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英语语义学论文200字

发布时间:2024-07-07 19:31:26

英语语义学论文200字

语义学在大学英语英语词汇教学的运用 摘要: 词汇教学是英语教学的根基。大学英语学习已经进入高级阶段,传统的英语词汇教法很多时候已经无法解决学生在词汇学习中常出现的问题。本文结合语义学原理和教学实践,重点探究了语义学中并置理论、结构语义学、框架语义学、语义成分分析、格语法在大学英语词汇教学的运用,旨在提高大学英语词汇教学质量。 关键词: 语义学大学英语词汇教学运用语义学词汇教学质量 一、问题的提出 随着素质教育的开展和新课程改革的实施,我国大学英语教学有了新的突破,教学重点开始转向提高学生的英语应用能力,而词汇问题成为能否提高学生的英语应用能力的关键。传统的英语词汇教法仅仅要求学生识记单词的发音、拼写、汉语意思,这就导致学生学习的单词是孤立的,从而出现学生无法辨别近义词、词语搭配不当、英语“汉化”等现象。如何让学生正确快速地学会词汇,是每个大学英语教师应该关注的话题。本文针对学生在词汇学习中常出现的问题,结合笔者的教学经验和语义学理论,归纳出以下教学方法,旨在激发学生兴趣,提高大学英语词汇教学质量。 二、语义学在大学英语词汇教学的运用 (一)并置理论 并置理论是研究英语中某些词与另一些词之间的一种相关的关系。如mother(母亲)这个词在语言的应用中经常与nail varnish(指甲油),son(儿子),father(爸爸)等词一起使用,而很少和shave(刮胡子)连用。由此可见,并置理论不是指词汇的含义,而是指词与词之间的搭配关系。这种搭配关系是人们在长期使用语言的过程中的习惯用法。 然而目前大学生在学习英语中普遍出现词语搭配不当的问题,学生只记住了英语词汇的汉语意思,而不了解词语的习惯用法和潜在含义。例如:grow children(应为rear children)。此外学生由于受汉语思维干扰,往往按照汉语的习惯来进行词语搭配。如:I very like to play football.(应为I like to play football very much.) 因此,在大学英语词汇教学过程中,英语教师可以利用并置理论指导学生学习词语的合理搭配。在指导过程中,教师应向学生明确指出,词语的结伴关系具有可能性和限制性,词语的合理搭配会受很多因素制约。比如有时受语法决定,有时受词的语义特征制约,有时约定俗成,等等。这些需要教师根据具体情况具体教学。另外,教师还需要向学生特别指出词语的破格搭配。一些词语在一般情况下没有结伴关系,但在特殊情况下可以搭配。例如:lash the waves(白费力气)。除此之外,在习语中、文学作品中及新词语中常出现破格搭配,因此,学生需要注意平时积累。 (二)结构语义学 结构语义学主要研究“含蓄的”语义关系(Implicational Relations),这种理论更关注某些词或词组与另一些词或词组之间的“语义关系”,而不是像传统语义学那样只是孤立地研究词汇的语义现象,而忽略词汇之间的语义关系。含蓄的语义关系主要分为:下义关系(Hyponymy)、反义关系(Antonym)和相对关系(Relativeness)。 下义关系又叫语意内包,指个别概念的词内包。如上义词flower(花),下义词tulip(郁金香),violet(紫罗兰),rose(玫瑰)等。上义词是指同类概括词,下义词是相对具体的词。tulip,violet,rose在语义关系上是同类关系词。在大学英语词汇教学过程中,教师利用同类关系词理念可以帮助学生归纳整理同类单词,扩大词汇量;帮助学生利用同类概括词,使行文简练。通过对词汇下义关系的分析也可以避免学生词义混乱,锻炼学生的逻辑思维能力。 反义关系主要指:①词义矛盾或对立的词,例如male—female;dead—alive。②词义相反的词,例如:young—old;cold—hot。前者在语义上互相矛盾,不能同时并存,后者在语义上并不矛盾,它们表示性质相同、但程度不同的词。比如young—middle-young—old。在英语词汇教学中,引入反义关系可以帮助学生更清晰地理解单词涵义。平时在讲解单词时,教师普遍使用近义词进行解释,其实有些单词用近义词解释并不容易解释清楚,利用反义词进行解释,学生会更容易理解。例如,rude的反义词是polite(rude是新单词,学生不知道涵义,引导学生polite是rude的反义词,学生就很快明白新单词的基本意思了)。通过引导学生分清词义矛盾或对立的词、词义相反的词,教师可以帮助他们选用恰当的词语进行英语表达。另外,也可以利用反义词进行修饰文章,避免文章呆板。 相对关系又叫converses,存在于既相互对立又相互依存的一对对词之间。例如:husband—wife;above—below,两者是对立统一关系,语义学称此为“强相对关系”。还有一种相对关系存在于三个词之间,称之为“弱相对关系”。学生学习相对关系可以扩大词汇量,灵活运用词汇和句型。 因此,结构语义学的理论应用在大学英语词汇教学中,可以帮助学生准确理解和合理利用含蓄词汇,从而提高英语的表达和运用能力。 (三)框架语义学 框架语义学是一种独特的语义学理念,它属于认知语言学的一支。它能为英语词汇的教学提供一种全新的方法。词汇是大学生学习英语的一只拦路虎,尽管教师和学生花大量的精力学习词汇上,但结果往往并不理想。如何解决这一难题,框架语义学为我们提供了新的思路。简言之,框架语义学立足于人的认知,从不同的视角,将英语动词分类并放入相对应的框架中,然后针对每一个相对应的框架,将相近的名词根据其熟悉程度进行分类,进行分层次教学。至于其他词性也可参照名词和动词的做法进行学习。例如学习money这一单词,可以设置买卖交易框架,根据不同视角(sell,spend,buy等)归纳成买家和卖家两类,每个框架设有不同元素,可以将要学的单词纳入框架,根据熟悉程度进行系统性的有条理的学习。 (四)语义成分分析 在英语教学过程中,学生会因为辨别不清近义词词义而出现错误搭配。如何帮助学生识别近义词从而进行正确搭配?对于这个问题,教师可以在课堂中引入语义成分分析理论进行解决。利用语义成分分析理论研究语言学已经有很长一段历史了,它主要研究Conceptual-lexical Relations(概念上的词汇—语义关系),观点是任何词的“意义”都可以分解为某些不同的“语义成分”,这些“语义成分”又可以加以系统地分类。我们可以利用此理论来解释词语,例如:bachelor——[Human]+[Male]+[Unmarried]。这一理论也有利于帮助学生比较清楚地认识同义词之间的差别及搭配,从而做到在不同的语境中能正确而熟练地运用词汇。另外,语义成分分析法还有助于提高学生的翻译能力。在进行英汉对译的时候,“选词”不是随意的,而是要受语义成分限制的。准确得当的翻译应建立在认识词汇的正确涵义上。在目前的英语词汇教学上,如何使学生正确地掌握词汇是每一个英语教师所苦恼的,语义成分分析法为英语教师提供了一种方法,它可以帮助学生准确牢固地掌握单词,对于词汇教学有一定的意义,从而在一定程度上解决了教师的难题。 (五)格语法格语法是一种比较严谨、别出心裁的语义学理论。这种理论是1968年著名美国语言学家菲尔莫尔首先提出的,他概括出一个新的结论:每一种语言都有表深层结构的“语义格”(Semantic Case),每个语义格都与某个介词相联系。如Agent格与介词by相联系;Object格与介词with相联系;Instrument格与介词with相联系。菲尔莫尔还认为,从深层结构的角度来看,所有的noun phrases都是介词短语,不但可以在句子中移换位置,甚至可以省略。动词是英语句子中一个重要成分,菲尔莫尔认为在深层结构中,动词总是和某些语义格连用的,因此他主张对动词采取深层格框的方式来处理。这对语义研究有着重要的意义,我们可以通过这个方式把不同的动词加以分类。此外他还提出了三条检验规则来确定各个语义格在句子中的相互关系,探讨语义格在句子中的地位。在菲尔莫尔理论提出后,一些语义学家对此理论进行了不断的深入研究和完善。在英语词汇教学中,教师引入关于语义格与深层格框的理论,有助于学生从语义的角度去分析英语句法,正确应用某些动词。例如:hit——[+—AO(I)];enjoy——[+—EO],从中可以看出某一类动词与某些语义格的关系在深层格框中被明确地表示出来。如果学生掌握了动词的深层格框,就能学会动词的正确用法和句型。 三、结语有效的大学词汇教学离不开正确的语言学理论去指导,利用语义学相关理念进行词汇教学,可以更好地引导学生高效地学习词汇。以上笔者探讨了五种当代语义学理论在英语词汇教学中的应用。其实语义学在大学英语词汇教学中的作用不止这些,这仍需要英语教师在实际学习与工作中不断地探究,以提高我国英语教学水平。 [2]杜宇,李晶,结构语义学与英语词汇教学[J].中国科教创新导刊,2007,(476). [3]刘英莲.谈英语语用学与语义学的应用[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版),2004,VOL 6,(3). [4]钱德明,周庆芳.框架语义学对英语词汇的教与学的启示[J].苏州教育学院学报,2005,VOL 22,(2). [5]山东省大学英语教学研究论文集[M].石油大学出版社,1995.

