英语专业博士论文范文

英语专业博士论文范文

这里搜到再多的论文也不如自己去省市图书馆或学校图书馆的万方论文数据库下载打印现成论文，都是免费的，但是不能在互联网上免费下载，需要收费。必须去公立图书馆，“文化”类太泛泛了，论题应该越具体越好，越小越好，除非你是想写书，博士论文也是针对一个很具体的课题。

翻译是将一种相对陌生的表达方式，转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 简论英文合同翻译概论 摘 要：随着中国成功加入世界贸易组织，商务英语的重要性是不可忽视的，尤其是在英语合同的翻译过程中。此文章就从英文合同的定义、结构以及英文合同的词语特点等方面加以论述。 关键词：英文合同 翻译 结构 词语特点 综述： 在英文合同翻译中，前提条件是弄懂合同的定义，包括合同中应有的基本要素，下面就从合同的定义着手，并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项，笔者对英文合同作了以下论述： 第一，英文合同的定义 1.在英文中，合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。 1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“Contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。 2. 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。 它们要约和承诺构成的由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance 要约和绝对接受 2. consensus ad idem 意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds 3. intention to create legal relations 建立合同关系的意愿 4. genuineness of consent 同意的真实性 5. contractual capacity of the parties 合同当事人的缔约能力 6. legality of object标的物的合法性 7. possibility of performance 履行的可能性 8. certainty of terms条款的确定性 9. valuable consideration等价有偿 第二，英文合同的结构特点 合同类法律档案用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头： This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______month，______year by and between Party A hereinafter called “ Party A ”and Party Bhereinafter called “ Party B ” 然后是开始陈述： WHEREAS...THEREFORE ... It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以： WITNESSETH， WHEREAS... NOW THEREFORE， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文，最后是证明部分： IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。 第三，英文合同翻译的用词特点formal term 合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化professional、正式formal、准确accurate。具体体现在下列方面： 1. may，shall，must，may not或shall not的使用;may，shall， must，may not 或shall not对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。 权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。 may旨在约定当事人的权利可以做什么，shall约定当事人的义务应当做什么时候，must用于强制性义务必须做什么，may not 或shall not用于禁止性义务不得做什么。may do不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成should do或ought to do， may not do，在美国一些法律档案里可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not，例如，在约定解决争议的途径时，可以说： The parties here to shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。 本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的，可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2.正式用语formal term 合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。 例如： “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”，远远多于“due to”，一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“mencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by *** . “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“prehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”; 3.用词专业technical terms 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，用以上英语表达分别为defect，remedy，force majeure /Act of God，jurisdiction，damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ，such... as ，whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虚词，就其中几个细说： 比如： 1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意，即特此，因此，兹等意。常用于法律档案、合同协议的正式档案的开头语，在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明，如：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may bee payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中： hereby意为 by reason of this，特此的意思。 therein意为in the Works在本工程中。 such...as是关系代词，相当于that， which，把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确，避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。 其它的还有： “赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“pensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease 名词是cessation a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”。 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”， “当事人在破产中的和解”用“position” “依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。 “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to _____all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____， 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____，a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest，在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如： This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思，都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。 并列的词还有： ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges， fees， costs and expenses any and all any duties， obligations or liabilities the partners， their heirs， successors and assigns 第四，英文合同翻译中的注意事项 实践证明，英文合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。 A. 限定责任 众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的许可权与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。 and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例1：如果上述货物对船舶和或船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。 The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. by and between 常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned modity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。 例3:自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 例4：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。 Our terms are cash within three months， . on or before May not no later than用“not no later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。 例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。 Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract， . not later than December 15. include的相应形式 常用include的相应形式：inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。 例6：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。 This credit expires till January 1inclusive for negotiation in Beijing. or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing. 如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为till and not including January 1。 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。 Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY. . 正确使用货币符号 英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891，568，不能写成：Can $ 891，568。另外，翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点.还是分节号，，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。 综上所述，本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手，使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解，包括其构成的基本要素，在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处;从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础，并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。 参考文献： [1]邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译[J].社会科学学报增刊，2000，82. 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[6]张莉莉.经贸翻译的多视角.外语研究，2004. 篇2 旅游资料英文翻译方法 摘要：由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异，不利于翻译，而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化，因此，研究翻译的方法突显重要。本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法，来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。 关键词：旅游资料 翻译 方法 来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料，包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。隐含文字特征的旅游资料，其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解，也是翻译的重点和难点，影响我国文化的传播。由此看来，进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要，本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。 1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异 中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式，反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”，而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。英汉两种思维的差异，易导致翻译错误。英汉两种文化的差异，导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇，中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等，相关词语出现缺失现象。如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。 2、旅游英语翻译方法 为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解，更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通，应灵活运用各种翻译技巧，进行文字的转换与文化的传播。 音译法 在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。例如：岳阳楼，Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺，Bao Guang Monastery Divine Light Monastery等。因其文化内涵需要解释性词语加以说明，有时不可避免地需要音译，音译是外国人和中国人对中国思维模式和名胜古迹的认同。 增补法 因文化差异，英文读者对富含文化背景的译文往往难以理解。因此，在进行旅游资料英译时，译者可以增加相应的文化背景解释，努力将原文中的特色文化传达到译文中，即增添适当的理解原文所必需的背景知识，如历史事件发生年代，名人身份及其在历史上的贡献等。以满足国外游客对中国文化的好奇心理，从而吸引更多的游客。如：“岳阳楼”中的“岳阳”是指古时一个地名，因此得名岳阳楼。三月三节，可译为“San Yue San Festival a festival that usually takes place on the third day of the lunar third month, when minority people, especially the young get together for folk song contest or making friends with each other ”。三月三节是我国少数民族的一个传统节日，极具民族色彩，在农历三月初三的日子，青年男女聚在一起举行歌舞大赛，并借此交朋友。如果不加上解释性翻译，国外游客很难理解其真正含义。 减化法 在旅游文字惯用的表达方式中，许多汉语词语往往只是为了渲染气氛或顺应行文习惯的需要，本身并无多大实际意义，而在英语中，这些介绍往往让人觉得繁琐冗长，抓不到重点。因此翻译时可以省略那些华而不实的“溢美之词”，省略原文中累赘或不重要的资讯，进行适当地简化可以使译文简洁明了。 例：崂山，林木苍翠，繁花似锦，到处生机盎然，春天绿芽红花，夏日浓廕庇日，秋天遍谷金黄，严冬则玉树琼花。其中，更不乏古树名木。景区内，古树名木有近300株，50%以上为国家一类保护植物，著名的有银杏，桧柏等。 译：Laoshna ScenicAreaisthickly covered wihttrees of many species，which add credit for its them over 300 ale considered rare and percious，half of which ale plants under top-level species include gingko an d cypress. 原文用许多夸张性词语形容崂山的景色，如“林木苍翠”、“繁花似锦”、“玉树琼花”。在西方人眼里，这些形容词缺乏实际内容，夸张余而真实感不足。因此，译者将这些虚化朦胧的词语省略，只译出原文主要内容，使译文景物描 *** 实客观，符合英语读者的审美习惯。 借喻法 借喻法就是借用英语文化中人们比较熟悉的人物事件，来解释中国文化中特有的内容。可以借西方文化来比喻中国文化，从而国外游客加深印象，更好地理解中国文化。例如，在翻译梁山伯与祝英台的时候，我们用“Chinese Romeo and Juliet”要比“Love legend of Liang and Zhu”好得多。这种类比的翻译可以让游客联想到罗密欧和朱丽叶凄美的爱情故事，而梁山伯与祝英台的爱情故事与此有许多类似之处，这样可以使读者在自己的文化基础之上接受异国文化,加强文化交流。 3、总结 翻译不是简单的语言的对等，而是一种文化的对接和转换，对旅游资料的翻译要和国际接轨，我们应该把重点放在译文，利用文中提到的适用翻译方法，地道的表达，才能被外国游客理解，语言才能有效传递文化资讯，将我们的传统文化有效地宣传，从而让世界更好地了解中国。 参考文献： [1]邓红顺.旅游文字翻译与中国文化的传播[J].赤峰学院学报：汉文哲学社会科学版,2010年 第3期 [2]喻颖，龙婷.浅谈旅游英语翻译中的修辞和中西方文化差异[J].今日湖北下半月,?2011年第1期 [3]赵晓丰.?谈旅游文化资讯翻译的原则和方法[J].商业时代,2009年16期

