研究英语动词的作用论文

研究英语动词的作用论文

毕业论文答辩流程、问题、模板套用！

一、论文答辩流程有哪些呢？

1、学员在论文答辩会举行前，将经过指导老师审定并签署过意见的毕业论文一式三份连同提纲、草稿等交给答辩委员会。

2、答辩开始，老师宣读答辩小组名单和答辩规则。

3、学员概述论文标题及选题原因，较详细地介绍论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会。

4、提问完后，有的学校规定，可以让学生独立准备15-20分钟后，再当场回答，而有的学校规定，学员应当场作答。根据学员回答的具体情况，主答辩老师和其他答辩老师随时可以有适当的插问。

5、学员逐一回答完所有问题后退场，答辩委员会集体根据论文质量和答辩情况，商定通过还是不通过，并拟定成绩和评语。

6、召回学员，由主答辩老师当场宣布答辩结果并进行小结。

二、本科毕业论文答辩八大问

1、为什么选择这个课题？从哪里了解到这个课题的？

2、你这个课题是否前人已经研究过了？是否太过于过时了？

3、你使用了什么方法，是否太过于简单了？

4、你研究出了什么东西？对于实际市场中是否存在指导意义？

5、你在研究本课题的时候是否发现了和你的论文结果不同的意见，对于这些意见你是怎么理解和处理的？

6、还有什么问题是自己没有搞清楚的？在论文中没有表述透彻的？

7、目前关于你这个课题出现了XXX的热点，你为什么没有将其归入你的论文内进行研究？

8、老师会针对你的论文和其所擅长的学科知识结合来提问，内容未知，随性而为，故请务必万全准备，至少完成上述问题的逐字稿回答，以及下述的毕业答辩自述。

三、本科毕业论文答辩自述稿范文模板

本科毕业论文答辩稿范文一：

各位老师下午好！

我是来自XXX专业的XXX,感谢各位老师参加我的答辩，我的毕业论文题目是《XXX》，我的指导老师是XXX.下面我就论文的相关情况向各位老师作一下汇报，恳请各位老师批评指导。

首先我想先介绍一下文章选题的背景和意义：（从研究背景中凸显意义）

1、国外

2、国内

3、现有水平

4、我的论文所讲述的内容

5、然后我想介绍一下这篇论文的基本结构和内容

①、序言，写了XXX

②、XXX

……（在其中说明使用了XXXX模型方法，并得出了XXXX结果）

6、总结，写了XXX

最后相比其他现有的论文，这篇论文的创新点在于XXX.

（请先不要介绍论文局限性，等老师问了再说，不要自己给自己挖坑）

以上就是我的毕业论文答辩自述，希望各位评委老师给予评价和指正，谢谢！

本科毕业论文答辩稿范文二：

各位老师大家好！

我是来自……的学生xx.我的论文题目是《……》。我当时之所以选择研究……是因为……，主要表现在：……

在着手准备论文写作的时候，我针对……这个命题，大量阅读相关方面的各种资料。对……的概况有了大致了解，缕清思路的基础上确定研究方向，然后与老师商讨，确定论文大致思路和研究方向。然后，为了完成论文，本人收集了大量的文献资料，其中主要来自网上的论文期刊、图书馆的书目、学习教材的理论资料。在……导师的耐心指导和帮助下，经过阅读主要参考资料，拟定提纲，写开题报告初稿，毕业论文初稿，修改等一系列程序，于xxxx年x月x日正式定稿。

具体来说，我的论文分为以下四个部分：

第一部分，主要概述了……，

第二部分，是在对……进行了详细论述的基础上，运用……法对……的深入挖掘。

第三部分，运用……法对……的深入挖掘。

第四部分，……

经过本次论文写作，我学到了许多有用的东西，也积累了不少经验，但由于学生能力不足，加之时间和精力有限，在许多内容表述上存在着不当之处，与老师的期望相差甚远，许多问题还有待于进一步思考和探索，借此答辩机会，万分恳切的希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见，多指出本篇论文的错误和不足之处，学生将虚心接受，从而进一步深入学习研究，使该论文得到完善和提高。

