压互感器、一次运行设备在线状态检测、变电站运行操作培训仿真等技术日趋成熟，以及计算机高速网络在实时系统中的开发应用，势必对已有的变电站自动化技术产生深刻的影响，全数字化的变电站自动化系统即将出现。 2 电力自动化的实现技术 现场总线(Fieldbus)被誉为自动化领域的计算机局域网。信息技术的飞速发展，引起了自动化系统结构的变革，随着工业电网的日益复杂工业自动化网版权所有，人们对电网的安全要求也越来越高，现场总线控制技术作为一门新兴的控制技术必将取代过去的控制方式而应用在电力自动化中。 3 无线技术 无线通讯技术因其不必在厂区范围内进行繁杂、昂贵的布线，因而有着诱人的特质。位于现场的巡视和检修维护人员借此可保持和集中控制室等控制管理中心的联系，并实现信息共享。此外，无线技术还具有高度灵活性、易于使用、通过远程链接可实现远方设备或系统的可视化、参数调整和诊断等独特功能。无线技术的出现及快速进步，正在赋予电力工业领域以一种崭新的视角来观察问题，并由此在电力流程工业领域及资产管理领域，开创一个激动人心的新纪元。 尽管目前存在多种无线技术汉阳科技，但仅有几种特别适用于电力流程工业。这是因为无线信号通过空间传播的过程、搭载的数据容量(带宽)、抗RFI(射频干扰)/EMI(电磁干扰)干扰性、对物理屏障的易感性、可伸缩性、可靠性，还有成本，都因无线技术网络的不同而不同。因此，很多用户都倾向于“依据具体的应用场合，来选定合适的无线技术”。控制用的无线技术主要有GSM/GPRS(蜂窝)、9OOMHzRadios、wi-Fi()、WIMAX()、ZigBee()、自组织网络等，其中尤以Wi-Fi和WIMAX应用增长速度最快，这是因为其在带宽和安全性能方面较优、在数据集中和网络化方面具备卓越的安全框架、具有主机数据集成的高度灵活性、高的鲁棒性及低的成本。 4 信息化技术 电力信息化包括电力生产、调度自动化和管理信息化两部分。厂站自动化历来是电力信息化的重点，大部分水电厂、火力发电厂以及变电站配备了计算机监控系统;相当一部分水电厂在进行改造后还实现了无人值班、少人值守。发电生产自动化监控系统的广泛应用大大提高了生产过程自动化水平。电力调度的自动化水平更是国际领先，目前电力调度自动化的各种系统，如SCADA、AGC以及EMS等已建成，省电力调度机构全部建立了SCADA系统，电网的三级调度100%实现了自动化。华北电力调度局自动化处处长郭子明说，早在20世纪70年代华北电力调度局就用晶体管计算机调度电力，从国产121机到176机，再到176双机，华北电力调度局全用过，到1978年已经基本实现了电网调度自动化。 5 安全技术 电力是社会的命脉之一，当今人类社会对电力系统的依赖已到了难以想象的程度。电力系统发生大灾变对于社会的影响是不可估量的，因此电力系统最重要的是运行的安全性，但这个问题在全世界均未得到很好解决，电力系统发生大灾变的概率小但后果极其严重，我国电力系统也出现过稳定破坏的重大事故。由于我国经济快速发展的需求，电力工业将会继续以空前的速度和规模发展。随着三峡电站、西电东送、南北互供和全国联网等重大工程的实施，我国必将出现世界上最大规模的电力系统。 6 传动技术 实现变频调速的装置称为变频器。变频器一般由整流器、滤波器、驱动电路、保护电路以及控制器(MCU/DSP)等部分组成。变频器作为节能降耗减排的利器之一，在电力设备中的应用已经极为广泛而成熟。对于变频器厂商而言，在未来30年，变频器，尤其是高压变频器在电力节能降耗中的作用极为明显，变频器也成为越来越多电力行业改造技术的首选。 在业内，以ABB为首的电力自动化技术领导厂商，ABB建立了全球最大的变压器生产基地及绝缘体制造中心。自1998年成立以来，公司多次参与国家重点电力建设项目，凭借安全可靠、高效节能的产品性能而获得国内外用户的好评。其公司多种产品，包括：PLC、变流器、仪器仪表、机器人等产品都在电力行业中得到很好的应用。 7 人机界面 发电站、变电站、直流电源屏是十分重要的设备，随着科学技术的不断发展，搜企网，单片机技术的日趋完善，电力行业中对发电站、变电站设备提出了更高精密、更高质量的要求，直流电源屏是发电站、变电站二次设备中非常重要的设备，直流电源屏承担着向发电站、变电站提供直流控制保护电源的作用，同时提供给高压开关及断路器的操作电源，因此直流电源屏的可靠性将直接关系到发电站的安全运行，直流电源屏的发展已经经历了很长的时间，从早期的直流发电机、磁饱和直流充电机到集成电路可控硅控制直流充电机、单片机控制可控硅充电机、高频开关电源充电机等，至目前直流电源屏已很成熟。 直流电源屏整流充电部分仍然采用目前国际最流行的软开关技术，将工频交流经过多级变换，最后形成稳定的直流输出，直流电源屏系统控制的核心部件是V80系列可编程控制器PLC，它将系统采集的输入输出模拟量以及开关量经过运算处理，最终控制高频开关电源模块使其按电池曲线及有人为设置的工作要求更可靠地工作。 8 结束语 电气自动化技术是当今世界最活跃、最充满生机、最富有开发前景的综合性学科与众多高新技术的合成。其应用范围十分广泛，几乎渗透到国民经济各个部门，随着我国科技技术的发展，电气自动化技术也随之提高。 【参考文献】 [1]汪秀丽.中国电力系统自动化综述[J].水利电力科技，2005(02). [2]唐亮.论电力系统自动化中智能技术的应用[J].硅谷，2008(02). [3]夏永平，唐建春.浅议电力系统自动化[J].硅谷，2010(06). 电力系统自动化技术论文篇二 电力系统自动化技术分析 摘 要：现代社会对电能供应的“安全、可靠、经济、优质”等各项指标的要求越来越高，相应地，电力系统也不断地向自动化提出更高的要求。电力系统自动化技术不断地由低到高、由局部到整体发展，文章对此进行了详细的阐述。 关键词：电力系统;自动化;自动化技术 引言 近几年来，随着计算机和通信技术的不断发展，电力系统已经发展成为融计算机、通信、控制和电力电子装备为一体的系统。电力系统自动化处理的信息量越来越大，观测范围也越来越广，闭环控制的的对象也越来越丰富。为确保电力系统安全、平稳、健康的运行，对电力系统的各个元件、局部、全系统，采用具有自动检测、决策和控制功能的装置，通过信号和数据传输的系统，就地或远距离进行自动监视、调节和控制等，从而达到合格的电能质量。 