博士研究生 教育 是学历教育的最高层次,代表着一个国家的人才培养水平。好的计划能达到事半功倍，本文是我为大家整理的博士计划书 范文 ，仅供参考。 博士计划书范文篇一： 一、 近年来考生本人的专业研究情况及研究成果： 1. 考生的专业研究情况： 本人于2012年 毕业 于加拿大麦克马斯特大学(McMaster University)工程系机电一体化专业(Mechatronics Engineering)。该校在2013年加拿大麦考林最新 大学排名 中，名列第六，世界大学排名第88位。主修嵌入式系统设计与计算机编程。嵌入式系统设计主要涉及芯片植入编程以及程序debug，计算机编程涉及C#、C语、Ocamel和SQL。在学习过程中，参与专业课题毕业设计研究---Capstone：由五名学生为一小组，购买一辆指定型号的遥控 赛车 ，于一整学年期间，将这辆遥控赛车改装成运用嵌入式系统编辑的芯片进行跑道定位、自动导航行驶，使其可以避开跑道上的障碍物，通畅行驶。 本人于2013年毕业于英国考文垂大学(Coventry University)商学院国际 市场营销 系(International Marketing)，该校在英国2013卫报综合排名第33位，商科全英国排名第12位，该学位类型属于MSc(Master of Science) ，所学课程偏向理科。其中包括了国际市场营销、国际商务以及电子商务，还学习了运用SPSS软件对数据进行编辑分析的统计管理学。我的毕业论文研究的是中国奢侈品市场中，消费者的购买决策对其产生的影响因素，主要内容是要研究西方和东方国家之间的 文化 差异会影响消费者购买奢侈品;调查鼓动年轻消费者购买奢侈品的动机因素以及分析其他因素影响到中国年轻消费者购买奢侈品牌商品。 二、 博士学位期间拟开展研究课题论证： 1、拟开展研究的课题名称： 大型高精度自动贴装系统设计 2、拟开展课题的国内外研究现状及选题意义 受国外高精技术封锁影响，国外自动表贴设备及技术无法引进国内。国内阵列贴装工作大都靠手工完成。传动手工表贴工艺，存在涂胶厚度不均匀、涂层形状难以控制、溢胶严重、碎片率高、玻璃片定位不易控制、盖片后气泡问题难以监测等诸多缺陷，称为制约生产质量和效率的瓶颈问题。 目前，德国在自动贴装机系统研究与技术成果一直雄霸学术界与国际商业市场，美国及日本紧随其后。德国的玻璃阵自动贴装系统技术，目前不仅应用于SMT表贴系统中，而且在太阳电池阵贴装、航天器保护层贴装系统中都有广泛的应用，其产品质量可靠性得到了西方各大航天机构的认可，每年都有十分可观的订单。美国自动贴装机原理与德国相似，但性能不及德国，主要由美国NASA机构自产自销。日本在阵列自动贴装系统技术研发方面独树一帜，贴装机构精密小巧，但受自身机构强度的影响，无法维持高精度寿命，目前日本低精度贴装机占据了商业市场60%以上的份额。 大型高精度玻璃阵自动忒装系统的研究，能够弥补我国在高精度自动贴装系统的空白，解放劳动生产力，减少人工成本，提高国内市场产品质量，对我国工业生产和航天工业将会有重要的战略意义。 3、考生开展本课题研究的主要思路、基本内容及重要观点 对本课题研究的主要思路：首先，采用高强度材料、低热应变材料组装大型加工机床，为了保证高精度设计要求，在机床平台、坐标机器人、工具手上布设多个传感节点，实时监测机床的应力变形，并实现高精度定位校正功能;深入探究、分析各类涂胶工艺 方法 的优缺点，控制滴胶量并保证胶层的均匀性，针对不同的贴装用途，选择最优的涂胶工艺方法;借助激光\视觉检测传感器，辅助贴装定位，保证贴装精度和工艺质量;贴装材料的自动拾取装置;优化贴装结构的模块化，在保证机构强度的前提，紧凑各部件，同时使减少各组件间的耦合影响，使机构达到易于拆卸维修和故障查询;改进上位机软件功能：将数据库管理原理应用于工程项目文件设计中便于项目管理和进程监督，加强计算机对贴装区域辅助决策功能，传感器与机器人状态监测状态指示，自动定位算法开发等。 基本内容：对加工平台及坐标机器人材料特性及弹性力学特性进行深入探究，参考国外大型高精度加工设备机构，选择合适的加工材料和机械架构，探究系统作业时，加工平台、坐标机器人及工具的运动力学特性及振动特性，同时利用动力学仿真软件验证推算结构，优化机构力学强度薄弱点，并加装传感器实时监测;加强黏性流体动力学学习，优化涂胶工艺更适用于自动机械化，提高对原材料的利用率降低生产成本，完成替代手工操作的革命性技术实现;依靠激光、视觉检测系统以及传感器监测网络，参考国内高精度加工机床定位算法设计出适用于阵列自动封装系统的高精度定位算法，提高封装定位精度和工艺质量;在上位机工程控制软件开发过程中，充分考虑控制系统的延时特性以及外界环境因素对系统的影响，优化涂胶机构、封装操作机构的动作控制算法。 重要观点：保证该系统高精度的两个关键性因素是机械结构强度及其检测子系统和封装定位闭环控制子系统，需要设计组对机构材料和构型着丰富的 经验 和认知，并在贴装机种布置足够的检测与定位校正传感组成传感网络保证系统可靠性和重复精度;同时，涂胶工艺及盖片后的固化保持处理工艺是产品合格率的保证，除了对黏性流体动力学有着深入的了解，也需要严格控制生产环境中的各项因素，这需要通过大量的实验与测试来不断修正理论模型，才能保证工业生产的质量要求。 博士 学习计划 书范文篇二： 本人是工作了三年后又重新回到校园攻读博士，师生角色变换，看着既熟悉又陌生的校园，感慨万千。经历三年的 社会实践 ，自己有了新的感悟。一方面，在三年的工作时间里更加明白自己需要什么，薄弱点在哪里，哪些方面是急需加强的;另一方面，年纪逐渐变大，孔子说“三十而立”，本人已然三十了，却立不起来，以前同学大多成家了或者准备成家，而自己还在求学路上。