在论文的准备和写作过程中，我阅读了大量的关于……的相关书籍和学术期刊，这得益于我们学校图书馆丰富的参考书籍和学术期刊数据库的专业论文。本文经过一二三稿并最终定稿，在这期间，我的论文指导老师……教授对我的论文进行了详细的修改和指正，并给予我许多宝贵的建议和意见。在这里，我对他表示我最真挚的感谢和敬意！

以上就是我的答辩自述，希望各评委老师认真阅读论文并给予评价和指正。

完毕！

本文在比较广泛地搜索、整理并系统地归纳总结出英语动词主被动语态之间不对称现象的大量翔实、可靠的语言材料,在此基础上结合相关语言学理论展开严谨的科学分析和理论探索.本文主要研究发现:首先,对英语主被动语态之间的不同选择根源于英语动词的行为本身包含的行为特征,对英语动词本身的语义特征及内涵的深入认识在英语主被动语态认知方面起重要的作用；其次,英语主动语态转换成被动语态时会导致部分句子成分的位置移动,这也有可能引起句子语义的变化;再次,英语中存在一些词类,比如,限定词,数量词和代词等肯能影响英语主被动语态的选择；最后,英语语态的选择与转换不仅仅涉及到句法结构,主要信息的变化,而且关系到语用、语义和人类认知心理诸多个方面.此外,对英语主被动语态之间不对称现象的切入点在于英语动词这一词类本身,所以,以英语词类为切入点或可作为一种研究方法,来研究、认识英语语言乃至普遍语言的规律性的东西.最后如何将英语主被动语态不对称现象的深层原因,比如动词的行为特征,英语句法,英汉思维差距等因素体现在英语动词语法习得和使用过程中是值得继续探讨的问题.本人保证:所提交论文完全为个人工作成果,所用资料、实验结果及计算数.（通过查阅文献和阅读相关资料,严格按照毕业论文的格式和要求,完成论文的撰写工作.经过指导教师审核检查、评阅教师审核,所写论文已经达到了本科生毕业论文要求,特申请进行毕业论文答辩.经过长时间的充分准备,所有设计资料已经准备齐全,在第一草、二草、三草、征稿等阶段的不断推敲上,已全部完成毕业设计（论文）的要求内容.现已向答辩组提交的内容有:1、毕业设计（论文）任务书,2、毕业设计（论文）开题报告,3、毕业论文,4、毕业设计（论文）指导教师记录表,5、毕业设计（论文）指导教师中期检查表,7、毕业设计（论文）答辩申请表.综上所述,本人已具备参加答辩能力,现向答辩组提出正式申请,望批准!（根据学校要求自己改一下） 指导教师意见:该生认真系统的学习了时间序列的理论和方法,查阅大量文献,在论文写作过程中虚心听取指导教师的意见.论文内容充实,层次结构合理科学,格式规范,语言表达清楚、流畅.达到本科生毕业论文水平.同意参加答辩.

英语学术论文写作常用动词

英语谓语动词时态总共有16种，其中在SCI论文中用得较多的主要是3种：一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。如果论文中的时态用得不对，往往会改变作者的意思，影响专家和读者的理解。通常一篇SCI论文会包括Abstract、Materials and Methods、Results、Conclusion、Discussion、Acknowledgments、References几个部分，大多是大同小异，比如有的可能会有Summary、Supplemental Data等。下面我将根据这个论文框架为大家介绍不同部分常用的英文时态。首先，我们要知道论文中选取不同英语时态的3个基本参考标准：1. 一般现在时主要用于不受限制的客观存在事实的描述，通常存在写论文时的感觉、状态和关系等描述，以及Acknowledgments（致谢）中。值得注意的是，对于别人已发表的成果，出于尊重，不用过去时，而是用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时主要用在描述作者所做的工作、比如材料、方法和结构等。3. 一般将来时主要用于撰写论文后发生的工作或状态，比如提出下一步的研究方向。知道了这3个基本参考标准后，下面我从论文的不同部分进行分析该用什么时态：Abstract：摘要反映的是我们自己的研究成果，所以用一般过去时。Introduction：1. Introduction中的研究背景通常引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实，以及你所做研究的重要性，这些通常采用一般现在时。例子：Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug . 在Introduction中也可能引用与你的研究相关的一些研究结果，为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性，即使已经是很久以前的研究结果，可使用一般现在时。例子：Garcia (1993) suggested that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income is the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves will eventually affect the bond price.与上面一条相应的，如果该研究成果已经过时或失效，则用一般过去时。例子：Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to and Methods：此部分是对自己之前所做工作的描述，因此用一般过去时。例子1：Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in the laboratory using standard procedures.例子2：The standard protocol was followed for the preparation of the media from stock ：这里分为两种情况，如果是描述图表内容的Results，表示写论文时的状态，用一般现在时。例子1： Figure 1 displays the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.例子2：Table 1 below shows the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.如果是描述自己得出的研究成果，则用一般过去时进行详细阐述。例子1：Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected were non-phytophagous.例子2：Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle resumed in both ：此处也分为两种情况，当表达研究结果意义的时候用一般现在时。例子：Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes appears to negatively affect the water quality of streams.当表示总结研究成果时用一般过去时，当对研究成果进行解释和讨论时用一般现在时。例子1：Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggest that feeds higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock. 这个例子在描述实验发现时用一般过去时，在讨论这个发现的意义是用一般现在时。例子2：Leaf carbon and phenolic content did not differ across sites, indicating that the response of secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water is complex. 这个例子用一般现在时表明作者坚信其研究结果和结论的正确性。Conclusion：当强调过去研究成果时用一般过去时，当展望未来的研究方向或者研究前景时用一般现在时或将来时。例子：Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.今天关于SCI论文中英语语态的问题就讲这么多，应该是比较详细了，希望你在翻译的时候能够比较清晰，对这个问题不要再糊涂了。