1 电力系统自动化与智能控制系统 电力系统自动化 电力系统自动化主要是指通过具有自动控制功能和自动检测功能的设备对电能传输和生产的全过程进行自动化管理和自动化调度。使用自动化技术能够实现对电力系统远程和就地的自动控制、调节和监视，为电力系统稳定、安全、正常的运行提供保障，最大限度的满足电能质量的实际需求。实现电力系统化自动化对提高电力系统运转水平有着极为重要的现实意义，其自动化主要包括变电站自动化、配电网自动化和以及调度电网自动化等方面。实现电力系统自动化能够为电力系统稳定、安全的运行提供保障，提高电力系统供电质量，实现电力企业的经济效益和管理效率。 智能技术与电力系统自动化的结合 智能技术的发展为电力系统自动化的发展提供了更高的平台。在电力系统自动化中应用智能技术不仅能够发展和完善电力自动化技术，而且通过智能系统的有效应用，可以有效协调电力系统的不稳定性。考虑到当前电力系统的发展还不是很成熟，因此为了尽可能的满足公众对廉价和便利的电力网络需求，将智能技术应用到电力系统当中十分必要。但当前我国电力系统自动化水平还不是很高，各方面发展不太成熟，都不同程度的存在一些问题和不完善的地方。 2 电力系统中的自动化技术 变电站自动化 目前，我国变电站自动化的发展已经取得一定成效，使得变电站运行成本得到了很大程度的降低，增强了电网调度和输配电的可能性。在控制策略上日益向最优化、适应化、智能化、协调化、区域化发展。由于变电自动化具有运行状态稳定、自动化程度高等方面的特点，在各级变电站中得到了广泛运用。利用自动化技术，能够将电话人工操作和人工监视取代，从而使得安全运行水平和工作效率大大提高。 电网调度自动化 电网调度自动化主要包括核心计算机控制系统以及用于实时分析、计算的软件系统。电网调度自动化技术能够在进行电力生产时，利用对电网系统安全性和运行状态的分析和监控，对电力市场进行自动调度，满足电力市场实际运营需求。在控制手段上日益增多了微机、电力电子器件和远程通信的应用。在发电厂和变电站进行信息收集的部分为远动端，调度端则主要用于对远动端收集来的信息进行调度。 变电综合自动化 变电综合自动化通过对现代电子技术、信息处理技术以及计算机技术的运用，对变电站设备、仪器进行优化设计和功能组合，实现对变电站主要线路和相关设备的测量、自动控制以及监视等全面管理。追求的目标向最优化、协调化、智能化发展，例如，励磁控制、潮流控制。该技术具有维护调试和操作简便等方面的特点，使得变电站保护性能大幅增强，从根本上实现了变电站远程监控管理手段。 配电网自动化 配电网自动化技术通过将配电线路和配电变电站结合，共同合成配电网，具有分散、点多、面广等方面的特点。该技术能够对配电网运行状态进行实时监控，从而对配电网运行模式进行改进和优化，当配电网发生故障，出现运行异常现象时，配电网自动化技术能够将故障及时找出，并予以有效的处理措施。 3 电力系统中的智能技术 模糊控制 模糊控制主要采用的是一种模糊的宏观控制系统，它具有易操作性、非线性、随机性、简单化和不确定性等特点，这些特点使得监理模糊关系模型变得十分简单容易，并且具有非常大的优越性。模糊控制方法的优越性在任何地方都体现出来，包括家用电器中，他使得控制操作变得非常容易掌握并且十分的简单。这种模糊理论的智能技术在电力系统自动化的控制中具有非常实用的价值，因为他能够模拟人的决策过程和模糊推理过程。 线性最优控制 最优控制是现代控制理论的一个重要组成部分，也是将最优化理论用于控制问题的一种体现。线性最优控制是目前诸多现代控制理论中应用最多，最成熟的一个分支。卢强等人提出了利用最优励磁控制手段提高远距离输电线路输电能力和改善动态品质的问题，取得了一系列重要的研究成果。该研究指出了在大型机组方面应直接利用最优励磁控制方式代替古典励磁方式。电力系统线性最优控制器目前已在电力生产中获得了广泛的应用，发挥着重要的作用。 专家系统控制 专家系统在电力系统中的应用范围很广，包括对电力系统处于警告状态或紧急状态的辨识，提供紧急处理，系统恢复控制，非常慢的状态转换分析，切负荷，系统规划，电压无功控制，故障点的隔离，配电系统自动化，调度员培训，电力系统的短期负荷预报，静态与动态安全分析，以及先进的人机接口等方面。虽然专家系统在电力系统中得到了广泛的应用。但仍存在一定的局限性。 神经网络控制 神经网络控制是通过人工神经网络发展而成的，它主要应用在学习方面以及模型结构方面，并且已经得到了广泛的传播和成果。神经网络控制的非线性是目前最受人们关注的，此外它的鲁棒能力、处理能力以及自主学习能力也同样受到人们的关注。神经网络是由大量简单的神经元以一定的方式连接而成的神经网络。根据具体问题的不同，已经有多种神经网络结构及其训练算法在电力系统中得到了应用，主要的神经网络理论研究有神经网络的硬件实现问题研究和神经网络学习算法研究等。 4 智能技术与自动化的发展趋势 目前， 自动化正由单个单元逐步发展为部分区域乃至整个系统，有单一功能逐步发展为一体化、多功能。在控制策略问题上日益向着适应化、最优化、区域化和智能化方向发展。随着我国科技水平不断进步，智能化技术已广泛运用于各个领域，对电力系统而言，其意义尤为重要。虽然在电力电力系统中，智能技术已得到了广泛运用，当就目前的发展趋势来看，以计算机软硬件为基础的智能技术在电力系统中还将得到更为全面的应用。此外，智能技术与自动化技术将会得到更加紧密的结合，在电网系统中得到为好的运用。 5 结束语 随着计算机技术，控制技术及信息技术的发展，电力系统自动化面临着空前的变革。多媒体技术、智能控制将迅速进入电力系统自动化领域，而信息技术的发展，不仅会推动电力系统监测的发展，也会推动电力系统控制向更高水平发展。 参考文献 [1]夏书军，程志武，周晓东.自动化技术在电力系统配电网中的应用[J].中国新技术新产品，2010(2)：78-79. [2]朱淋，徐秀英，肖中图.浅论电力系统及其自动化技术的应用能力[J]科技风，2010(4)：36-37. [3]曾琳，金涛.探讨电力系统自动化智能技术在电力系统中的运用研究[J].北京电力高等专科学校学报(自然科学版)，2011(10)：94-97.看了“电力系统自动化技术论文”的人还看： 1. 电力系统自动化论文范文 2. 电力系统自动化建设论文 3. 电力工程自动化专业论文范文 4. 电力系统及其自动化职称论文 5. 电气自动化论文精选范文