虽说每个人走的路不一样，可是，也不能脱离大多数人发展轨迹太远了。在硕士和工作期间，由于不够努力以及容易感情用事，过去五年没有努力，也没有做出什么成果。 当攻读博士的第一天起，本人就告诉自己不可以像过去那样，不努力，不上进，整天浑浑噩噩，虚度年华，最终一事无成。开学典礼上李书记和几位院长殷殷教导，都要求务必确立目标，不可以虚度这宝贵的几年时间，9月12日某老师也一再强调了这个问题。因此，本人依据学校博士培养计划并结合个人实际情况，拟定博士期间的学习计划。 一、整体目标 2014年是本人人生的而立之年，也将开启本人人生的新篇章。在结合三年的工作经历和父母、老师、领导、同事的意见并经过深思熟虑之后，本人确定了人生的最终目标——成为一名优秀的高校老师，并将为此奋斗终身。因此，本人选择攻读某教授的博士生，合理利用三年博士学习时间，抓住学习机会，巧用学校有利资源，在顺利完成学业的同时，深入学习管理学理论和研究方法，进一步提高 英语阅读 和听写能力，不断增强人文素养和社会交际能力，在发展管理学某一领域开展创新性研究，在三年的时间里发表五至六篇高档次论文保证能够顺利毕业。 二、实施策略 为了顺利实施计划，特拟出以下三点实施策略： (一)坚持做人为本，尊师重道，治学为先; (二)勤奋刻苦，不畏艰难，努力上进; (三)虚怀若谷，勇于学习、善于学习，多向老师、同门等等请教; (四)坚持锻炼身体，健强体魄，以完成繁重的学习科研任务。 三、具体 实施方案 (一)认真听课，提高专业水平 在考博复习期间虽然阅读了几本书，但是还是远远不够，在即将开始的博士生活中，本人打算仔细研读《管理学研究方法》、《管理学论文写作规范》、《统计分析与SPSS的应用》、《定性和定量研究方法》、《治理理论》等等书籍，还打算选修《计量经济学》课程，为求奠定扎实的管理学基础，提高研究水平和技能，为下一步开展研究做好充实的准备。 除了研修课程外，参与学术活动也是直接接受知识和领悟专家思想的有效途径。三年里本人计划参与学术活动30次。 (二)广泛阅读，拓展知识面， 首先，按照导师的要求，按时完成阅读书目。了解发展行政管理学发展历程的概括和前沿研究 热点 问题。 其次，系统阅读导师的专著，梳理相关论文，列出相关书籍作为本人的 必读书目 。通过阅读专业书籍和文献，加强理论修养，寻求研究的突破点。 最后，基于本人对其他领域相关知识的欠缺，计划从哲学、制度经济学、社会学、生态学、法学、管理学等各领域补充一些相关知识。因此，在经过认真分析和考虑之后，本人计划将选择性地补充阅读以下几方面的书： (1)哲学方面。管理学源于哲学，本人将阅读中西方哲学史(至少精选中西方各2本以上阅读)。 (2)制度经济学方面。认真研读T·凡勃伦、J·R·康芒斯、W·C·米切尔等人的著作。 (3)社会学方面。主要学习一些基本的社会学原理、理论流派、研究方法和研究进展，以及社会学与管理学的结合点。 (4)生态学方面。认真研读李百炼教授、李文华教授等的著作。 (5)法学方面。法学与管理学有着不可割断的联系，研读法学对于管理学的研究是大有裨益的。 (6)管理学方面。主要学习管理学的研究方法和基本理念，特别是治理理论方面。 (三)积极参与研究，增强研究能力 修课程、读书还只是吸收理论的过程，而搞课题研究是实践理论的过程。导师的课题很多，可以时刻参与到科研中去，多向导师学习，努力提高研究能力和水平。 (四)争取多发 文章 ，完成毕业论文 力争三年内能至少发表6篇文章。计划每年发两篇，三年毕业时手中有6篇C刊论文，不仅仅出于毕业的考虑，同时也是为了找工作更有竞争力。 此外，尽早形成博士论文观点，理清博士论文思路，积累相关材料与研究方法，以便完成一篇能够经得起推敲的高水平的博士论文。初步计划在第一个学期末大致确立论文方向;第三个学期开学初就能拿出开题基本思路，第三个学期中能基本拿出开题初稿;第四个学期和第五个学期撰写论文初稿，第五个学期末完成论文初稿;第六个学期准备论文答辩。 罗蒙诺索夫说“现在，我怕的并不是那艰苦严峻的生活，而是不能再学习和认识我迫切想了解的世界，对我来说，不学习，毋宁死”。部尔卫也强调说“人所缺乏的不是才干而是志向，不是成功的能力而是勤劳的意志”。本人将洗心革面，惕励自省，以过去的三四年虚度年华为耻，努力上进。孟子云：“知耻而后勇”，本人将不自暴自弃，而是保持奋发进取、迎难而上的精神状态，在博士三年期间有所成就，而不是像以前那样碌碌无为。 在博士学习期间，本人将与导师保持紧密联系，主动与导师交流 学习心得 和研究体会，以使自己在其中找出不足并加以提高。总之，本人将努力让自己博士阶段的学习、生活过得充实，富有意义。 非常感谢某教授不嫌弃本人资质愚钝而收入门下，本人必将刻苦努力，不辜负自己、家人及导师的期望! 博士论文研究计划书范文篇三： 汇报提纲 : 选题来源及性质 选题依据及意义 研究框架 研究的主要内容 研究方法 可能的创新。 选题来源及性质 : 选题来源 导师指导下的自选题目 选题性质 应用与理论结合研究 选题依据及意义： 我国是一个自然灾害多发的国家，尤其是洪水灾害，据统计，洪水灾害占了50%-60%，损失严重，给国家财政带来了沉重的负担。社会防洪战略由“洪水控制”向“洪水管理”转移我国的洪水 保险 在20世纪80年初恢复保险业务时就存在，但至今仍然没有单独的洪水保险条款。商业保险公司因水灾赔偿亏损而意欲萎缩洪水保险业务。 2005年7月15日《中华人民共和国防汛条例》第六章第41条明确规定对蓄滞洪区逐步推行洪水保险制度 。 蓄滞洪区是我国江河防洪系统中不可缺少的组成部分，在抗御历次大洪水中发挥不可替代的作用。