How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third EditionTo be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc.... and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc.......... It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.

摘要:香农于1948年10月宣布于《贝尔零碎技术学报》上的论文《A Mathematical Theory of Communication》(通讯的数学实际)作为古代信息论研讨的末尾。1984年贝尔研讨所的香农在题为《通讯的数学实际》的论文中零碎地提出了关于信息的阐述,创建了信息论。信息论次要研讨信息的实质和度量办法。它是零碎论和控制论的实际根底,也是信息迷信的实际根底。关键字:信息概念,熵,美国数学家香农参考书目:1。《信息论》 南丰公益书院;2.《平安迷信技术百科全书》(中国休息社会保证出版社,2003年6月出版);3.《平安工程大辞典》(化学工业出版社,1995年11月出版)(平安文明网);4.局部材料摘取自互联网。(一)信息的外延1948—1949年,美国数学家香农()宣布了《通讯的数学实际》和《在噪声中的通讯》两篇论文,提出了度量信息的数学公式,标志着信息论这门学科的降生。信息论次要研讨信息的实质和度量办法。它是零碎论和控制论的实际根底,也是信息迷信的实际根底。它是关于事物运动形态的规律的表征,其特点是: (1)信息源于物质运动,又不是物质和运动;(2)信息具有知识的秉性,是任何一个零碎的组织水平和有序水平的标志;(3)只要变化着的事物和运动着的客体才会有信息,孤立运动的客体或永不改动的事物不会有信息;(4)信息不恪守物质和能量的“守恒与转化定律”, 异样的信息,大家可以共同运用,信息不会增加,相反的信息,可以用不同物质载体停止传达,同一种物质,也可以携带不同的信息,信息不会变化。信息论是一门研讨信息传输和信息处置零碎中普通规律的学科。香农在他的《通讯的数学实际》中明白提出:“通讯的根本成绩是在通讯的一端准确地或近似地复现另一端所挑选的音讯。”信息是“人们在选择一条音讯时选择的自在度的量度”。音讯所带的信息可以解释为负熵,即概率的负对数。威沃尔指出,‘信息’一词在此实际中只在一种专门的意义上加以运用,我们一定不要把它和其通常用法混杂起来”。也就是说,这里的信息不是我们通常运用的概念(各种音讯、情报和材料的总称),而是一个变量,它表示信息量的大小。而信息量则是某种不确定性趋向确定的一种量度,音讯的能够性越大,信息就越少。假如一个零碎是有序的,它不具有很高的混乱度或选择度,其信息(或熵)是低的。信息论是一门用数理统计办法来研讨信息的度量、传递和变换规律的迷信。它次要是研讨通讯和控制零碎中普遍存在着信息传递的共同规律以及研讨最佳处理信息的获限、度量、变换、贮存和传递等成绩的根底实际。 信息论的研讨范围极为宽广。普通把信息论分红三种不同类型: (1)广义信息论是一门使用数理统计办法来研讨信息处置和信息传递的迷信。它研讨存在于通讯和控制零碎中普遍存在着的信息传递的共同规律,以及如何进步各信息传输零碎的无效性和牢靠性的一门通讯实际。 (2)普通信息论次要是研讨通讯成绩,但还包括噪声实际、信号滤波与预测、调制与信息处置等成绩。(3)狭义信息论不只包括广义信息论和普通信息论的成绩,而且还包括一切与信息有关的范畴,如心思学、言语学、神经心思学、语义学等。信息有以下性质:客观性、普遍性、完好性、专注性。首先,信息是客观存在的,它不是由意志所决议的,但它与人类思想有着必定联络。同时,信息又是普遍存在的,四维空间被少量信息子所充满。信息的一个重要性质是完好性,每个信息子不能决议任何事情,须有两个或两个以上的信息子规则排布为完好的信息,其释放的能量才足以使确定事情发作。信息还有专注性,每个信息决议一个确定事情,但类似事情的信息也有类似之处,其缘由的解释需求信息子品种与排布密码实际的进一步发现。信息论是一门具有高度概括性、综合性,使用普遍的边缘学科。信息论是信息迷信的实际根底,它是一门使用数理统计办法研讨信息传输和信息处置的迷信,是应用数学办法来研讨信息的计量、传递、交流和贮存的迷信。随着迷信技术的开展,信息论研讨范围远远超出了通讯及相似的学科,已延伸到生物学、生理学、人类学、物理学、化学、电子学、言语学、经济学和管理学等学科。(二)信息论开展历史香农被称为是“信息论之父”。人们通常将香农于1948年10月宣布于《贝尔零碎技术学报》上的论文《A Mathematical Theory of Communication》(通讯的数学实际)作为古代信息论研讨的末尾。1984年贝尔研讨所的香农在题为《通讯的数学实际》的论文中零碎地提出了关于信息的阐述,创建了信息论。维纳提出的关于度量信息量的数学公式开拓了信息论的普遍使用前景。1951年美国无线电工程学会供认信息论这门学科,尔后失掉迅速开展。20世纪50年代是信息论向各门学科冲击的时期,60年代信息论不是严重的创新时期,而是一个消化、了解的时期,是在已有的根底上停止严重建立的时期。研讨重点是信息和信源编码成绩。到70年代,由于数字计算机的普遍使用,通讯零碎的才能也有很大进步,如何更无效天时用和处置信息,成为日益迫切的成绩。人们越来越看法到信息的重要性,看法到信息可以作为与资料和动力一样的资源而加以充沛应用和共享。信息的概念和办法已普遍浸透到各个迷信范畴,它迫切门槛打破香农信息论的狭窄范围,以便使它能成为人类各种活动中所碰到的信息成绩的根底实际,从而推进其他许多新兴学科进一步开展。目前,人们已把新近树立的有关信息的规律与实际普遍使用于物理学、化学、生物学等学科中去。一门研讨信息的发生、获取、变换、传输、存储、处置、显示、辨认和应用的信息迷信正在构成。香农把“熵”这个概念引入信息的度量。1965年法国物理学家克劳修斯初次提出这一概念,后来这一概念由19世纪奥天时物理学家L.玻尔茨曼正式提出。信息论和控制论又赋予了“熵”更新更宽的含义。 熵是一个零碎的不确定性或无序的水平,零碎的紊乱水平越高,熵就越大;反之,零碎越有序,熵就越小。控制论开创人维纳曾说:“一个零碎的熵就是它的无组织水平的度量。”熵这个概念与信息联络在一同后,取得这样的思绪:信息的取得永远意味着熵的增加,要使紊乱的零碎(熵大的零碎)有序化(增加熵)就需求有信息,当一个零碎取得信息后,无序形态增加或消弭(熵增加);而假如信息丧失了,则零碎的紊乱水平添加。一个零碎有序水平越高,则熵就越小,所含信息量就越大,反之无序水平越高,则熵越大,信息量就越小,信息与熵是互补的,信息就是负熵,两者互为负值。 信息量=零碎形态原有的熵-零碎形态确定后的熵 电讯零碎不存在功用性要素,即人的客观能动要素,因而不能照搬,但对计算社会信息的量,仍有参考价值。如研讨旧事的信息量时就十分有意义。一则旧事讯息中所含信息量的大小是不确定水平的大小决议的,可以最大限制地消弭人们对旧事事情看法上的不确定性的讯息,信息量就大,而不能增加受众对旧事事情的看法的不确定的,信息量就小,这与讯息的长度、字数和篇幅有关,不是版面大小、字数多寡、“本报讯”多少就能阐明信息的大小的。信息迷信是人们在对信息的看法与应用不时扩展的进程中,在信息论、电子学、计算机迷信、人工智能、零碎工程学、自动化技术等多学科根底上开展起来的一门边缘性新学科。它的义务次要是研讨信息的性质,研讨机器、生物和人类关于各种信息的获取、变换、传输、处置、应用和控制的普通规律,设计和研制各种信息机器和控制设备,完成操作自动化,以便尽能够地把人脑从自然力的约束下束缚出来,进步人类看法世界和改造世界的才能。信息迷信在平安成绩的研讨中也有着重要使用。1949年,香农和韦弗提出了有关传达的数学形式。 信源—>音讯—>编码—>信号—>信道—>信号+噪声—>译码—>音讯—>信宿 噪声—>信道 对上图的概念解释如下: 信源:信源就是信息的来源,可以是人、机器、自然界的物体等等。信源收回信息的时分,普通以某种讯息的方式表现出来,可以是符号,如文字、言语等,也可以是信号,如图像、声响等等。 编码:编码就是把信息变换成讯息的进程,这是按一定的符号、信号规则停止的。按规则将信息的意义用符码编排起来的进程就是编码进程,这种编码通常被以为是编码的第一局部。编码的第二局部则是针对传达的信道,把编制好的符码又变换成适于信道中传输的信号序列,以便于在信道中传递,如声响信号、电信号、光信号等等。如信息源发生的原始讯息是一篇文章,用电报传递的时分,就要经过编码,转换成电报密码的信号,然后才干经过信道传达。 信道:就是信息传递的通道,是将信号停止传输、存储和处置的媒介。信道的关键成绩是它的容量大小,门槛以最大的速率传送最大的信息量。 乐音:是指信息传递中的搅扰,将对信息的发送与承受发生影响,使两者的信息意义发作改动。 译码:是对信息停止与编码进程相反的变换进程,就是把信号转换为讯息,如文字、言语等,这是第一步。第二步译码则是指将讯息复原为信息意义的进程。 信宿:是信息的承受者,可以是人也可以是机器,如收音机、电视机等。作为办法论,香农的这一信息零碎形式可以被适用于许多零碎,如通讯零碎、管理零碎、社会零碎等。传达学学者对这一形式停止改造之后,成为表述人类信息传达的根本形式之一,成为传达学范畴最根本的研讨范式,而信源、编码、译码、信宿等概念也成为传达学研讨的根本概念。 香农的信息论为传达学范畴提供了根本的范式,它使以前模糊的信息概念变得在数学上可以操纵。香农的信息论与维纳的控制论是互相影响的,维纳也是最早看法信息论价值的学者,并与香农共同创造了有关信息的熵度量规律。

英语论文范文200字

英语作文写作是英语学习的重要内容,也是英语学习的最终目标。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文范文,希望对你有帮助!

高中英语作文议论文范文篇1

Encouraging Buying Cars Isn’t Fit For Today

目前不适合鼓励买车

Nowadays, we can often hear the discussion whether buying cars should be encouraged. Some people suggest that we should buy cars. But others claim that driving cars is not a wise idea. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the latter opinion.