在主页“过刊检索”栏中，可以下载过刊论文pdf格式，这就是论文网络版，网络版论文中包含附录

电气自动化论文网

电力系统自动化装置的原理大部分都是一样的,但是随着我国经济和社会的不断发展,电力系统的装置类型和型号也发生了很多的改变。下面是我为大家整理的电力系统自动化论文，供大家参考。

摘要：在电力系统中应用电子自动化技术，不仅能够有效节省系统的成本投入，提高系统的工作效率，还能够有效提高电力系统的安全性能。在实际工作中，电力系统的工作人员要对电气自动化技术引起重视，对目前电气自动化技术的应用进行清晰把握，从而为保证电力系统的良性运行做出贡献。

关键词：电气自动化技术;电力系统;控制技术;仿真技术;智能技术;安全监控技术

随着经济建设速度的加快，我国电力系统得到了很大的发展。在电力系统中，传统的应用模式伴随数字技术的发展已经表现出了一定的不适应性。而在电力系统中应用电子自动化技术，不仅能够有效节省系统的成本投入，提高系统的工作效率，还能够有效提高电力系统的安全性能。本文将对电力系统控制技术的发展要求进行分析，探讨电子自动化在电力系统中的应用情况，研究电子自动化的发展趋势，希望为我国电力系统的发展提供帮助。

1电力系统对控制技术的要求

信息化要求

随着科学技术的发展，电力系统对于信息化的要求越来越迫切。对于电力系统来说，为了保证系统运行的稳定性，同时实现良好的经济效益，因此在电力系统控制方面需要更高的安全性和稳定性。而信息技术的发展为电力系统提供了良好的控制平台。在电力系统中，电气自动化控制技术依托信息化的发展，在机器的自动化运行方面实现了非常重大的突破。可见良好的信息化技术和智能化水平对于提高电力系统的运行效率、保证系统的运行稳定具有非常重要的作用。