蓄滞洪区内有大量的人口居住及从事生产活动，是我国的特色。 洪水保险是一项重要的非工程性 措施 ，对减轻国家财政负担，帮助制定合理的地土开发规划，提高人们了防洪意识及灾后重建具有重要的意义开展洪水保险问题的研究，对于促进我国洪水保险制度的建立与发展，协调分洪区和洪区的经济利益，提高洪灾损失的补偿程度和洪灾补偿基金的使用效率，推动洪水保险理论的发展、加强我国洪水管理，实现社会、经济、环境的可持续发展都有着十分重要的理论价值与实践意义。 选题依据及意义 从经济学角度来分析我国蓄滞洪区的洪水保险，具有重要的理论意义。洪水保险从经济学上讲是一种特殊的商品，因此就涉及到产品的供给与需求问题。企业和家庭需要什么样的保险产品，保险公司如何设计和经营好这一产品，政府如何设计好制度来管理这一产品，是洪水保险所要解决的三个基本问题。 研究框架 第一章：绪论 第二章：国内外洪水保险的现状 第三章：洪水灾害损失的经济分析 第四章：洪水保险的经济学分析 第五章：蓄滞洪地区洪水保险的管理策略 第六章：结论及建议 研究的主要内容 损失评估的经济分析:这部分的作用主要是通过定量分析，对灾情作迅速的统计和分析，为保险公司定损、赔付提供依据。 洪水保险的经济学分析:这部分是本文的重点，主要从这以下几个方面来研究： (1)洪水保险风险与效用分析 (2)洪水保险的市场需求分析 洪水保险风险与效用分析: 1、期望效用与洪水保险保费分析 2、洪水保险的道德风险分析与对策 3、洪水保险的逆选择分析与对策 4、洪水保险的委托代理理论分析 期望效用与洪水保险保费分析 运用期望效用理论对洪水灾害保险保费进行定量分析。 洪水保险的道德风险分析 被保险人采取任何防洪减灾措施，就得支付额外费用，减少他的期望效用，而增加保险的效用。同时，保险人为了监督和促使被保险人采用防洪减灾措施，就会增加支出，减少其期望效用。显然，正是由于保险合同把采取防洪减灾措施的利益从被保险人那转移给保险人，而被保险人承担了额外的成本，才出现了道德风险。拟通过用期望效用规律分析来防范道德风险的出现。 (1)、在设计保险合同时，通过免赔额及最高赔付额使保单持有人承担至少是某种损失的费用。(2)、奖励采取防洪减灾措施的保单持有人。 (3)、如何确定免赔额及最高赔付额是本节的难点。 洪水保险的逆选择分析 原因：保险购买者试图利用其对洪灾风险的更多了解，以低于公平保费的价格取得保险。 目前的洪灾保险的格局是：多保多赔，不保不赔，这就造成保险公司对洪水保险没有积极性。 逆选择是洪水保险市场上的更为一般的“柠檬市场”。因此目前洪灾保险难以将其商业化，只有政府进入管理与干预。 拟通过对洪水保险市场的逆选择分析，提出防止逆选择的对策。 洪水灾害保险的委托代理理论分析 在用委托代理理论进行洪水保险分析时，委托方为保险公司，代理人为投保人。 拟从信息对称的情况与信息不对称的两种情况来讨论建模求并能求出最优化解，如何设计激励机制方面入手。 洪水保险的市场分析 洪水保险是一种特殊的商品，表现为保险人向被保险人提供服务和赔偿货币商品。也就是说洪水保险市场就是该特殊商品交换关系的总和。既然是商品就存在供给方与需求方，洪水保险市场的供给方是保险人，需求方是被保险人。 1、构建洪水保险的需求函数 需求函数的参数主要从影响洪水保险需求的因素来确定。初步认为，最有影响的是价格，对于保险来说是保险费率(P)因素。 其它 的还有居民或企业的财务情况(I)、洪灾风险情况(R)、经济制度(E)等因素。洪水保险需求量可以看做是这些因素的函数，也就是：Qd=f(P，I，R，E) 构建洪水保险供给函数影响洪水保险供给函数的因素有：保险费率(P)、可用于洪水保险业的资本量(C)、利润率(Rp)、洪水保险商品成本(Ci)、洪水保险业经营技术与管理水平(Mf) 洪水保险供给量可以看成是这些因素的函数，即洪水保险的供给函数可以设成：Qs=f(P,C,Rp,Ci,Mf) 保险费率的厘定方法：(1)、常用的保险费率的厘定方法(2)、运用期望效用理论厘定(3)、基于资本定价模型来厘定(主要是针对保险费率的附加费率的定价)(4)、运用委托代理理论来确定。(5)、通过供需函数来确定(供需函数达到均衡的价格就是保险费率)(6)、还可以运用贝叶斯方法来修定已存在保险费率。 蓄滞洪区洪水保险的管理策略 通过以上对洪水保险的经济学分析，对蓄滞洪区实施洪水保险提出相关的管理策略，由理论指导实践，加速蓄滞洪区洪水保险建设进程。 洪水保险的非传统风险转移方法 推行洪水保险难度，主要是因为洪水保险承担的是一类小频率，大损失的巨灾风险。这类风险不具有风险同质和适用大数法则的特点。因而，传统的保险或再保险很难有效地转移洪水损失风险。因此资本市场引入到洪水保险中，一方面能够克服传统保险固有的逆选择和道德风险，另一方面能够增强保险公司承担洪灾损失的能力，有效防范信用风险。这对于推动中国洪水保险的发展有重要的促进作用。本文概要地介绍一下目前国际保险业新兴的非传统风险转移方法。 拟采取的研究方法 : 对国内外洪水保险制度的现状的研究，采取对比研究方法来阐述。对洪灾损失的经济分析采用实证分析，主要采用的模型有灰度预测理论、模糊识别法、类神经网络中的逆向传递法来进行研究。对洪水保险的经济分析主要采用期望效用理论与博弈论方法，对市场分析主要采用数学建模，并求解。 可能的创新 : 本文接受前人先进的评价方法的前前提下，从经济学、福利经济学、保险学的角度来研究我国蓄滞洪区的洪水保险，从需求和供给的角度来建立洪水保险的经济学模型。从政府、保险公司、企业和个人三者一体的视角来看待洪水保险问题。 感谢各位老师和同学的光临指导