为了让SCI论文顺利发表，科研工作者在翻译SCI论文时，一定要注意语态和时态，尤其是时态使用出错的话，很容易造成文章歧义。如果因此引起拒稿实在遗憾，那么这里学术堂就给大家整理了一些关于时态和语态的使用技巧。

1、写作时态英语谓语动词时态共有16种，不过在英文科技论文中使用较多的主要是三种：即一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时。

正确地使用动词时态是科研写作的基本功，我们在撰写英文论文时，如不能正确选用时态，常常会改变文章所要表达的意思，从而影响评审专家与读者的理解。

在科技论文中正确使用时态

应该把握以下三个基本要点：

1）一般现在时：主要用于不受时间限制的客观存在事实的描述，或发生或存在于写论文之时的感觉、状态、关系等的描述或致谢的表述等。值得注意的是，出于尊重，凡是他人已经发表的研究成果作为"previously established knowledge"，在引述时普遍都用一般现在时。

2）一般过去时：用于写论文中作者自己所做工作的描述。例如在描述自己的材料、方法和结果等问题时使用。

3） 一般将来时：用于撰写论文之后发生的动作或存在的状态。例如提出下一步的研究方向。

2、一般在科技论文当中，最常采用的语态是被动语态。如：A new approach is put forward in the paper that-/Conclusion can be drawn from the experiment that-不难发现，被动语态相对于主动语态，优势更多：