To begin with, there are few parking lots, so the streets are made narrower by the cars parked along the roads. For example, my father could not find any place to park when we went to the supermarket.

Moreover, many drivers do not obey regulations, because people do not pay enough attention to the rule of traffic. For instance, I often see people cross the road when the traffic lights are still red.

Last but not least, the growth of new roads’construction is usually slower than the increasing number of cars. For example, the length of the road has gone up by 20% in 2002. However, the number of cars increased by 50% in the meantime.

From what have been discussed above, we could draw a conclusion that encouraging buying cars is not fit for today.

as far as I am concerned 就我看

in favor of 赞成

to begin with 首先

for example =for instance 例如

moreover 并且

last but not least 其次

in the meantime 同时draw a conclusion 得出结论

高中英语作文议论文范文篇2

The Good and Bad Sides of Setting off Firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

Dear Editor,

I’m writing to tell you about our discussion we had on the afternoon of last Wednesday about the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers during the Spring Festival. 20 boy and 20 girl students attended the discussion. As a result, 40% of them believe that setting off firecrackers certainly adds pleasure and joy to the festival, therefore, it is a wonderful tradition. But another 40% of the students think that setting off firecrackers causes air and noise pollution, and what’s worse, it sometimes causes terrible accidents to us and to our property. The other 20% have never thought about it or don’t care a bit.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers

燃放鞭炮的利与弊

as a result 结果

It is a wonderful tradition. 它是一个优良传统。

what’s worse 更糟的是

think about 想起,想到

高中英语作文议论文范文篇3

Disability

残疾

There are too many disabled people in the world. They have no differences from country to country. Some of them were disabled when they were born, the others were injured or hurt in all kinds of accidents, which made them disabled. Almost all of us feel sorry for them. We commiserate with them because they are another kind of people. But some disabled people refuse others’commiseration. They think they can do everything by themselves. They don’t consider themselves as people who have defects. They think they are the same as normal people.

In fact, a great number of people with disabilities should be taken care of by others. They get help from the government or some beneficent organizations in society. But that’s not enough. They must look after themselves on their own. When a baby with disabilities is born, it should be taught to learn some particular skills to live. Or else, it would fail in the future. So one with disabilities must have abundant confidence to fit the hard life without others’help.

too many disabled people 太多残疾人

commiserate with them 同情他们

consider themselves as 把自己当作……

the same as 和……同样

taken care of 照看,照顾

look after themselves on their own 自己照顾自己

or else 否则in the future 将来

英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能,恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场,开启话题,可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!

英语议论文范文篇1

My opinion on copying others' homework

It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.

In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.

英语议论文范文篇2

Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.

If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.

英语议论文范文篇3

In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.

They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.

So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.

翻译

在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼,在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然,作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行,有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。

他们抄袭他人作品,不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少,现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格,而且污染学术风气,它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延,破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是,这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。