博士论文查重率英文专业术语

paperrater论文查重，首次使用免费5000字，英语也是一样的哦

很多高校都会有英语专业，所以英语专业的毕业论文自然是用英语展示的，但是不同的高校有不同的英语论文专业。一般来说，英文论文查重率多少通过？paperfree小编。 英语论文查重率标准很高，几乎需要全文原件。但同时，社会上不同高校的论文查重率标准也不同。然而，大多数高校只有在英语论文查重率低于20％时才有资格。英语论文查重率与普通论文查重差别不大。本科英语论文查重率低于20％，硕士英语论文查重率低于15％，博士英语论文查重率低于10％。 英语论文的评估难度很高，所以毕业生有必要注意降重，但事实上，降重也有技巧。盲目降重只会使论文评估更难通过，因此有必要注意降重技巧。英语论文中最重复的内容是措辞，因此有必要注意文本措辞。毕业生可以通过同义词替换关键词来减轻英语论文的重复。

英文论文的查重标准和中文论文查重的标准没有任何区别。首先，和中文论文一样，在英文论文中，连续13个以上的英文字符重复就算抄袭；其次，在对论文进行检测的过程中，英文论文如果没有转化为Word格式会导致检测系统在转化的过程中转化不完全，从而使得重复率增加。此外，英文论文查重率的最低标准也是30%，大部分院校或期刊的查重率在20%~30%之间，严格一些的在5%~10%之间。

国内大学一般学习汉语，英语专业他是一门综合性学科，每所学校都有英语专业，然后细分贸易英语等，此外，随着出国留学人数的增加，或越来越多的外国交流，许多学校在国内完成部分学业，英语专业必须严格检查，英语专业查重的标准是什么？ 英语专业的重复率标准也是根据学校来确定的，有的参考国际标准。一般本科重复率一般在15％-20％之间，硕士和博士论文的重复率标准在5％-10％之间。英语的重复原理是3-4个单词的连续重复将被判定为重复。如果一组词多次出现在文章中，超过一半，则视为重复。 国内平台计算英语单词的字数基本相同，每个字母视为一个单词，这就是为什么WORD上的字数与英语查重不同，因为计算方法不同，论文查重平台按字符计算，WORD按单词数计算，因为英语单词由每个字母组成，系统会根据计算原理进行比较。 许多学生认为他们在国外找到的文献不会被发现。如果他们有这样的想法，请仔细检测论文。目前，英文论文的查重还是比较严格的。无论你引用哪个国家的文献，都会被发现。在选择英文论文查重平台时，推荐准确的论文查重工具。

博士生论文答辩英语范文

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文

时间过得真快，大学生活即将结束，毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

Thats all. Thank you.

博士英语议论文范文模板

Dear…I know how you always tell us, don't do this or you can't do think about are a lot of things you can do, you can play basketball on the weekends, you can watch TV after you read the book, plants and schools are sometimes strict. But remember, they make rules to help us, we have to follow Ⅰuck…

不管你是考本、考研还是考博，你都需要过英语这一关。对于离开院校多年的在职博士报考者来讲，英语作文是一个难点。很多硕士研究生毕业以后就没有从事英语方面的工作，因此也没有接触英语，从新将英语拾起来也确实有一定的难度，因此考生在平时的生活中更要多看、多写、多读，这样才能更快的提高自己的英语水平。下面便是在职研究生网给考生总结的考博英语作文范文，希望给考生带来一定的帮助。一、Criticism on TelevisionA lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children. The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life. There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs. When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.二、Human EducationThe other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture “Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text”. In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement. His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth. In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit. At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion. On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society. It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation. Our times call for an ideal humane is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation. Our attitude towards tradition should be “discarding the dross and selecting the essence”. The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education. It should start from primary school. In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality. The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education. We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.三、Public TransportationAs part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China. I can illustrate some does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways. Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes. Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people. When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home. And travelers need special arrangements to go home. In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines. But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the are three sources for fund raising. One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles. Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale. The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles. For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held. In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated. So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.四、he Rise of Intellectual Property ProtectionIntellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions. This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society. Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations. The number of . patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995. The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small. In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act () is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history. It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses property terms have become vitally important. The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors. But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret. The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.其实不管我们做什么事情都会遇到一些困难，如果你以良好的心态去应对这些难题，这些难题对你来讲也已经不是什么难题。因此在职考博人员更要乐观面对考试，积极备考，顺利通过考试。