1）科技论文常常需要介绍客观的、不以人的意志为转移的研究过程、实验结果等方面内容。使用被动语态可以给人更加客观真实之感。

2）使用被动式可以避免提及动作的施动者，这样反而使研究动作有了更广泛的普遍性。

3）由于被动语态的特殊结构，使其在句子结构调节方面有着更大的灵活性，有利于在添加短语结构、扩充句子信息的同时保持句式的工整平衡。

据学术堂了解，大多数作者撰写英文SCI论文时采用的是汉英笔译方式。这些作者需要从汉语思维和汉语表达转换到英语思维和英语表达，再根据SCI期刊的要求对译文进行编辑，才能写出比较地道的英文论文。有人将这样的科技论文英语写作过程称为“译写”，可谓恰如其分。但是，许多作者不了解汉英翻译的全过程，将汉语原文直接转换成字面对应的英文，然后进入文本编辑程序，结果写出不规范的英文，没有表达出作者真实的思想，其他国家的读者也无法理解作者的意思。这种不合格的英文主要表现为“中式英语”(Chinglish)句式和“假朋友式”(false friends，源自法文fauxamis)的英语用词。例1.原句：In vivo，allthese peptides could elicit antibody response，especially DTC showed most highly elicit ability， even similar to HCLV Vaccine.该句的汉语大意为：在体内，所有这些多肽都可以诱导出抗体应答，尤其是DTC表现出最强的诱导能力，甚至类似于HCLV疫苗的诱导能力。汉语表达对于国人不难理解，而英语如此对应表达，就难为了那些只能通过地道的英语来理解作者意思的读者。这句英文从“especially”往后，除了出现严重的句法结构错误以外，还有词语使用错误。根据文中的介绍，pTC的诱导能力强，是一个以“量”为概念的能力，用“capability”比用“ability”表达更合适。“类似于HCLV疫苗”与“similar to HCLV Vaccine”显然是一对“假朋友”，而“similar to that of HCLV Vaccine”才是那个汉语短语所表达的意思。因此，上句英文应该写为：修改句：In vivo，allthese peptides elicited antibody response，with DTC showing the greatest elicitingcapability-similar to that of HCLV vaccine.这样的英文既表达了汉语的原意，又能让英语读者正确理解，而且觉得语言纯正。例2原句：The detail RT-PCR procedure as mentionedabove.这是论文“材料与方法”部分里的一句。其中文意思是，检测RT-PCR详细程序如上所述。这个英文句子就是对汉语句子的“死译”，作者如果熟悉SCI期刊里常用的英文表述，应该按照其真实情况写成如下英文：修改句：The detecting of RT-PCR was performedas described in .例3.原句：Phytic acid and mineral contents infoxtail millet occur to changeduring germination.下划线部分一看就是从中文字面上“死译”过来的英语表达，将“发生变化”译成“occur to change”。修改句：Phytic acid and mineral contents infoxtail millet change during germination .或者更具体一些：Phytic acid and mineral contents infoxtail millet increaseduring germination.

eventually和finally的区别是意思不同，用法不同，结构不同。finally在主观上有等了好久才…的含义，在列举事物时可以用来引出最后一项内容。eventually的意思是终于，最后，在句子中充当是成分是状语，主要用来修饰动词或动词短语。

英语论文写作常用连词

英语关联词用法 英语关联词 —并列连词 1 并列连词 在句子中不做成分,仅表示前后关系. 1.用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分. 1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this week or next week 2)连接分句:I went and she also. 2.可分别表示下列关系. 1)转折:but, yet, however, neverthe- less 2) 因果:so, for, therefore 3) 选择r, either…or, neither…nor 英语关联词 —并列连接词 2 4)并列和递进:and,both…and, as well as not only…but (also) 英语关联词 —关联词 关联词 用于引导从句. 1.名词从句: He doesn't know what she is. 2.副词从句:If he comes, I'll give it to you. 3.形容词从句:He's the best student I've ever taught. 英语关联词 —连接词 1 关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分,这是正确使用关连词的关键. 1.连接词:引导名词从句,在从句中不做成分. 1) that(无含义): I said that he was wrong. 2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系): I don't know whether it is correct. 英语关联词 —连接词 2 2.连接代词 1)引导名词从句,在从句中做主语,宾语,表语和 定语. A. who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语, 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词): I asked him who came into the room./ I asked him who(m) he saw whom/which 做宾语: Ask him which he wants. 英语关联词 —关联词 3 C. whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定 语: I wonder whose house that is. D. what 做上面提及的各种成分: I don't know what I should do. What can be done 2)与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语. We can't decide whom to invite. We must decide what to do. I couldn't decide which to choose. 英语关联词 —关联词 4 3.连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用,在从句 中做状语. 1) how: That's how I look at it. 2) where: I don't know where he lives. 3) when: Tell me when to use the tool. 4) why: I'll tell you why you have to do it. 英语关联词 —关系词 1 4.关系代词 1) who 表示人,在从句中做主语和表语(口语 who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用 的介词): The man who spoke is my teacher. I don't know who he is. The man who I saw told me that. 2) whom 表示人,在从句中做宾语和表语: The man whom I saw told me that. 英语关联词 —关系词 2 3) whose 表示"某人/物的",of which表示 "某物的", 在从句中做定语: That's the man whose son is my pupil. The room whose window faces south is her bedroom. The room of which the window faces south is her bedroom. 英语关联词 —关系词 3 4) which 表示物,在从句中做主语和表语: I like the picture which was taken in front of the main building. 5) that 表示人/物,在从句中做主语和宾语; 注 意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法. A.现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时: This is the best film that I've ever seen. 英语关联词 —关系词 4 B.先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时: the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, every. This is the last chance that you have. You are the only friend that I have. He told me all that he knew. 英语关联词 —关系词 5 C. 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时: much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, nobody. There's nothing in the world that can frighten him. D. 以Who/Which开始的句子,其后的定语从句中 的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以that. Who that knows him would trust him Which of these buses is the one that goes to London 英语关联词 —关系词 6 E.人和事物/动物同为先行词时: The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned. 6) 关系代词做介词宾语. A.一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所 在的从句的句尾,关系代词为that时,只可 放在其所在的从句的句尾. Is this the car for which you paid a high price 英语关联词 —关系词 7 Is this the car which you paid a high price for Is this the car that you paid a high price for Is this the car you paid a high price for B.介词during, except以及表示(从整体中) "分割"(出部分)的介词of等介词要放在关 系代词的前面: 英语关联词 —关系词 8 The years during which he was away were long years to her. He wrote many books, some of which C.其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必 须放在其动词之后,不可放在关系代词之前: This is the book which he has been looking for. 7)关系代词的省略. A.关系代词作宾语时: The girl I work with is coming. 英语关联词 —关系词 9 在定语从句中做表语时: He is not the man that he was when I saw him first. He is not the man he was when I saw him first. 5.关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语. 1)where 地点: That's one point where I'd like your advice. 英语关联词 —关系词 10 2) when 时间: At the time when I saw him, he was ill. 3) why 原因: That is the reason why I came so early. 4) that 方式/时间/原因 I like the way that /in which he did it. 英语关联词 —关系词 11 That was the first time (that) I saw him. The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to explain. 5)in which/at which = where This is the school in which/at which/ where he works. 6)for which = why I don't the reason for which he left. 英语关联词 —关系词 12 7)on which = when The day on which she was born was 22 September, 1988.