英语语言学语义学论文

随着对 英语 文化 学习的不断深入,随着英语重要地位的不断确立,英语语言学的研究工作也越来越深入。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言学论文 范文 参考的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇1 浅探英语语言学中的幽默话语 幽默是指在人类交际的过程中,能够引人发笑的话语、动作和表情等,其内容丰富多彩,表现形式多种多样,比例幽默话语、幽默动作、幽默音乐等等。因为人们的交际活动多依赖于语言,所以幽默也多来源于话语当中。 一、英语语言学中的幽默话语 在繁忙的生活中,幽默是一剂强力润滑剂。幽默话语是借助于语言手段来表述幽默的。它是以语言为媒介,根据特定的情境下,以轻松诙谐的语调,机智、风趣、戏谑的话语风格,通过讽刺、夸张、映射、双关等手法,来表达话语者自己的思想和观点,并使受话者不知不觉地接受,达到“随风潜入夜,润物细无声”的效果和境界。幽默话语往往带有一些意味深长的色彩,对揭露生活中的丑恶或不公平现象,还可以起到发人深省的作用。而对于受话者来说,要把话语和当时具体的语境线索结合起来,利用自己既有的语言知识和社会认知,去发现说话者的言外之意和要表达的真实意图,才能真正的理解幽默,并从中获得愉悦。 例如,“Mr Zhou have a sharp tongue,look out,it doesn’t cut your throat.”这句话看起来是像是在说舌头,但是,我们把这句话放到语境中,就可以想到,这里的“a sharp tongue”并不是什么锋利的舌头,而是牙尖嘴利、毒舌的意思,是发话者幽默、含蓄、间接的表达方式。 二、幽默话语与合作原则 (一)合作原则 胡范畴认为,所谓幽默话语是语言的各要素通过变异和创造而出来的。而美国语言哲学家Grice则认为,幽默话语的作用是为了确保交际活动顺利进行。Grice认为,在人们运用语言进行交际时,交际的双方(发话者和受话者)还要遵守一些先决条件和原则,例如使用双方都能熟练运用的语言、交谈内容是双方都熟悉的话题,还有最重要的合作原则(cooperative principle,CP)。合作原则包括四个范畴,即数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则。在合作原则下,要求发话者和受话者者要端正态度,在谈话中做到“一唱一和”,避免造成“鸡同鸭讲”“话不投机半句多”的情况。 (二)合作原则与幽默话语的关系 如果说要遵循“数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则”的合作原则是一位西装革履、步态稳健的中年人,那么幽默话语就是一位穿着休闲时尚、语态随意轻松的新新人类。合作原则与幽默话语的结合,就是传统沉稳美与时尚活力没的结合,在这种结合中,传统的合作原则难免要接受新的挑战,甚至在一定程度上被打破。以下,本文以数量准则和质量准则为例,对合作原则与幽默话语进行举例分析。 (1)幽默话语与数量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者和听话者之间交谈的内容要包含适当的信息量。但是在实际的语言环境中,我们常常需要打破这一数量原则,来起到幽默话语的喜剧效果。例如: Jack:I saw Mr Green having lunch with a woman the day before yesterday. Eason:Oh my god!Is she beautiful? Jack:Yes,she is not only beautiful,but also young. Eason:Dose Mrs Green know about it? Jack:Of was the young and beautiful woman. 在这段对话中,Eason理解的和Mr Green共进午餐的年轻貌美的女人应该是除了Mrs Green以外的其他女人,同时也不是Mr Green家里的其他女性亲戚。而Jack如果不想引起误会的话,应该直接说他前天看到Mr Green和Mrs Green共进午餐,但是为了引起Eason的好奇心,促使他进一步追问,就在第一句话中只说看到Mr Green与一位女性共进午餐,这虽然是违反了数量准则的,但也就此产生体现了幽默话语的有趣、逗乐原则。而Eason心理期待与实际情况之间的落差导致其认知的突然重构,给交谈双方带来乐趣,达到愉悦和反讽的效果。 (2)幽默话语与质量准则 合作原则之质量准则要求说话者不说自知是虚假的话,不说无稽之谈,但是在幽默话语中,说话者经常会采用诸如反语、夸张的休息手法。这样虽然会打破“质量准则”,但是带来的幽默效果也是非常显著的。在上世纪90年代即被引入中国并风靡十几年的美国NBC情景剧《老友记》中就存在很多这样的例子。例如: Phoebe:You do not want to wine the lottery? Rose:Uh surely I do,and I want to be the king of my own country. 通过思考并分析这段对话,我们得出Phoebe问Rose,你是否对有意买彩票,有没有兴趣去试一下自己的运气,通过片中的特点情景和人物关系,我们可以看出Rose对彩票不感兴趣,但是她没有直接了当的说“没兴趣”,而是采用了幽默话语说“想啊,我当然想,我还想当国家元首呢。”因为一个平民是几乎没有可能成为国家元首的,所以Rose的话语是违背了质量准则的。但是,这种“有意违背”和“夸大其词”正是这段对话的笑点所在。 三、幽默话语与指称语 指称语(indexicals)就是具有指称功能的语言结构形式,是日常生活中常见的语言现象。是发话人与受话人,在共同的知识环境、语言环境下,可以彼此理解的,映射出话语的,潜在的指称义和指称关系。当指称语所指示的信息不明确或者出现谬误,发话人的意思就是变得令人费解,幽默话语很可能就此产生。同时,指称语还受到人文背景、社会文化、交际距离、环境等多种因素的影响。指称语可以分为人称指称语、时间指称语、地点指称语等等,其中以人称指称语最为常见。我本文就以人称指称语为例,幽默话语和指称语之间的关系。 人称指称语可以分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,是对话参与者角色关系的客观体现。第一人称是发话人、第二人称是受话人、第三人称是话语谈及的对象。在话语中,如果这种规则被打破,就会出现人称指称语不相对应的现象,可能会起到幽默效果。例如: Jim was down the local pub with his mate Mark. Jim:Do you know,Mark,I never kissed my wife before we were about you?” Mark:I don’t know,What was her maiden name?” 这段对话是Jim与Mark之间的酒后之言。Jim的提问,真正的意思是“Have you ever kissed your wife before you were married?” 