安全性要求

电力行业是我国支柱性产业，对国民经济具有非常重要的作用。保持电力系统的稳定性是促进我国各个行业良好发展的基础保障。而伴随目前社会各行业对于电力应用的依赖程度进一步提高，如何保证电力系统的安全性和可靠性已经成为了非常重要的课题。为了满足电力系统对于安全性的要求，电力系统要能够具有较好的维护功能以及非常简便的操作性，同时在电力系统发生故障时，系统自身要能够对故障做出迅速的诊断。而在电力系统中，应用电力自动化控制技术能够有效地提高电力系统对于安全性的要求，简化系统的操作难度，对系统产生的故障能够进行及时的诊断和处理，从而保证电力系统的安全性。

2电气自动化在电力系统中的应用分析

电力系统中应用电气自动化的技术目前，电气自动化技术已经在电力系统中得到了广泛的应用。具体来说，在电力系统中电气自动化技术的应用主要包括以下方面：

电气自动化中的仿真技术。电气自动化仿真技术对于电力系统的良性运行具有重要作用。仿真技术能够为电力系统管理大量的数据信息，并根据数据信息提供逼真数据模拟操作环境，同时仿真技术还能够通过多项控制技术来实现同时、同步操作。对电力系统中出现的故障，仿真技术能够通过有效的模拟来对故障进行分析和判断，从而有效提高电力系统的运行效率。目前，在新的电力系统中，仿真技术被广泛应用于设备测试方面，并取得了非常好的测试效果。

电气自动化中智能技术。智能技术是比较先进的研究成果，特别是对具有较复杂关系的非线性系统进行控制时，智能系统具有非常好的控制效果。电力系统通过智能技术能够有效提高系统的控制灵活度，同时通过网络信息化技术，能够实现数据信息的实时传递，从而有效提高了系统发现故障的速度，并能够及时地制定出解决方案。另外，智能技术还可以有效完善系统的漏洞，可见在电力系统中智能技术拥有非常广阔的发展前景。

电气自动化中的安全监控技术。安全监控技术是电气自动化在电力系统中应用的重要表现形式。安全监控技术能够通过科学的监测手段对系统的运行情况进行有效监测，保证系统的良性运行。目前，安全监控技术主要通过对电磁暂态故障信息的实时收集，来达到对电力系统进行监测的目的。安全监控技术的应用主要以GPS技术和SCADA技术为依托，达到动态监控的目的。其中信息通信系统、中央数据处理系统、动态相量测量系统、同步系统是安全监控技术的四个主要组成部分。随着电力系统中监测工作由稳态向着动态的转变，也标志着安全监控技术进入了动态监测的新纪元。动态安全监控技术对于保障电力系统的稳定性，提高电力系统的运行效率具有非常重要的作用。

电气自动化中的柔性交流电系统技术。柔性电流技术也是电气自动化在电力系统中应用的关键一环。具体来说，柔性电流技术指的是在电力供应系统中，通过对电力供应的关键环节进行科学的技术处理，采用具有较强独立性能的电子设备，从而实现对电力供应系统的参数进行有效调节的目的。柔性电流技术的应用对于保证电力系统的稳定性和安全性具有非常重要的作用。柔性交流技术的核心设备是ASVC装置。ASVC装置的技术结构比较简单，属于静止无功发生器。但由于ASVC装置通过和柔性交流电系统技术的有效结合，因此具有非常优良的应用效果。当系统发生故障的时候，ASVC装置能够进行快速的调整，从而在短时间内保证电压的稳定。另外，ASVC装置具有良好的电压调节范围和快速的反应速度，因此在实际工作中很少出现延迟的情况。同时在噪音和惯性方面，ASVC装置也具有良好的效果，在电力系统中得到了广泛的应用。

电气自动化中的多项集成技术。在电力系统中，通过电气自动化技术能够有效促进系统的统一管理。而实现统一管理功能的就是电气自动化中的多项集成技术。在传统的电力系统中，通常采用的是分开管理的模式，这种管理方式对于工作效率不能够保证，同时还增加了系统的运行成本。而多项集成技术能够根据用户的不同要求，通过科学的技术手段，将电力系统中管理、安全保护几个环节进行统一，从而实现集中管理的目的。通过集中统一的管理模式，不仅能够对电力系统的设计工作、施工工作、测试工作以及维护工作等提供有力的技术支持，在保证了系统各个环节良性运行的同时，还有效地降低了系统运行产生的经济和人力成本。根据统计发现，采用电气自动化技术的电力系统，相比传统系统来说，能够有效地降低运营成本，间接提高的经济效益能够达到30%左右。

电力系统中应用电气自动化的领域

变电站的自动化控制。在电力系统中，变电站的自动化控制是电气自动化应用的重要领域。在变电站中应用电气自动化技术能够有效提高变电站的运行效率。具体来说，在变电站中应用电气自动化技术主要通过程序化的设备来实现。技术人员将变电站中的传统的电磁设备转变成程序化设备，从而有效提高变电站的自动化程度，并可以实现对变电站工作过程的全方位监控，在提高变电站工作效率的同时，保证了变电站工作的稳定性和安全性。