英语作文分点时可用连接词：

1、while、However：然而

2、As for me：对于我来说

3、As far as：就……而言

4、First of all、To begin with：首先

5、For example、for instance：例如

6、Furthermore：此外

7、Last but not least：最后

8、Therefore：因此

9、In short：简而言之

10、In conclusion：总的来说

11、First of all：首先

12、Furthermore：其次

13、All in all：总的来说

14、firstly：第一

15、secondly：第二

16、thirdly：第三

17、last：最后

双语例句：

1、There are two reasons for this decision: firstly…

做此决定理由有二：第一…

2、As for me, I'd prefer this one to all the rest.

要是我，我会首选这个。

3、First of all, answer these questions

首先，回答这些问题。

以上内容参考 百度百科-翻译

1)表层次: first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next 2)表转折； although. though .yet at the same time. but .even .so instead. still regardless 3)表因果； therfore. . because of. for the reason .as. in this way for. as a result .as a consequence 4）表让步： still .naturally in spite of. all the same .of course even .so .after. all 5)表递近 what is more besides. also .not only...but also... 6)表举例： for example. for instance. for one thing that is to illustrate. 7)表解释： as a matter of fact. frankly speaking . in other words 8)表总结： in summary .in a word . in brief .in other words to conclude .in fact. finally in simpler terms indeed in short .in particular that is in other words .of course .on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize

because，so

对英语词的研究论文

关于导致英语词义变化的因素的论文

摘要：所有的语言都不是静止的，是变化而且经常变化的，英语也不例外。本文仅从词的角度来谈英语词义的变化，并说明其变化的原因及其影响。词语的意义在一定时期内是相对稳定的。但历经千百年后，则会发生一定的甚至是重大的变化。详细分析词义演变的原因及类型，将有助于读者加深理解词语的本质。体会词义演变这一必然趋势。

关键词：英语词义改变原因

正如世间万物无时无刻不在变化之中一样，词义的变化是一种必然的历史发展趋势。在活的语言（alivinglanguage）中，词义的变化是十分常见而又非常必要的。人类社会发展到了一定阶段，就需要对新的概念、新的现象、表达新的事物、新的观点有一个不同于以往的表达形式，而词义变化正是满足人们这种需要的简便方式。因此，我们今天所使用的每一个词语的意义，与一个世纪以前相比，都略有不同，在更长时间以前，可能有一个更为不同的意义。一个词的旧有意义的改变或消失，以及新意义的产生是和人类社会、文化、科技、教育的发展和变化有密切关系的，这是词义变化的外因；与此同时，语言自身的变化，人们的心理活动对词义的变化也有一定的影响，所以探讨引起词义发生变化的因素具有重要意义。