在指称语中,第二人称是针对受话人而言的,谈及的是隐私或伤痛,所以受话人Mark就采用了幽默话语来回避问题,轻描淡写地将这一问题带过去了,其机智幽默值得我们参照和学习。 四、关联理论与幽默话语 从关联理论的角度来看,受话者会故意曲解发话者的意图,到处与发话者截然相反的信息,产生意外的幽默效果。例如: Teacher:Tom,there were three peaches,ate one,how many would you have? Tom:Three,tow outside and one inside. Tom作为孩子,其对事物的思考方式不同于成人,因为无法认清老师出题的意图,而给出出人意料的答案,起到了幽默的效果。 结语: 从上述讨论中,我们可以看出,在不同语境中,人们会对对话意义、指称语、 语言意义等的理解产生偏差或者错位。幽默话语具有深层次的、含蓄的、深沉的、巧妙的作用,避免交际中的尴尬或难堪,增强语言表达的效果,可以起到愉悦交流、点缀生活的作用。 关于英语语言学论文范文参考篇2 浅谈从建构主义角度探析英语语言学教学 21 世纪 教育 的基点是终身学习,是不断提出问题、解决问题的学习,是敢于打破狭隘的专业界限面向真实复杂任务的学习。在英语课程学习过程中,学生普遍认为英语语言学这门课更加的枯燥,无味和吃力。英语语言学课程涉及面广、内容多、概念多、理论多,理论性和实践性都很强;同时英语语言学课时少,而语言学的发展引起的教学内容不断扩充,暴露出和教学时数有限之间日益严重的矛盾。因而继续沿用传统的教学理念和教学模式进行教学已经不能适应新形势下的教学过程,必须用一种更好的教学方式,使学生和老师尽快适应新形势的要求。 随着建构主义学习理论的出现,提出了建构主义的教学设计。建构主义强调情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素,倡导以“学”为中心的理念。将建构主义的教学理论引入到英语语言学教学过程中,进行了许多有益的尝试,取得了显著的效果。 1 建构主义的四大要素 在 学习 方法 上建构主义提倡的是教师指导下的以学生为主体的学习,在学习环境上要求是开放的、充满意义解释和建构性的,理想的学习环境主要有情境、协作、会话和意义建构四大要素构成。 “情境”:学习环境中的情境必须有利于学习者对所学内容的意义建构。这就意味着在建构主义学习环境下,要把为学生创设建构意义的情境问题看作是教学设计的主要内容之一。“在课堂教学中播放有助于理解教学内容的录像、录音、参与 社会实践 、向学生提供网络的丰富的学习资源等等,凡是有助于学习者理解掌握学习内容的情境,都属于情境创设的范畴。” “协作”:协作发生在学习过程的始终。协作在一定意义上是协商的意思。协商主要有自我协商和相互协商。 “会话”:会话是协作过程中的不可缺少环节。学习小组成员之间通过会话来商讨如何完成规定的学习任务达到意义建构的目标,怎样更多地获得教师或他人的指导和帮助等等,推进学习进程。在会话的过程中,每个学习者的思维成果(智慧)为整个学习群体所共享 ,因此会话是达到意义建构的重要手段之一。 “意义建构”:这是整个学习过程的最终目标。在学习过程中帮助学生建构意义就要帮助学生对当前学习的内容所反映事物的性质、规律以及该事物与其他事物之间的内在联系达到较深刻的理解。 2 建构主义环境下对英语语言学教学启示 强调以学为中心的设计 在建构主义学习环境下,师生的地位、作用与传统的教学发生了很大的变化。学生由知识的被动接受者转变为信息加工的主体、知识意义的主动建构者。教师也不再是知识的灌输者,而是教学环境的设计者、学生学习的组织者和指导者、知识的管理者,是学生的学术顾问。因此,教师要从前台退到幕后,从“演员”转变为“导演”。在建构主义的语言学教学中,学习环境中要充分发挥学生的主动性,教师要为学生创设尽可能真实的情境去应用他们所学的知识。具体来说,英语英语语言学课程教学应该激发教学主体的主动性和积极性,强调教学任务的适合性和针对性,注重教学环境的互动性和趣味性。 强调学习环境的设计 建构主义教学设计的重心便是学习环境的设计。这里的学习环境是一个支持和促进学习者自主探索、自主学习的场所。学习环境的设计应围绕支持学习者开展有意义的学习来创设支持条件。它主要包括基于问题的学习环境的设计、合作学习环境的设计、真实情境的设计等。建构主义学习环境的设计的宗旨是通过支持学习者的有意义学习,促进学习者的发展。 例如,在讲授语言的任意性时,不少学生对于语言中音和义之间没有必然的联系这一属性存在疑惑,原因是在语言中的确存在一些音和义有一定联系的语言现象,如拟声词,对于这种问题,教师可以在深入讲解之前,给学生布置一些任务,让他们课前收集英语中的拟声词,并让其与汉语中对应的拟声词相比较,然后以 报告 的形式在课上做出来,教师则在这一过程中起着引导、监督、组织的作用,在学生做完报告后,教师做出归纳 总结 。 教学任务的适合性和针对性 语言教学中任务的设置必须以学生的实际情况为前提,任务太困难或太容易都不利于学生主动建构知识。在选择英语语言学课程教学内容时,应适当减少课堂教学内容的广度和深度。所选课堂教学内容如下:语言、语言学、语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学、二语习得、语言与文化。明确学习任务,选择训练方式,使学生有足够的机会进行练习。教师应懂得如何控制自己的情绪,并通过积极的语言来激励学生。应及时地对正确回答问题,出色完成学习任务的学生进行表扬。如:Well done!Very good!Good job! Excel lent!这些词语看似简单,却能给学生以信心和动力。同时,对学生的缺点和不足要多指导,少批评少责备。 3 建构主义的教学评价 建构主义评价观具有几个方面的特征。首先,诊断性和 反思 性是建构主义学习评价的重要组成部分。这就意味着,学习者必须从事自我监控、自我测试、自我检查等活动,以诊断和判断他们在学习中所追求的是否是自己设置的目标。其次,建构主义评价观认为评价是评价者和被评价者“协商”进行的共同心理建构过程,评价受“多元主义”价值观所支配。因此,建构主义注重评价主体的多元化和评价方式的多样化。再次,建构主义认为,评价是学习者活动过程中的一个必然组成部分,而不是教学后的评价,它是一个持续性和实时性的镶嵌过程。因此,建构主义强调过程性评价,倡导“质性”的方法。所谓过程性评价是在某项教学活动的过程中,为使活动效果更好而不断进行的评价,它能及时了解阶段教学的结果和学生学习的进展情况、存在问题等,以便及时反馈,及时调整和改进教学工作。可见,建构主义评价观提倡以学为中心的理念,更加关注学生的发展。 4 结束语 建构主义教学观为课堂教学提供了新模式,为习惯于被动式接受的学生阐释了学习的新理念,从而为英语语言学课堂的教与学带来了新的启示和体验。在英语语言学课堂教学中教授学习策略,引导学生自主学习及改进 教学方法 。这些方面有助于学生建构知识,形成能力。 参考文献 [1]陈莉.社会建构主义与外语教学[J].外语论坛, 2003(1). [2]胡壮麟.对中国英语教育的若干思考[J].外语研究, 2002(3). [3]盛群力、__强.现代教学设计论[M].浙江教育出版社,2000