0篇美文搞定高中3500单词老师叮咛：李辉老师说， “过去” 没有意义，它只是一个记忆； “未来” 没有意义，它只是一堆 “可能” 。只有 “当下” 有意义！你的此时此刻，就是你的整个人生！所以， “当下” 抱怨，你的整个人生就是抱怨； “当下” 感恩，你的整个人生就是感恩； “当下” 诅咒，你的整个人生就是诅咒； “当下” 祝福，你的整个人生就是祝福； “当下” 懒惰，你的人生就是摆设； “当下” 拼搏，你的整个人生就会火热！！！使用说明：每一页有一篇美文，下面会留有空白的位置给大家抄写生词（不够可自己额外加），以此来强化记忆，前面会给大家示范，后面就是大家表演的时间了。目录：Fall in love with English Different Countries Have Different Kinds of Englishes A Hard Tirp Horrible Earthquake The Great President A Brave Maid A Fair Competition Computers Wildlife Protection My First Band1. Fall in Love with English （爱上英语） Hiding behind the loose dusty curtain, a teenager packed up his overcoat into the suitcase. He planned to leave home at dusk though there was thunder and lightning outdoors. He had got to do this because he was tired of his parents' nagging about his English study and did not want to go through it any longer. He couldn 't get along well with English and disliked joining in English classes because he thought his teacher ignored him on purpose. As a result, his score in each exam never added up to over partner was concerned about him very much. She understood exactly what he was suffering from, but entirely disagreed with his idea. In order to calm him down and settle his problem, she talked with him face to face and swapped a series of leaming tips with him. The items she set down helped him find the highway to studying English teenager was grateful and got great power from his friend’s words. Now, he has recovered from being upset and has fallen in love with English. 有个少年(teenager)躲在积满灰尘(dusty)的松散(loose)窗帘(curtain)后把大衣(overcoat)装入(packed up)手提箱(suitcase)。尽管外面(outdoors)正雷鸣闪电(thunder and lighting),他仍计划在黄昏(at dusk)时分离家出走。他不得不(had got to do)这样做是因为厌倦了(be tired of)父母对他英语学习的唠叨(nag),不想再忍受(go through)下去了。他的英语学习总是无法取得进展(get along well with与······友好相处), 而且不喜欢(dislike)参加(join in)英语课的学习,因为他以为老师有意忽视他。结果,他每次考试的分数合计从未超过60。他的搭档（partner）很关心（be concerned about)他,也确切地(exactly)理解他遭受(suffer from)的折磨, 但却完全(entirely)不同意(disagree)他的想法。为了(In order to)使他冷静(calm···down)下来好好解决(settle)问题,她和他面对面(face to face)地交谈,并交换(swap)了一系列(a series of)的学习心得技巧。她写下来(set down)的条款(item)帮助他找到了学好英语的最佳捷径(highway)。这个少年非常感激(grateful), 并从朋友的话里获得极大的动力(power)。现在，他已经从沮丧(upset)中恢复(recover from)过来, 真正爱上(fall in love with)了英语。抄写单词区： ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— 2. Different Countries Have Different Kinds of Englishes （不同的国家有不同的英语） Voyages of people from England play an important part in spreading the English language. At present, English is frequently spoken as an official or common language in many countries, such as America, Singapore, Malaysia and some African countries. All based on British English, the English spoken in these countries can be well understood by native English speakers. But actually, these Englishes have been gradually changing in accents, spellings，expressions and the usage of of this fact, you can make use of the differences to tell which country the foreigners of your block are from. For example, if a boss fluently commands his driver, "Come up straight to my apartment by elevator and take some gas for my trucks and cabs",instead of requesting, "Please come to my flat by lift and take some petrol for my lorries and taxis, you can recognize his American identity, while the latter suggests that he is British. 英国人的航海(voyage)在英语的传播中扮演了重要的角色(play an important part in)。目前(at present), 英语在许多国家被作为官方(official)语言或通用语言频繁地(frequently)使用, 例如(such as)美国、新加波(Singapore)、马来西亚(Malaysia)和一些非洲的(African)国家。这些国家的英语都以英式英语为基础(based on), 能很好地为以英语为本族语的(native)人所理解。但是实际上(actually), 这些英语在口音(accent)、拼写(spelling)、表达(expression)和词汇(vocabulary)的使用(usage)方面都在逐渐(gradually)变化。因为(because of)这一情况的存在, 你就可以利用(make use of)这些英语之间的区别说出你们街区的(block)外国人是哪个国家来的了。例如, 如果有个老板流利地(fluently)命令(command)他的司机：“Come up straight to my apartment by elevator and take some gas for my trucks and cabs(直接(come on straight)搭电梯(elevator)到我公寓(apartment)上来拿卡车和出租车(cab)的汽油(gas)”, 而不是要求(request)说, “ Please come to my flat by lift and take some petrol for my lorries and taxis(请直接搭电梯(lift)到我公寓(flat)上来拿卡车(lorry)和出租车的汽油(petrol)) ”, 你就可以轻易地辨认(recognize)出他的美国人身份(identity), 而后者(latter)却暗示(suggest)着那是一位英国人。