电网的自动化控制。电网的运行质量对于供电的稳定性具有决定性的影响，因此通过科学的手段保证电网工作的可靠性一直是电力企业重点研究的问题。在电网工程领域中，通过电气自动化技术的应用能够有效地提高电网运行的自动化程度，从而为电网运行的稳定性提供保证。电气自动化技术通过强大的数据信息处理能力，能够对电网工程中的变电站、工作站、服务器等进行科学的调度工作，并通过控制部门和变电站的设备终端对电网的运行信息进行准确的采集，根据这些信息系统可以对电网的运行状态做出科学的判断。

3电气自动化在电力系统中的发展趋势

电气自动化对于电力系统的良性运行具有非常重要的作用。通过电气自动化能够有效提高电力系统的运行效率，提高系统运行的安全性和稳定性。随着科学技术的发展，在电力系统中应用电气自动化具有以下三点发展趋势：

保护和控制一体化趋势保护和控制一体化趋势是电气自动化发展的一个主要趋势。目前，我国的电气化控制系统主要通过相对独立的方式对监控数据进行采集和分析工作。而将保护和控制工作进行统一结合，能够有效地降低系统重复配置的情况，增加技术的合理性，从而达到降低工作量的目的。在实际工作中，电力系统的测量、保护和控制等的数据信息都是从电力现场得到的，这些信息相对来说不够精确。而通过CPU总控单元进行控制，能够免除遥控输出和执行的步骤，从而有效提高了系统的可靠性，可见电力系统保护和控制的一体化已经成为了非常重要的发展趋势。

国际化趋势国际化趋势是电气自动化在电力系统中主要的发展趋势。目前，国际通用的是IEC61850标准，该标准能够使不同型号和规格的IED设备实现信息之间的有效交流，从而达到信息共享的目的。而我国也已经有效展开了适用国际标准的电气自动化研究工作，并将其作为未来电气自动化的主要发展方向。

信息化趋势信息化趋势也是电气自动化发展的主要趋势。随着以太网技术的发展，电气自动化在数据传输方面的速度要求得到了极大的满足。可以预见，在未来的电力系统发展趋势中，以信息化技术作为发展基础，通过和工业生产的有效结合，能够形成以信息化技术为核心的现场总线技术。

4结语

在电力系统中，应用电气自动化技术能够有效地提高系统的工作效率，提升电力系统的安全性和稳定性。在实际工作中，电力系统的工作人员要对电气自动化技术引起重视，对目前电气自动化技术的应用进行清晰把握，从而为保证电力系统的良性运行做出贡献。

参考文献

[1]李爱民.电气自动化的发展趋势以及在电力系统中的应用[J].科技资讯，2012，(27).

[2]刘猛.电气自动化技术在电力系统中的应用解析[J].通讯世界，2014，(21).

[3]罗小明.电气自动化在电力系统中的应用及发展趋势[J].中国高新技术企业，2013，(20).

摘要：随着经济发展水平的提高，对电力的需求也在激增中。为了满足生产生活对电力的使用需求，国家逐步投入建设自动化的配电网工程。这是一项需要周密规划，并投入巨大资金，应用复杂的技术要求，涉及方方面面的综合性工程。文章对电力系统配电网自动化建设策略进行了探讨。

关键词：电力系统;配电网工程;自动化建议策略;电力需求;供电效率;电力质量

配电网实施自动化应用对于科学分配电力、合理应用科技成果促进电网发展有着重要意义。通过自动化工程，不仅可以有力提高电网的供电效率、电力质量，还可以合理缓解电网压力，释放电网潜能，减少故障频率，并提高电网的服务能力。自动化工程可以帮助电网自我检查，缩短故障检修、处理时间，进一步提高电网安全性与稳定性。这对于极度依赖电力的现代化社会来说，是具有重大意义的一项改造工程。

1研究背景

配电网自动化工程的定义一般可以理解为，利用先进的通信技术与网络技术，依托各类自动化设备，通过计算机系统，保护电网，控制发电，检测问题，计量电力使用状况，并据此为供电事业单位提供各类信息，简化管理难度，提高供电效率与电力质量。通过自动化的配电，有助于了解用户的各类需求，并调整电网的供电量与价格，达到经济性、科学性、安全性并重的发展目标。当然这是一个系统的综合性工程，对于电力企业的管理模式、设备改造都是一个巨大的调整，最终形成一个统一的服务型电网。这一工程的基本原理是，通过分段开关将本来是统一运行的线路改造为不同的几个供电区域。这样一来，即使某一供电部位出现问题，也可以迅速锁定区域关掉开关，将故障区域隔离出正常供电的电网中，使得正常运行的其他区域可以恢复供电，从而避免了因为某一个小的故障而使得一条线上的电路全部断掉，造成更大的影响范围与损失，极大地减少了影响区域，并使得供电的可靠性增强。

2基本要求

线路的形式应该采用环网型，而且为了保证供电稳定性，可以使用双电源甚至多电源供电系统。

干线的模式多使用分段式。分段式的好处是一旦某段线路出现故障，可以通过切断这段故障电路而保证其他线路仍然正常供电。一般对于分段式干线供电的建设原则是：合理利用投资，在充分考虑收益的情况下，实事求是地采用均等原则，或线长相等，或负荷相等，或用户量相等，以三千米干线为例，一般分为三段。