转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, . Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.

论文评语200字

评价学术论文首先要看题目的选择,再者摘要一定要清晰,尽量简洁,一般不超过500字(最多)。200字左右为佳。再次看关键词,一般3-5个,要紧扣题目和文章中心内容。再次看文章内容

论文选题符合专业培养目标,能够达到综合训练目标,题目有一定难度,工作量较大。选题具有学术参考价值。该生查阅文献资料能力较强,能较为全面收集关于商业银行个人理财业务的资料,写作过程中能综合运用所学知识,全面分析个人理财问题问题,综合运用知识能力较强。文章篇幅完全符合学院规定,内容较为完整,层次结构安排科学,主要观点突出,逻辑关系清楚,但缺乏个人见解。文题相符,论点突出,论述紧扣主题。语言表达流畅,格式完全符合规范要求;参考了较为丰富的文献资料,其时效性较强。

1、论文结构合理,层次清晰,能根据所学的专业理论知识结合具体实践来分析问题;文章中运用比较多的实地调查资料和数据来说明论点;论文格式规范,符合学校有关的论文要求,可以参加答辩;需要指出的是文章中广告公司的业务流程并没有真正体现出来,基本上就是公司的管理制度的体现。

2、论文结构合理,层次清晰,能根据所学的专业理论知识结合具体实践来分析问题;文章中运用比较多的实地调查资料和数据来说明论点;论文格式规范,符合学校有关的论文要求,可以参加答辩;文章中swot分析准确到位。但是第6章的建议没有针对进一步提高学校的核心竞争力这个主题来写。

3、论文结构合理,层次清晰,能根据所学的专业理论知识结合具体实践来分析问题;文章中运用比较多的实地调查资料和数据来说明论点;论文格式规范,符合学校有关的论文要求,可以参加答辩;文章中swot分析准确到位。需要指出的是文章引用别人的内容较多。

4、论文结构合理,层次清晰,能根据所学的专业理论知识结合具体实践来分析问题;文章中运用比较多的企业实际资料和数据来说明论点;论文格式规范,符合学校有关的论文要求,可以参加答辩;需要指出的是文章中“蓝海战略给企业的启示”论述不够深入,基本上是文中前一部分的重复。

5、论文结构合理,层次清晰,能根据所学的专业理论知识结合具体实践来分析问题;文章中运用比较多的实际资料和数据来说明论点;论文格式规范,符合学校有关的论文要求,可以参加答辩;不足的是理论分析比较肤浅,第5、6两章的论述与副标题有些脱节。

优秀(90分以上)论文评语参考范例本论文选题有很强的应用价值,文献材料收集详实,综合运用了所学知识解决问题,所得书记合理,结论正确,有创新见解。另外论文格式正确,书写规范,条理清晰,语言流畅。该论文的文献调研全面系统,立题指导思想明确,实验设计合理可行,能够按照实验计划进行,并达到预期效果。良好(80-89分)论文评语参考范例论文选题适当,有一定的独立见解,论证充分,占有资料广泛,但理论和实例支撑不够。英语语言表达基本顺畅,仅存在个别语法错误,论文格式符合规范要求。该论文选题较为新颖,视角较为独特,体现了一定的人力资源管理理论的扎实功底,特别是文章能够结合相关的案例对课题进行论证分析,具有一定的实用价值。经过对论文的审核可以看出,作者在资料和案例收集上花了不少功夫,也能够提出一些较为深刻的观点,但在理论的深度和部分论据的引证上还存在一定的欠缺之处。总体而言,这是一篇合格的论文。中(70-79分)论文评语参考范例论文选题比较适当,观点正确,但缺少独创性的思想,论证内容比较充分,但缺乏论证深度。英语表达比较通顺,但存在少量语法错误。论文格式符合规范要求。及格(60-69分)论文评语参考范例论文选题缺乏新意,论证不够充分,具体例证较少,老生常谈的内容偏多,引用他人观点的比例偏大。英语表达基本达意,但存在较多的语法错误。论文格式基本符合要求。不及格(60分以下)论文评语参考范例选题不适当;观点不正确;语法错误过多;抄袭现象严重;论文格式不符合规范要求;没有按时间要求完成论文。