(请注意:听力录音里第二段两个“电梯”的单词跟原文不一致,原文是对的,录音弄错了, elevato才是美式说法而i是英式说法。) 抄写单词区： ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— 3. A Hard Trip （一次辛苦的旅行） My sister was fond of traveling. Ever since graduating, she had been determined to organize a trip to an old temple. Since transporting fare was expensive, she decided to use a bicycle to cycle there not caring about the disadvantages. Her stubborn attitude was always her shortcoming. Once she made up her mind to do something, no one could persuade her to change he mind. Finally, we gave in as usual though we preferred to take a train. After we prepared everything, including the schedule ，reliable weather forecast and the insurance, we began our trip .Our journey was along a river flowing from a high altitude. Our pace was slow because the river frequently had many sharp bends through deep valleys, where the water seemed to boil. Just as I recorded in my journal, it was really a hard joumey. But we also enjoyed great views. One night, I put my head on my pillow--a parcel of wool coats, and lay beneath the stars. When the flame in front of our cave went out at midnight, I found the sky so beautiful! 我的妹妹很喜欢(_____________)旅行。自从(___________)毕业(_________)以来, 她就下定决心(__________)要组织(__________)一次去往古庙(________)的旅行。因为交通(__________)费用(_____)昂贵, 她决定骑(________)自行车去,毫不担心(__________)其中的不利情况(____________)。顽固的(__________)态度(__________)一直都是她的缺点(___________), 一旦她下定决心(_______________)要做的事, 就没有人能说服(____________)她改变主意(_______________)。最后(__________), 我们像往常(___________)一样让步(___________), 尽管我们更喜欢(____________)乘火车去。我们准备好了所有东西, 包括时间表(____________)、可靠的(___________)天气预报(____________), 还有保险,(____________), 就开始了旅程。我们的旅程(___________)沿着一条从高海拔(____________)处流(________)下来的河流前行。但我们的步伐(___________)很慢, 因为当流经深深的峡谷(_____________)时, 这条河流急转弯(______)很多, 急湍的河水都似乎沸腾(______)起来。正如我在旅行日志(_______)里记录的那样, 这真是一次艰苦的旅行。但是我们也欣赏到了美丽的景色(_______)。一天晚上, 我把头枕在一包羊毛衣服(____________)做的枕头(________)上,躺在星空下(___________), 当岩洞(_________)前的火焰(_____)在午夜(____________)熄灭时, 我发现夜空是如此的美丽! 抄写单词区： ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— Earthquake （可怕的地震） Dirty water rose in wells and canals before the earthquake. But no one judged that an earthquake was coming. Suddenly, everything shook. It seemed as if the world was at an end. Millions of brick houses and a number of dams were destroyed. Railway tracks became useless bars. Pipes in mines burst and let out smelly steam. Huge cracks trapped cyclists everywhereThe next day, this event was the headline or main title of all newspapers. With the reporters giving an outline of the disaster, the whole nation was shocked by the damage and the victim’s extreme suffering. People were moved when they read that the survivors comforted each other by saying “Congratulations! You survived!” So they not only expressed their sympathy sincerely, but also organized together to help the victims right away. The injured were rescued and the dead were buried. The frightened survivors were dug out from under the ruins and were offered shelter, fresh water and electricity. Thanks to people’s help, the loss was minimized 地震(___________)前, 水井(_________)和运河(________)里的污水(_________)都涨涌起来。但是却没人判断(__________)出地震即将来临。霎那间, 一切都在摇晃, 似乎(__________)整个世界就要结束(__________)。数以百万的(____________)砖(_________)房和许多(____________)水坝(_____)遭到破坏(__________); 铁路轨道(__________)都变成无用的(________)铁条(______); 煤矿(_______)管道(_________)纷纷爆裂(__________), 发岀(________)有臭味的(__________)蒸汽(_________); 到处都有骑车的人(__________)被巨大的裂缝(_________)陷住(_________)。第二天, 所有报纸都纷纷以大字标题(_________)或主要标题(_________)报道了这一事件(_____)。记者们(___________)描述了灾难(__________)的大概情况(___________), 全国(__________)都被地震的破坏(__________)和灾民们极度的(__________)苦难(_________)所震惊(__________)。当人们读到幸存者(____________)以 “恭喜啊(___________), 你还活着。”来互相安慰时, 都被感动了。人们不仅衷心地(___________)表达了他们的同情, 而且还立刻(___________)组织起来帮助灾民。伤员(______)被救助(__________)了, 死者被埋葬(__________)了, 吓坏的(_________)幸存者被从废墟(_________)中挖岀来(___________)了, 栖身处(_____________)、净水和电力(_____________)也很快得到提供。多亏了人们的帮助,灾区的损失被减到了最小。 抄写单词区： ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ———————————— ————————————