一、研究现状

近期笔者在通过中文科技期刊数据（1987年至2009年）所查阅的相关论文中，抽选了10篇针对导致英语词义变化的因素进行了深入研究。其中，有4篇文章阐述了导致英语词义变化的因素。

词义的演变不是在封闭的状态下发生的，而是受社会、历史影响和制约。词义演变与社会发展、社会环境、社会阶级、民族情绪、种族情绪、性别差异、社会价值观等社会因素密切相关。任丽波，章东红（2008）对英语词义变化的诸多因素和成因做以下简要的探讨：

1、社会的发展是词义变化的历史因素。人类社会的不断发展，必然促进各个事物由简到繁，由初级到高级。伴随事务的发展，表示事物、现象、行为名词的词也必然有所变化，这就是词义变化的历史原因。

2、文明进步是词义变化的社会因素社会因素是指政治体制、阶级关系、文化、科学的那个诸方面的变革对词义的影响。

3、思维扩展是词义变化的内在因素。心理状态必然通过语言材料的运用表现出来，这是影响词语变化的心理原因。禁忌词，委婉语和夸张词语的存在和发展正是人们种种心理状态的语言产物。

4、文化发展是词义变化的直接因素。语言结构的变化不仅改变语言成分之间的关系，而且时常影响和促进词义的变化，属于语言内部原。

5、交流扩大是词义变化外来语因素。到2009年，付左羽认为词义的演变不仅有其社会、历史等原因，而且还跟语言本身的发展有关。语言间的借词现象、词语的简化以及语言中的类比现象也经常使词义发生演变。这些历史文化因素及语言本身的`原因是词义演变的外因，只能说明语言变化的必要性；其根本动因来源于认知主体认知思维的不断发展和变化。

认知主体的隐喻和转喻认知模式原型范畴理论和图形一背景理论揭示了词义演变的内在机制。王伟华（2010）从社会和语言方面研究，认为社会原因中，包括社会发展和词义变化，社会环境与词义变化，社会阶级与词义变化，民族种族情绪与词义变化，性别差异与词义变化。在语言方面，词义的变化跟语言本身的发展有关。词语的简化，也往往造成词义的演变，语言逐渐趋向简化是英语的一条发展规律。例如：English原义只是“英国的”，而“英语”原来是theEnglishlanguage，“英国人”原来是theEnglishpeople，渐渐都简化为English，于是English这个词的词义就扩大了。在这种情况下，往往还发生词性的变化，English这个词除可以用作形容词以外，还可以用作名词。

二、研究方向

近几年，人们逐渐发现引起词义发生变化的因素不仅仅是外因引起。付左羽（2009）词义演变之因固然可以从社会、历史、语言本身的因素进行解释，但这些只能说明变化的必要性，要揭示词义演变的内在机制和可能性，必须从人的认知的角度进行研究。隐喻与转喻认知模式、原型范畴理论和图形一背景理论是揭示词义演变动因的认知途径。王华伟（2010）在英语词汇长期发展过程中，词义演变可以从不同的方面来归类。每场战争都会出现一些风云人物，不少人会因为他们所扮演的不同角色进入词汇。词义的演变往往跟历史因素和社会发展有关。词义不仅在形成过程中与客观世界、社会实践有密切联系，而且与社会生活中的心理因素、价值观念、民族之间的感情都有关系。

综上所述，英语词义的变化是指词的基本形式不变，而引起词义发生了变化。引起词义变化的因素很复杂，难以一一列举，不过总的说来，现实和现象的变化、人们对现实和现象认识的发展、词义之间的相互影响都可以引起词义的发展变化。因为人类表达思想和交流思想的工具是在不断发展和变化的，在语言的诸多要素中，词汇中的词义变化最快、最显著，这不仅表现在新词的产生和原有词汇的消亡、借用外来词和原有词汇增添新义。就词义变化而言，在现代英语中，词义变化的根本原因是人类社会一直在不断发展变化，因而伴随着社会的进步，语言中的词义变化就顺其社会的变化而变化了，这是人类历史和人类文明发展的总趋势。