计算机专业英语200字论文

常见硬件名和设备名 CPU:Central Processing Unit,中央处理单元,又叫中央处理器或微处理器,被喻为电脑的心脏。 RAM:Random Access Memory,随机存储器,即人们常说的“内存”。 ROM:Read-Only Memory,只读存储器。 EDO:Extended Data Output,扩充数据输出。当CPU的处理速度不断提高时,也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度,一般来说,FPM(Fast Page Model)DRAM传送数据速度在60-70ns,而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍,达20ns。目前最快的是SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM,同步动态存储器),其存取速度高达10ns。另外你可以关注一下CENet2013,每年大会都有很多计算机相关的知识。

我帮你找的也挺辛苦的给个辛苦分吧We build computer to solve computer solved mathematical and engineering problems,and later computers emphasized information processing for business oday,computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines,robots,and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input,processing it,and producing output. Fig. 1-1 illustrates the function of a computer system. Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed,hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware. Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems,as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem. Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of is,with different software. undefined 翻译: 计算机组成原理 计算机硬件 人们为解决问题而制造计算机。早期的计算机解决的是数学和工程问题,后来计算机着重解决商业应用中的信息处理问题。如今,计算机还用来控制如汽车发动机、机器人和微波炉等各式各样的机器。计算机系统解决上述这些领域中的任何一个问题都是通过接收输入、处理问题和生成输出来实现的。图1-1说明了计算机系统的功能。 计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕,要修改是困难的,并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合,比硬件容易修改。计算机之所以有用,是因为它们能解决很多不同类型的问题,是通用的机器。相对而言,每种专用机只能解决一类问题。通过为系统配备不同的指令系统,也就是配备不同的软件,能用同一硬件去解决不同的问题。

计算机英语是学习计算机新理论和新技术的桥梁。计算机英语教材的主要目标是培养计算机及其相关专业学生使用本专业英语的能力。下面是我为大家整理的计算机英语论文,供大家参考。

计算机英语论文范文一:计算机英语教学实训设计研究

1高职高专计算机英语的特点

时效性和实用性

新技术飞速发展,大量的计算机专业概念专业词汇随着新技术的发展层出不穷。如ITinformationtechnology;online;E-merce等都是随着新技术的发展产生和应用的,因此它的时效性和实用性显而易见。

专业性与客观性

计算机专业文章一般重在客观地陈述事实,力求严谨和清清楚,避免主观成分和感 *** 彩,这就决定了计算机英语具有客观性。

专业术语多

如:CPUCentralProcessingUnit:中央处理器;DBSMDatabaseSystem资料库管理系统OperatingSystem作业系统.

缩略语经常出现

如:MBMotherBoard:主机板,LCDLiquidCrystalDisplay:液晶萤幕USBUniversalSerialBus:通行序列汇流排;

合成的新词多

如:input出入;output输出;Personalputer:个人计算机;

介词短语、分词短语和名词性片语和长句使用频繁

如:Someapplicationpackagesofferconsiderableputingpowerbyfocusingonasingletask,suchaswordprocessing;others,calledintegratedsoftwareoffersomewhatlesspowerbutincludeseveralapplications,suchasawordprocessor,aspreadsheet,andadatabaseprogram.有些应用程式包可就一个单项任务提供相当的计算能力,如文书处理;其它应用程式包,称为综合软体,计算能力略差但也包括了很多应用功能,如:文书处理器,电子表格和资料库程式等。

2如何开展高职高专计算机英语教学和实训

“加快现代职业教育体系建设,深化产教融合、校企合作,培养数以亿计的高素质劳动者和技术技能人才。”是发展职业教育的指导思想。高职高专IT职业英语的任务就是要培养既有一定IT专业技术技能,又有较强的外语水平的高素质人才。

合理的课程安排

高职高专《计算机英语》主要针对高职院校的计算机各专业学生开设,是计算机专业学生学好计算机专业课程的一门重要工具。为软体技术,资讯管理,物联网技术,等专业方向的学生必修课。

实用的高职高专计算机英语实训内容

通过计算机英语教学内容的学习,使学生掌握电脑科学相关硬体和软体以及相关计算机技术的英语表达方式,并运用到实践中。在实训时,学生应能够运用所学的计算机英语知识,根据看到的硬体装置实现口头表达,以及借助相关工具书和翻译软体,对与自己专业相关文献和应用软体,实现书面表达。了解上机时常见的提示资讯及解释,根据专业方向能看懂与本专业相关的专业资讯提示。通过本课程实训使学生扫清上机时使用英语软体的障碍,并且使学生具备阅读计算机专业英语书刊的能力,能听懂一般性专业学术报告的能力。

基于专业需求的课程和实训设计

1基于专业需求的课程和实训设计设计理念计算机英语程开发遵循“劳动过程系统化”的先进教学理念,贯穿日常教学中,将理论教学中渗入实训教学环节,提出集专案确定——专案分析——专案策划——专案管理与评估为一体的系统的实训教学模式,以专案驱动来完成知识的内化。在软体技术专业可以侧重SoftwareEngineer的教学与实训设计;网路工程专业则可以加强puterNetworks的教学与实训设计;而资讯管理专业应侧重DatabaseSystem的教学与实训设计。

2基于专业需求的课程和实训设计设计思路计算机英语课程和实训设计的总体思路是:以市场为导向,基于IT行业人员工作岗位基本职责进行教学和实训设计,紧紧围绕各专业人才培养方案实施教学和实训,取舍教材内容,为专业服务。

3基于专业需求的课程和实训设计培养目标根据高职教育的指导思想和培养目标,在更新教学理念和创新教学模式的过程中,计算机英语课程和实训设计,以促进就业为导向,适应技术进步和生产方式变革以及社会公共服务的需要社会需求为出发点,以“实用为主,够用为度”为原则,突出专业特点,突出课程的实用性,适应计算机相应专业需求的,培养具有动手能力和创新意识的高技术人才。计算机英语是一门实用时很强的课程,要求教师具有较强的英语语言知识与应用能力,同时要具备对科技前沿的洞察力,更需要更新教学理念,创新教学模式,注重实训环节。