抛弃传统断路器自动化工程多采用负荷开关，既可以节约成本，减少投资规模，又可以在故障发生时，有效隔离故障区域，使之不影响非故障区域。

3设计要点

软件要具备可维护性

在配电网满足了硬件条件，比如可靠的电源，有完善的监测、控制设备，有齐备的线路设施后，自动化工程的一大重要内容就是是否配套了专业化的软件设备。只有软件硬件配套，才能保障配网自动、安全、稳定地运行。通常提到软件系统，多考虑其可维护性。一款合适的软件必须是可以被不断完善、更新的。基于我国社会经济的发展性，对于电力的需求也在波动变化中，所以配电网的负荷也在变化中，如果配电网的自动化软件不能有效维护波动变化的电网，所谓的自动化就变得不切实际了，所以软件的可维护性成为了配电网自动化工程的最基本前提。其技术软件只有可以维护，才能有效保障电力系统的稳定性及正常运行，延长自动化工程的整体使用寿命。只有保证了电网的稳定性，才能使得供电企业在竞争愈发激烈的供电市场站稳脚跟，并满足社会发展需求。

提高配网自动化系统的可靠性

配电网的自动化改造，有一个重要诉求就是增强电网的稳定性，提高电网的容错率。所以，建设自动化的电网工程，一个重要的衡量因素就是当系统运行发生故障或者不可控意外时，系统是否能自我处理，保障整个系统的供电能力与供电质量。所以说，对于建设自动化配电网工程，是需要想办法提高其系统稳定性以及运行的可靠性。

进一步提高系统的运行效率和可移植性

提高电网自动化效率，一般是指是否可以充分利用计算机资源。可移植性，顾名思义是指将此系统整体移植到另一个软硬件环境时，系统可以稳定、高效地运行。可移植性对于电力企业来说是十分重要的，它使得电力企业可以在固定成本投入下，满足不同供电环境的使用需求，并与其他相关单位有效兼容。

4技术实现时的注意事项

加强配网的建设和改造

对于供电企业来说，电力系统的平稳运行是首要任务，即使是改造电网为自动化工作，也是为了这一目标。所以说，实现自动化作业，必须要完善配电网络结构，并积极应用先进的前沿科技，还要改造老旧设备，提高智能化。在对配电网建设中，要强调计量装置的重要性，合理安置，全面整顿。

进一步完善相应的硬件支持系统

现阶段电力企业对配网自动化工程的建设中，一般会在以下两方面开始：第一是市场预测。主要是利用科学的数据处理分析系统，对于供电网络在不同地区、不同时段的不同电力使用量进行记录、分析、比较、预测。通过对接下来的电力使用情况进行预测，为企业发展规划提供可信的数据;第二是修复系统建设。当常态化的供电情况发生异常现象时，自动化系统必须要有及时自检的能力以及在确定故障后的警报能力，更进一步有初步的解决措施。一系列的修复系统可以最大化地降低事故发生率以及事故危害程度，保障系统的安全稳定运行。

提高配电网的自我诊断能力

技术、新设备，满足系统的自我检查、自我检测、自我管理的功能性需求，从而保障系统的稳定性运行。

5电力系统配网自动化实用化模式

集中智能模式

集中智能模式是电力系统配网自动化的第一大模式，主要指整个系统的智能是依靠主站的。线路上的实时情况是通过线路上的分段开关上传的，通过主站的智能诊断对线路的故障进行定位，进而通过对每一段的电网结构隔断故障，寻求出合适的解决方案。这种模式的好处是适用性强，并且对于一些多故障情况进行处理比较容易，是一种比较高级的智能模式。

分布智能模式

分布智能模式是指线路上的开关有自己的智能判断能力，在不需要上传实时状态，请求主站反馈的情况下，自我检测故障并判定哪一部分需要被隔离修复，主要是分段开关发挥作用。具体又分为电流计数型与电压时间型。这种智能模式的好处是在通信条件不完善的地区，网架结构简单的系统，可用性较强。

6未来技术发展

电力系统配电网自动化是现阶段电力企业发展的必然趋势之一，而未来的发展趋势也在研究者的展望中浮出水面。发展趋势如下：其一是电能质量在大功率设备的应用下有效提高;其二是配电网系统保护能力更强，综合运用GIS平台管理电网自动化成为可行方案;其三是分布式小电流接地保护方案的可行性。这是基于其高灵敏度与大承载力而言的。

7结语

通过以上分析，我们可以发现电网系统的自动化是一个明显的趋势，而对于这一技术的应用，可以切实促进供电的稳定性，并且创造更大的社会效益。在我国电力企业谋求发展与创新的情形下，对于此类工程的探索是一个重要的方向，有助于解决电网中的运行故障，提高配电的科学性。因此，对于电力技术的研究以及自动化工程的应用，具有十分重要的意义。

参考文献

[1]裴文.浅探电力系统中配电自动化及管理[J].黑龙江科技信息，2011，(21).