三、价值和意义

英语词义通常比较丰富，概念意义只是其中一种。很多人往往只重视词汇的概念意义，忽略其他含义。如果一个词只分配给它一个词义，而且这个词义需要涵盖在不同的上下文中的不同意思，那么，这个词所赋予的意义一定得是笼统和抽象的。这样，就会出现某单词的的某一个语境意义与概念意义相去甚远，甚至南辕北辙。比如“green”一词，本意为绿色的，但在短语“green power”（金钱的力量），其含义大不相同。因此，了解英语词义变化的因素，对我们探索生词的研究有深远的意义。并且，对词汇的掌握有所帮助。

小学英语词汇教学核心素养研究论文

摘要： 当今英语越来越受大家重视，对于英语教学对学生以及教师也有更高的要求。不仅仅要求学生对英语单词记忆理解，能够根据自然拼读的规则正确读出单词，还要培养学生的核心素养，培养学生的英语语言能力、思维能力等。在英语学习中的基础是英语词汇的记忆，自然拼读是一种重要的方法，有助于学生单词的记忆，从而培养学生学习英语的兴趣，促进小学英语的教学质量。本文对核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学的展开具体策略及意义进行了详细的阐述。

关键词： 核心素养；自然拼读；小学；英语词汇教学

自然拼读法是根据学生比较熟悉的汉语拼音的规律演化而成的，在不借助国际音标的条件下，学生根据单词的字母的组合就能准确读出单词，然后再进行拼写。是总结了26个字母的发音规律，学生熟悉掌握后看到单词就能够会读，听到单词就会快速准确地拼写出来。能够帮助学生学习英语单词的记忆和学生读单词时的发音，培养学生的核心素养。自然拼读法现在越来受广大师生的欢迎，能够帮助学生快速准确的记忆单词，提高学生自主学习的能力，帮助学生培养英语的听、说、读、写能力，提高学生的学习效率。并且还丰富了教师的教学方法，提高小学英语的教学质量，推动英语教育的发展，从而号召核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展。

一、核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展意义

(一)发挥汉语拼音的正迁移作用。由于各国的语言具有互通性，汉语拼音与英语的发音有很多相似的地方，可以根据汉语拼音来帮助学生对英语单词进行朗读记忆。对于小学生来说，在入学开始就进行汉语拼音的练习，能够让其熟悉掌握，在此基础上能够帮助学生记忆单词，在巩固汉语拼音的同时，还培养了学生的核心素养中的语言学习掌握的技巧。

(二)避免学习国际音标带来的干扰。虽然国际音标也有助于学生学习英语，但是国际音标必须要掌握48个音标，记忆量较大，对于小学生来说难度比较大，给学生带来负担。除此之外，它与学生已经掌握的知识联系不大，学习起来会花费学生大量时间。但是掌握自然拼读法就可以结合学生熟悉的知识，避免学习国际音标带来的干扰，减轻学生的负担。

(三)提高学生记忆单词的效率。核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的展开，改变了学生以往死记硬背的学习方法，使学生能够灵活的记忆英语词汇，锻炼学生英语的听、说、读、写能力，培养学生核心素养中的语言表达能力、学生的学习能力等。核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的展开有助于将学生词汇的读与写相结合、阅读与记忆相结合，从而提高小学英语的教学质量。

二、核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中开展的具体策略

(一)音形对应教学原理。英语教师在课上向学生传授自然拼读法时，首先要求学生结合汉语拼音的知识将44个因素之间的组合发音的一些规律以及规则都掌握，然后让学生结合简单的单词进行训练，开始能够读出单词，逐渐延展教学，帮助学生进行阅读理解。但是，在教学中教师应该注意适当的方法，根据小学生本身的特点可核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展张飞乐(陕西省西安市雁塔区翠华路小学曲江分校710061)以适当的采取一些趣味教学方法。例如，教师可以设置适当的、符合教学内容的情境教学，让学生进行英语对话，教师再仔细观察学生的理解能力。学生因为感兴趣而能够积极踊跃的参加到教学中，并且在轻松愉快的过程中了解并掌握词汇，还培养学生的核心素养中的语言表达能力、沟通能力、逻辑思维等能力，提高学生学习英语的信心，促进英语教学的有效开展。