计算机英语论文范文二:计算机英语课内实践教学研究

1.课内实践教学多元化

“任务驱动”教学方式

对于该课程,课内实践教学的目的是为了充分发挥教师的主导作用和学生的主体作用,因此,采用“任务驱动”的方式可以较好的激发学生的积极性。“任务驱动”指的是学生在学习过程中,在教师的帮助下,围绕一个共同的任务为中心来完成,在这个过程中,学生会通过任务的程序获得成就感,可以较大地激发他们的积极性,逐步形成一个良性回圈,从而培养学生独立思考和自主学习能力。该门课内实践教学结合任务驱动的方式,已经采用的是让学生选择自己感兴趣的某个IT领域技术方向,运用文献检索方法,自行查询英文文献并阅读翻译,在课堂上用英文对其作报告,并制作英文PPT加以展示,并新增现场提问的环节,培养学生用英文进行学术答辩的能力。通过在课堂上使用这种实践方式,已取得了较好的效果。

其他多元化的任务方式

除了培养学生英文文献检索、学术报告的能力之外,应用型本科IT专业学生是未来IT行业的建设者之一,该课内实践教学还要考虑市场需求的因素。在IT行业中,企业对员工专业英语能力的需求是必要且多样化的;如测试、编码等初级职位员工只需要阅读使用者介面、操作说明等英文文献的能力;而对于技术研究等中级职位,不仅需要阅读能力还要求掌握一定的翻译技能、回复英文邮件等;在更高级别的工作如订单签订、专案谈判等事务中,则需要具备听、说、读、写、译各方面的综合能力以及跨文化交流能力。因此在今后的实践教学中,计划新增多样的任务方式,如设计一些具有很强实践性和实操性的活动,全方位训练和提高学生面向行业、企业岗位需求、在真实工作环境中的英语交际能力、应用能力和学习能力。比如训练学生英文简历的撰写,再设计情景对话,让学生分小组扮演IT公司面试官和应聘者角色,对职场招聘进行场景模拟,学习和应用计算机英语知识和口语表达能力。不仅如此,在工程实践中,软体企业开发人员常常需要编写英文版本的软体需求文件和使用者指南,因此还可以考虑与软体工程的课程老师合作,在学生进行课程设计时编写英文版本的软体需求规格说明书。

灵活布置作业

作业也是实践教学的重要补充,对于作业一定要布置一些实用有意义的内容,这样学生才会主动而非被迫地去做;关于这方面教师要充分利用自己积累的学习和工作经历。比如根据笔者学生时期的应聘经验,可以告诉学生大中型IT公司的软体开发职位招聘的笔试题很重视动态记忆体方面的内容,有相当比例该方面的试题,也具有一定难度,而很多中文教材关于此方面的内容往往讲解的不够详实,而英文教材文献六的“PointersandDynamicMemory”这一节对动态记忆体的思想介绍的较清晰,通过此类方法抓住学生的心理,吸引学生主动地去学习,这样不仅训练了计算机英语,又提升了学生应聘的竞争力。此外,一定要让学生体会到利用网路资源来促进学习和交流的重要性。可以鼓励学生登陆各大著名IT外企的网站,上面会经常地提供其新技术和新产品宣传的英文视讯和动画。这类视讯短片直观而形象,学生不但学习了新技术和新词汇,同时还锻炼了听说能力,学习兴趣也会大大提高。还可以引导学生平时多关注外企网站上的招聘广告,本专业领域的产品说明书等,上面有大量描述本专业技术的计算机英语,这对培养学生的实际应用能力有很大的帮助。

2结语

该文分析了计算机英语课内实践教学对于IT应用型人才培养的必要性,并结合该研究者本身的经验体会,探讨了一些关于该课程的课内实践教学方式,通过在教学实践中使用这些方式,已取得了较好的效果。计算机英语是专业课和英语课的有机结合,具有很强的实用性。课内实践教学应合理采用多种有效的教学方法和多元化教学模式,让学生通过该课程的学习,进一步提高专业英语听、说、读、写等水平,培养综合素质,从而提高了就业竞争力,才能真正发挥该课程的作用。

Student Use of Computer Since 1990, there has been tremendous growth in the use of computers by students. While in 1990, the average number of hours a student spent on the computer was about one hour per week, this number grew to nearly four hours per week by 1995, and to approximately 20 hours per week by the year 2000. This significant growth in the use of computers by students in the 1990's can be attributed to several factors, including widespread usage, lower prices, and technological and social developments. Nowadays, computers are widely used by students for word processing, book keeping, multimedia presentations, and access to the Internet for both research and communications. Additionally, since 1990, due to competition and technological advances, computer hardware and software prices, as well as Internet usage charges have dropped significantly. Finally, technological developments and changes in social habits in the 1990's have played a major role in this tremendous growth in the use of computers. Today's society relies heavily on computers for immediate access to the news and for entertainment, including, listening to music, watching movies and sport events, and playing computer games. While computers are of great assistance to the students, and therefore, are indispensable tools, they also pose some challenges. The biggest challenge that many students face is discipline in the use of this powerful device. That is, students need to have the discipline of not allowing themselves to be lured by the entertaining aspects of this wonderful tool-aspects that can result in addiction to computer games or viewing of undesirable material on the Internet. That is to say, students need to use this powerful tool with great wisdom!自1990年以来,已经有极大的发展在使用电脑的学生。而在1990年,平均的小时数学生花在电脑上是每周大约一小时的时间,这一数字长了将近4小时/周,到1995年约20小时每星期2000年投入使用。这个重要的增长在使用电脑的学生在1990年代可归咎于几个因素,包括广泛使用,价格较低,技术和社会的发展。如今,并广泛应用于计算机字(词)处理技术中,为学生帐册,多媒体演示,和上网为两个研究和通讯。此外,自1990年以来,由于竞争和技术的进步、计算机硬件和软件系统的价格,以及互联网的使用费用有显著下降。最后,科技的发展和社会习惯的变化在1990年代中起到了重要的作用,在这巨大的发展,电脑的使用。当今社会很大程度上依赖于计算机立即获得新闻和娱乐,包括,听音乐,看电影和体育活动,和玩电脑游戏电脑有很大的帮助,因此,学生都是不可或缺的工具,他们也带来一定的挑战。最大的挑战,许多学生面临是学科在使用这个强大的装置。那是,学生需要有纪律的不允许自己是受这一绝妙的娱乐性方面,可能导致tool-aspects沉迷于电脑游戏或观察不受欢迎的资料在互联网上。也就是说,学生需要使用这个强大的工具以极大的智慧!

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