Dear ******, I am not happy .I have too ny rules in my house .I have to get up at six o'clock every can't watch T on school nights. And I have to be in bed by ten o' weekends,I have to clean my room and wash I have to help my mom ke I have togo to the Children's Palace to learn the never have any can do?

西安交大英语专业博士论文答辩

这些你可以看下，一定要定真的看下，这些就是答辩的流程和细节，非常重要，答辩是最后的冲刺，如果答辩没过，前面的所有心血都白费了，所以一定要重视。希望能帮到你一、答辩者（论文作者)的准备答辩前的准备，最重要的是答辩者的准备。要保证论文答辩的质量和效果，关键在答辩者一边。论文作者要顺序通过答辩，在提交了论文之后，不要有松一口气的思想，而应抓紧时间积极准备论文答辩。在答辩之前应该从以下几个方面做准备：首先，要写好毕业论文的简介，主要内容应包括论文的题目，指导教师姓名，选择该题目的动机，论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会以及本议题的理论意义和实践意义。其次，要熟悉自己所写论文的全文，尤其是要熟悉主体部分和结论部分的内容，明确论文的基本观点和主要结论的基本依据；弄懂弄通论文中所使用的主要概念的确切涵义，所运用的基本原理的主要内容；同时还要仔细审查、反复推敲文章中有无自相矛盾、谬误、片面或模糊不清的地方，有无与党的政策方针相冲突之处等等。如发现有上述问题，就要作好充分准备——补充、修正、解说等。做到心中有数、临阵不慌、沉着应战。第三，要了解和掌握与自己所写论文相关联的知识和材料。如自己所研究的这个课题的背景，课题的研究已经达到了什么程度，目前存在着哪些争议，有几种代表性观点，自己倾向哪种观点及理由。重要引文的出处和版本，论证材料的来源渠道等。这些方面的知识和材料都要在答辩前做到有比较好的了解和掌握。第四，论文存在的问题。还有哪些应该涉及或解决，但因力所不及而未能接触的问题。还有哪些在论文中未涉及到或涉及到很少的问题，而研究过程中确已接触到了并有一定的见解。以及该课题还需要进一步研究的问题等等。第五，对于优秀论文的作者来说，还要搞清楚哪些观点是继承或借鉴了他人的研究成果，哪些是自己的创新观点，这些新观点、新见解是怎么形成的等等。二、答辩报告提纲由于答辩时间限制，对论文的内容必须言简意赅，重点突出地表述。报告中一般包括以下几点：1．论文的选题意义。包括：为什么选择这个课题（或题目），研究这个课题有什么应用价值或理论意义，本课题的研究历史和现状，即前人做过哪些研究，取得哪些成果，有哪些问题需要解决，自己有什么新的想法，提出并解决了哪些问题。2．论文使用的研究方法或者论文相关的基本原理。包括：实验是怎样设计的，数据是怎样获得的，论文结构是如何安排的，有何基本理论和方法。3．论文的主要工作。包括：解决了什么问题，得到了什么成果，成果的创新之处或者与以前的成果的区别。4．论文的结论。对本文工作进行总结，论文结果的意义或应用价值。三、答辩要注意的问题要顺利通过答辩，并在答辩时真正发挥出自己的水平，除了在答辩前充分作好准备外，还需要了解和掌握答辩的要领和答辩的艺术。1．携带必要的资料和用品。参加答辩会，要携带论文的底稿和主要参考资料。在回答过程中，是允许翻看自己的论文和有关参考资料的，答辩时虽然不能依赖这些资料，但带上这些资料，当遇到一时记不起来时，稍微翻阅一下有关资料，就可以避免出现答不上来的尴尬和慌乱。2．要有自信心，不要紧张。在作了充分准备的基础上，大可不必紧张，要有自信心。树立信心，消除紧张慌乱心理很重要，因为过度的紧张会使本来可以回答出来的问题也答不上来。只有充满自信，沉着冷静，才会在答辩时有良好的表现。而自信心主要来自事先的充分准备。3．听清问题后经过思考再作回答。主答辩老师在提问题时，要集中注意力认真聆听，并将问题回答略记在本子上，仔细推敲主答辩老师所提问题的要害和本质是什么?切忌未弄清题意就匆忙作答。如果对所提问题没有断清楚，可以请提问老师再说一遍。如果对问题中有些概念不太理解，可以请提问老师做些解释，或者把自己对问题的理解说出来，并问清是不是这个意思，等得到肯定的答复后再作回答。只有这样，才有可能避免答所非问。答到点子上。4．回答问题要简明扼要，层次分明。在弄清了主答辩老师所提问题的确切涵义后，要在较短的时间内作出反应，要充满自信地以流畅的语言和肯定的语气把自己的想法讲述出来，不要犹犹豫豫。回答问题，一要抓住要害，简明扼要，不要东拉西扯，使人听后不得要领；二要力求客观、全面、辩证，留有余地，切忌把话说“死”；三要条分缕析，层次分明。此外还要注意吐词清晰，声音适中等等。5．对回答不出的问题，不可强辩。答辩者如果有把握讲清，就可以申明理由进行答辩；如果不太有把握，可以审慎地试着回答，能回答多少就回答多少，即使讲得不很确切也不要紧，只要是同问题有所关联，老师会引导和启发你切入正题；如果确是自己没有搞清的问题，就应该实事求是地讲明自己对这个问题还没有搞清楚，表示今后一定认真研究这个问题，切不可强词夺理，进行狡辩。当然，所有问题都答不上来，一问三不知就不正常了。6．要讲文明礼貌。论文答辩的过程也是学术思想交流的过程。答辩者应把它看成是向答辩老师和专家学习，请求指导，讨教问题的好机会。因此，在整个答辩过程中，答辩者应该尊重答辩委员会的老师，言行举止要讲文明、有礼貌，尤其是在主答辩老师提出的问题难以回答，或答辩老师的观点与自己的观点相左时，更应该注意如此。答辩结束，无论答辩情况如何，都要从容、有礼貌地退场。7．仪容整洁，举止端庄。论文答辩是一个严肃而庄重的场合，答辩者一定要注意自己的仪容、举止，要做到衣着整洁、表情自然、落落大方、彬彬有礼，显示出大学生应有的气质和风度。此外，毕业论文答辩之后，答辩者应该认真听取答辩委员会的评判，进一步分析、思考答辩老师提出的意见，总结论文写作的经验教训。一方面，要搞清楚通过这次毕业论文写作，自己学习和掌握了哪些科学研究的方法，在提出问题、分析问题、解决问题以及科研能力上得到了提高。还存在哪些不足，作为今后研究其他课题时的借鉴。另一方面，要认真思索论文答辩会上，答辩老师提出的问题和意见，修改自己的论文，加深研究，精心修改自己的论文，求得纵深发展，取得更大的战果。使自己在知识上、能力上有所提高。

据学术堂了解,答辩者在毕业论文答辩之前应该从以下几个方面去准备:首先,要写好毕业论文的简介,主要内容应包括论文的题目,指导教师姓名,选择该题目的动机,论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会以及本议题的理论意义和实践意义.其次,要熟悉自己所写论文的全文,尤其是要熟悉主体部分和结论部分的内容,明确论文的基本观点和主论的基本依据;弄懂弄通论文中所使用的主要概念的确切涵义,所运用的基本原理的主要内容;同时还要仔细审查、反复推敲文章中有无自相矛盾、谬误、片面或模糊不清的地方,有无与党的政策方针相冲突之处等等.如发现有上述问题,就要作好充分准备--补充、修正、解说等.只要认真设防,堵死一切漏洞,这样在答辩过程中,就可以做列心中有数、临阵不慌、沉着应战.第三,要了解和掌握与自己所写论文相关联的知识和材料.如自己所研究的这个论题学术界的研究已经达到了什么程度目前,存在着哪些争议有几种代表性观点各有哪些代表性著作和文章自己倾向哪种观点及理由;重要引文的出处和版本;论证材料的来源渠道等等.这些方面的知识和材料都要在答辩前做到有比较好的了解和掌握.第四,论文还有哪些应该涉及或解决,但因力所不及而未能接触的问题,还有哪些在论文中未涉及到或涉及到很少,而研究过程中确已接触到了并有一定的见解,只是由于觉得与论文表述的中心关联不大而没有写入等等.第五,对于优秀论文的作者来说,还要搞清楚哪些观点是继承或借鉴了他人的研究成果,哪些是自己的创新观点,这些新观点、新见解是怎么形成的等等.对上述内容,作者在答辩前都要很好地准备,经过思考、整理,写成提纲,记在脑中,这样在答辩时就可以做到心中有数,从容作答.

西安交大网教论文答辩通过率是百分之九十。西安交大，位于陕西省西安市，是中华人民共和国教育部直属的综合性研究型全国重点大学。