[2]苏俊斌.城市电网配电自动化系统技术分析[J].广东科技，2011，(18).

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浅谈发电厂电气自动化系统监控技术发展趋势 摘要］文章分析发电厂用电系统的特点，探讨用电电气自动化的技术现状和组态模式，归纳其中的关键技术，最 后对技术发展作展望。 ［关键词］发电厂；电气自动化；监控技术；发展趋势 一、厂用电系统的特点 在布置方式和数量上，厂用电设备分散安装 于各配电室和电动机控制中心，元件数量众多，运 行管理信息量大，检修维护工作复杂。 与热工系统相比较，电气设备操作频率低，有 的系统或设备运行正常时，几个月或更长时间才 操作一次；电气设备保护自动装置要求可靠性高， 动作速度快，比如保护动作速度要求在40ms以内 完成。 在电气设备本身构造上，其具有联锁逻辑较 简单、操作机构复杂的特点。 在控制方式上，厂用电系统的主要设备监控 需要接入DCS系统，但在两台机组共用一台起/ 备变的情况时，由于一台机组的检修不能影响另 一台机组的正常运行，因此需要考虑两台机组 DCS电气控制的模式，确保对其控制权的唯一性。 总结以上特点，在构建ECS时，其系统结构、 与DCS的联网方式是确保系统高可靠性的关键。 既要实现正常起停和运行操作外，又要实现实时 显示异常运行和事故状态下的各种数据和状态， 并提供相应的操作指导和应急处理措施，保证电 气系统在最安全合理的工况下工作。 二、集中模式 （一）原理 集中模式也就是传统的硬接线方式，将强电 信号转变为弱电信号，采用空接点方式和4～ 20mA标准直流信号，通过电缆硬接线将电气模拟 量和开关量信号一对一接至DCS的I/O模件柜， 进入DCS进行组态，实现对电气设备的监控。这种 模式又分为直接I/O接入方式和远程I/O接入方 式两种，前者是将电缆接至电子间集中组屏，后者 是在数据较集中且离主控室较远的电气设备现场 设立远程I/O采集柜，然后通过通信方式与DCS 控制主机相连，两者具有相同的实现技术，本质上 没有区别。 （二）优点 电气量的采集集中组屏，便于管理，设备运行 环境好；硬接线方式成熟，响应速度快。 （三）缺点 1.电缆数量大，电缆安装工程量大，长距离电 缆引进的干扰也可能影响DCS的可靠性。 系统按“点”收费，不仅投资大，而且只 有重要的电气量才能进入DCS，系统监测的电气 信息不完整。 3.所有信息量均要集中汇总至DCS系统，风 险集中，影响系统可靠性。 4.由于DCS调试一般是最后进行，采用集中 模式通常难以满足倒送厂用电的要求。 5.没有独立的电气监控主站系统，无法完成 较复杂的电气运行管理工作（如防误、事故追忆、 继电保护运行与故障信息自动化管理、录波分析 等高级应用功能），不能实现电气的“综合自动 化”。 三、分层分布式模式 （一）原理 分层分布式模式从逻辑上将ECS划分为三 层，即站级监控层、通信层和间隔层（间隔单元）。 间隔层由终端保护测控单元组成，利用面向电气 一次回路或电气间隔的方法进行设计，将测控单 元和保护单元就地分布安装在各个开关柜或其他 一次设备附近。网络层由通信管理机、光纤或电缆网络构成，利用现场总线技术，实现数据汇总、规 约转换、转送数据和传控制命令的功能。站级监控 层通过通信网络，对间隔层进行管理和交换信息。 （二）优点 1.间隔层测控终端就地安装，减少占用面积， 各装置功能独立，组态灵活，可靠性高。 2.模拟量采用交流采样，节省二次电缆，降低 了成本，抗干扰能力增强，系统采集的数据精度大 大提高。 3.系统采集的数据量提高，监控信息完整，能 实现在远方对保护定值的修改及信号复归，运行 维护方便。 4.分布式结构方便系统扩展和维护，局部故 障不影响其他模块(部件)正常运行。 5.设置独立的电气监控主站，便于分步调试 和投运，满足倒送电的要求。同时有利于厂用电系 统的运行、维护和检修。 （三）关键技术 1.间隔层终端测控保护单元。分层分布式系 统的最大特点就是以间隔层一次设备为单位，现 场配置测控保护单元。该单元是保障厂用电系统 安全、稳定运行最重要、最有效的技术手段，对其 可靠性、灵敏性、速动性和选择性都有很高的要 求，因此不宜由DCS来实现保护功能，而应该采用 专用保护装置来实现。 厂用电系统保护主要有线路、厂用变、电动机 综合保护测控装置等，实现微机化保护、实时数据 采集、远方及就地控制以及记录故障数据等功能。 2.通信网络。ECS系统安装工作于高电压、大 电场的环境，工作环境恶劣、电磁干扰大，因而通 信网络是ECS系统的关键组成部分，通信网络的 性能直接影响着自动化监控系统的整体性能。目 前较为流行的采用电缆现场总线网络方式，光纤 通信亦开始被用户逐步接受。 