(二)趣味性教学方法。兴趣是学习一切的动力，教师在教学中采取趣味性教学的方法，让学生积极踊跃的投身到自然拼读法的学习中去，在轻松愉悦中学习，能够达到事半功倍的效果。根据小学生贪玩的特点，教师可以将自然拼读法融入到学习中。教师可以采用动作记忆的'方法、唱儿歌的方法、配图讲故事等方法。例如，在学习“a”的发音时，教师可以带领学生一起做动作，夸张动作，张大嘴发出“a、a、a”等声音，让学生感兴趣，积极参加练习。又如，教师在教小学英语“What’syourname?”一课时，教师可以利用多媒体为学生播放歌曲《Hello》，活跃课堂的学习氛围，利用轻松越快的歌曲可以消除学生学习自然拼读法的枯燥，集中学生的记忆力，在这种氛围下，教师再引导学生用自然拼读法去学习课文，记忆课文中的词汇，提高学生的学习能力，从而提高小学英语的教学效率。

(三)通过音形的理解展开拼读、拼写教学。自然拼读法是根据小学生已经熟悉掌握的汉语拼音演化形成的，所以教师在教学中也可以利用这一特点，通过开展拼读、拼写教学，将单词字母、读音相结合进行教学。学生在学习过程中要学会举一反三，通过一个拼读法能够根据规律来学习其他词汇的读法，让学生告别死记硬背的词汇记忆方法。例如，教师在教学生“u”的发音时，教师可以将单词进行分类，给学生举例说明，举例：book、look、good等单词，让学生朗读体会“u”的发音，鼓励学生大声朗读，教师也要及时纠正学生的错误发音，提高学生的学习效率，减少学生的负担。教师可以结合游戏进行教学，帮助学生记忆，并且及时进行复习，延缓学生的遗忘时间。

三、总结

综上所述，在英语的学习过程中，记忆单词的方法非常重要，教师应该引导学生掌握自然拼读法，让学生掌握有效、高效的记忆方法。学生在学习过程中能够熟悉掌握词汇，最终让学生能够在学习中灵活运用词汇，在学习中教师再结合一定的练习，及时巩固记忆词汇，让学生养成运用自然拼读法见到单词会读，听到词汇会拼写的能力，从而培养学生核心素养中的英语沟通能力、交流能力等。自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展，可以有效提高英语教学质量，促进英语学习效率。

参考文献：

[1]杨赛泳.小学英语自然拼读中核心素养的培养[J].新课程(小学)，2017(10):92+94.

[2]石霞，刘美秀.自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用探究[J].中学生英语，2018(02):37.

[3]巩悦.巧用自然拼读，点燃英语学习热情——浅论自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用策略[J].课程教育研究，2018(11):128.

英语词汇研究的论文

英语词汇学毕业论文写一些创新的题目，我就写的网络词汇。当时也不懂，导师逼得紧，还是学姐介绍的莫文网，效率很高的说英语词汇教学中母语翻译的作用多模态理论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用初中英语词汇教学现状调查研究——以济南市三所初中为例小学英语词汇情境教学模式研究语块理论指导下的高中英语词汇教学实验研究我国英语词汇学的溯源辨流词块法在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究初中英语词汇教学中的文化迁移概念隐喻在高中英语词汇教学中的运用记忆技巧在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究——以郑州一中为例英语词汇教学的认知语境研究词块理论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究直接拼读法在小学英语词汇教学中的应用研究基于图式理论的高中英语词汇教学的实证研究模因论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用概念隐喻理论与初中英语词汇教学研究——以漳州三中九年级英语词汇教学为例任务型教学模式视域下农村高中男生英语词汇量扩大研究初中英语词汇学习中的母语负迁移现象探究文学名著阅读在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究初中英语词汇概念加工的具身特征与教学启示多模态教学对英语词汇习得效果的实证研究英语词汇教学“石化”消解研究——基于兰盖克语法理论的分析认知语法理论指导下的高中英语词汇教学研究高中英语词汇教学中的问题及对策研究基于频率作用的大学英语词汇教学模式研究

姐姐支个招儿呗。。。

论xx词根起源之历史

一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强，published in 1999， Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋，published in 2002， A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛，published in 1997， The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋，published in 1987， An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is make an important part on English live in a world of provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of .① Take using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising are the most important part of is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling can be used to “touch”the consumer's this way,they will have impules to buy the .① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. .① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. .① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of finest is about a well-known red pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.