通信管理层是间隔层和站控层之间的桥梁， 方案中一般采用双冗余的设计思想，按照通信管 理机双机热备用或双通道备用原则配置，当数据 通信网络中出现问题时，系统能自动切换至冗余 装置或通道，以提高系统可靠性。 3.监控主站。监控主站安置在站级监控层，实 现厂用电电气系统监控和管理，主站配置的设备 和规模需要根据发电机机组的容量和运行管理要 求进行设计，即可以配置成单机、双机或多机系 统，标准的设备主要有数据库服务器、应用和Web 服务器、操作员站、工程师站，以及其他网络设备、 GPS和打印机。 尽管配置的设备规模不同，但配置的软件以及 完成的功能基本一样。软件主要有前置机软件、实 时数据库软件、人机界面软件和图形建模软件等。 功能主要有系统监控功能、数据管理功能、系统管 理功能以及应用分析功能等。 另外，主站系统可通过多种方式与DCS系统、 MIS系统和SIS系统传输数据。 与DCS的协调控制。由于电气系统与 热工系统在运行过程和控制要求上有着很多不同 之处，所以在设计规划阶段和调度运行过程时必 须要考虑ECS与DCS系统之间的功能分工和协 调控制，主要体现在以下几点： 由DCS实现电动机连锁逻辑控制操作，厂用 电自动切换逻辑由专用电气装置实现。 由ECS实现继电保护、故障录波和事故追忆 等功能的管理。 控制操作主要在DCS操作员工作站进行， DCS系统授权后也可在ECS操作员工作站进行， 但要保证控制权的唯一性。 四、技术的发展趋势 （一）嵌入式工业以太网技术的应用 由于现场总线通信协议技术标准的多样性，难 以统一，使其不能满足以上性能要求，而以太网由 于其传输速度快、容量大、网络拓扑结构灵活以及 低成本等特点，在商业领域和工业领域内得到了 大规模的应用。该技术成为建立电气综合自动化 中无缝通信的最好选择。 工业以太网技术直接应用于工业现场设备间 的通信已成大势所趋。随着以太网通信速率的提 高，全双工通信、交换技术的发展，为以太网的通 信确定性问题的解决提供了技术基础，从而为以 太网直接应用于工业现场设备间通信提供了技术 可能。 利用嵌入式软、硬件，在单片机系统上实现工 业以太网技术又称为嵌入式以太网。国外大的电 力设备供应商纷纷推出了基于嵌入式以太网的微 机保护测控设备，国内电力装备制造商开发的最 新综合自动化系统中，也把嵌入式以太网成功应 用于二次保护控制设备，因而嵌入式以太网是电 气综合自动化系统间隔层网络通信的必然发展方 向。 （二）综合智能化技术的应用 ECS系统控制发展经由计算机控制取代了传 统操作盘控制，目前又由计算机控制向综合智能 控制和管理发展，主要表现在间隔（下转第107页）（上接第109页）层和站控层两方面。 间隔层的保护和测控单元由传统的相对独立 设计，向着集保护、测量、控制、远动于一体的综合 化及网络化智能保护测控单元发展，直接面向一 次设备或设备组合，就地安装，除实现继电保护、 实时电量监控、状态信息记录及历史记录等基本 功能外，还能与站控层联网实现事故分析、状态监 视、微机防误操作和安全保障等功能。 站控层监控系统由满足基本运行SCADA功 能，向全面提高运行和管理自动化水平发展。监控 主站采用先进的数据挖掘技术对电气实时数据仓 库和历史数据仓库的数据进行分析，提供一系列 的高级应用功能。这些功能分为对外和对内两大 部分。对外的功能是指给DCS和SIS等其他系统 提供数据，实现机组优化控制和优化管理等综合 智能控制；对内的功能是指集间隔层装置的监控 管理、自动抄表、设备管理、定值管理、故障信息管 理、设备在线诊断和小电流接地选线等功能于一 体。 （三）IEC 61850标准应用 为了实现不同厂家IED设备的信息共享和互 操作性，使厂站电气综合自动化系统成为开发系 统，国际电工委员会制定了IEC 61850国际标准。 该标准具有信息分层、面向对象的数据对象统一 建模、数据自描述、抽象通信服务接口ACSI等主 要特点。该标准为数字化厂站系统的发展奠定了 基础。 IEC 61850在逻辑结构上将电气综合自动化 系统分为三个层次：过程层、间隔层和站控层。过 程层是一次与二次设备的结合面，主要完成开关 量I/O、模拟量采集和控制命令发送等与一次设备 相关的功能；间隔层设备主要实现控制和保护功 能，并实现间隔层设备间的相互对话机制；站控层 完成对站内间隔层设备、一次设备的控制及与远 方控制中心DCS及SIS系统通信的功能。 目前在国内已对基于IEC 61850标准的电气 综自系统产品投入了大量研发，基于该标准的数 字化变电站示范工程在国内也有投运，这为厂用 电ECS系统的数字化、标准化发展提供了成功借 鉴。 五、结语 本文提出了厂用电电气自动化技术的发展趋 势，随着IEC国际标准在工业化领域内的认同和 应用普及，基于同一国际标准的全开放式的数字 化厂用电电气综合自动化将是下一步研究的重 点。 107