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论文格式模板云盘

发布时间:2024-07-05 15:54:44

论文格式模板云盘

论文的标准格式模板要包含题目、论文摘要及关键词、目录、引言或序言、正文、结论、参考文献和注释、附录这八个部分的内容。题目应概括整个论文最重要的内容,一般不宜超过20字。论文摘要应当阐述学位论文的主要观点,说明本论文的研究目的、方法、成果及结论,尽可能保留论文的基本信息,关键词需要反映论文主旨。

目录是论文的提纲和每一部分的标题,要将相应的页码标注清楚。引言或序言应该包括论文研究领域的国内外现状,论文要解决的问题及研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义和实用价值。正文是论文的主体,需要内容详实,论证有据。结论要求明确完整,要阐述自己的创造性成果、新见解。

参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码;参考文献是图书时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。注释要按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前,图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。

参考文献

参考文献的规范及其作用,为了反映文章的科学依据、作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提供有关信息的出处,正文之后一般应列出参考文献表。引文应以原始文献和第一手资料为原则,

所有引用别人的观点或文字,无论曾否发表,无论是纸质或电子版,都必须注明出处或加以注释,凡转引文献资料,应如实说明。对已有学术成果的介绍、评论、引用和注释,应力求客观、公允、准确,伪注、伪造、篡改文献和数据等,均属学术不端行为。

致谢,一项科研成果或技术创新,往往不是独自一人可以完成的,还需要各方面的人力,财力,物力的支持和帮助。因此,在许多论文的末尾都列有"致谢"。主要对论文完成期间得到的帮助表示感谢,这是学术界谦逊和有礼貌的一种表现。

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毕业论文模板云盘

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幻灯片模板即已定义的幻灯片格式。PowerPoint和Word、Excel等应用软件一样,都是Microsoft公司推出的Office系列产品之一,主要用于设计制作广告宣传、产品演示的电子版幻灯片,制作的演示文稿可以通过计算机屏幕或者投影机播放;利用PowerPoint,不但可以创建演示文稿,还可以在互联网上召开面对面会议、远程会议或在Web上给观众展示演示文稿。随着办公自动化的普及,PowerPoint的应用越来越广。

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其实 网上资源很多的

这个网站可以看一下 

底下是我当年项目答辩用过的

点击下载:精美PPT各种风格模板

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谁有PPT模板网盘资源?很多朋友上网百度搜索。可是效果差强人意,下载来的不是拼凑版就是不清晰。不仅费时费力,还让人苦恼不已。可以说PPT模板需求是大的,在我们生产生活中的应用也是非常广泛。自己收集整理了各种风格的ppt模板合辑,现在分享给大家。希望可以帮到你,根据需要选择自己喜欢的下载就行了。

产品简介:PPT模板是指Powerpoint所用的模板,一套好的PPT模板可以让一篇PPT文稿的形象迅速提升,大大增加可观赏性。 同时又可以让PPT思路更清晰,逻辑更严谨,更方便处理图表、文字、图片等内容,ppt模板又分为动态模板和静态模板,动态模板是通过设置动作和各种动画展示达到表达思想同步的一种时尚式模板。

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幻灯片模板即已定义的幻灯片格式。PowerPoint和Word、Excel等应用软件一样,都是Microsoft公司推出的Office系列产品之一,主要用于设计制作广告宣传、产品演示的电子版幻灯片,制作的演示文稿可以通过计算机屏幕或者投影机播放;利用PowerPoint,不但可以创建演示文稿,还可以在互联网上召开面对面会议、远程会议或在Web上给观众展示演示文稿。随着办公自动化的普及,PowerPoint的应用越来越广。

点击下载:精美PPT各种风格模板(分类整理,持续更新)

收集整理:ppt模板高级感简约商务大学生答辩教师课件工作汇报总结素材模版

链接:

提取码:9998

链接:

提取码:8889

链接:

提取码:kk66

幻灯片模板即已定义的幻灯片格式。PowerPoint和Word、Excel等应用软件一样,都是Microsoft公司推出的Office系列产品之一,主要用于设计制作广告宣传、产品演示的电子版幻灯片,制作的演示文稿可以通过计算机屏幕或者投影机播放;利用PowerPoint,不但可以创建演示文稿,还可以在互联网上召开面对面会议、远程会议或在Web上给观众展示演示文稿。随着办公自动化的普及,PowerPoint的应用越来越广。

论文格式模板百度云

论文就是用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果的 文章 ,写作论文是要按照一定的格式来规范自己的论文的。下面是我带来的关于论文写作格式模板的内容,欢迎阅读参考!论文写作格式模板 1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,言简意赅,引人注目,一般不宜超过20个字。 2、论文摘要和关键词。 论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究 方法 、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息,突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。有时还需附上英文的论文摘要。 关键词 是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句,一般3-5个。 3、目录。既是论文的提纲,也是论文组成部分的小标题,应标注相应页码。 4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状,本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。 5、正文。是 毕业 论文的主体。 6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整,应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解,以及在本领域的意义。 7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 而参考文献是人们长忽略的一部分: 参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。 参考文献是图书时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。 8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 论文写作格式模板:格式及排版 1、论文份数:一式三份。一律要求打印。论文的封面由学校统一提供。纸张型号:A4纸。A4 210×297毫米。页边距:天头(上)20mm,地角(下)15mm,订口(左)25mm,翻口(右)20mm。统一使用汉语:小五号宋体。分割线为3磅双线。 2、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括“参考文献”标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用Times New Roman字体。 3、字体要求: (1)论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。 (2)论文副标题小2号字,紧挨正标题下居中,文字前加破折号。 (3)填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。 (4)内容提要3号黑体,居中上下各空一行,内容为小4号楷体。 (5)关键词4号黑体,内容为小4号黑体。 (6)目录另起页,3号黑体,内容为小4号仿宋,并列出页码。 (7)正文文字另起页,论文标题用3号黑体,正文文字一般用小4 号宋体,每段首起空两个格,单倍行距。 (8)正文文中标题 一级标题:标题序号为“一、”, 4号黑体,独占行,末尾不加标点符号。 二级标题:标题序号为“(一)”与正文字号相同,独占行,末尾不加标点符号。 三级标题:标题序号为“ 1. ”与正文字号、字体相同。 四级标题:标题序号为“(1)”与正文字号、字体相同。 五级标题:标题序号为“ ① ”与正文字号、字体相同。 (9)注释:4号黑体,内容为5号宋体。 (10)附录: 4号黑体,内容为5号宋体。 (11)参考文献:另起页,4号黑体,内容为5号宋体。 (12)页眉用小五号字体打印“XX大学XX学院XX级XX专业学年论文”字样,并左对齐。 论文写作格式 范文 :《试谈 人力资源管理 》 【摘 要】 人力资源管理是企业发展动力的源泉,是企业可持续发展的根本保障。在竞争日益激烈的社会,在这个人才紧缺的社会,企业要想生存下去,必须严把人力资源的各个环节与关卡,让人力资源管理真正助飞企业的成长。 【关键词】 人力资源 5P 工作分析 人力资源规划 招聘 要了解人力资源的管理内容,就必须知道什么是人力资源。人力资源的一种定义是“在社会或企业里,能推动社会或企业进步的所有体力和脑力劳动者”,根据这个定义,再结合中国的现状,企业的人力资源就分两种情况了:一是企业所有的员工,另一个是企业里真正为公司做出贡献的人。第一种情况下,企业所有的员工,都是企业价值的创造者,所以人力资源管理要覆盖到整个企业。第二种情况下,有人是走关系进入企业的,在日常工作中并不为企业创造价值,这些人不在企业人力资源管理范围之内。 人力资源管理在 企业管理 中的地位是仅次于 企业战略 管理的。管理范围主要是:人与事的匹配;人的需求与工作报酬的匹配;人与人的合作与协调;工作与工作的协调。 企业人力资源管理的目的可以归纳为“5P”:Perceive(识人),人力资源管理的前提,为实现企业目标而寻找满足企业要求的优秀人才;Pick(选人),人力资源的起点,寻找和开辟人力资源 渠道 ,吸引优秀人才进入企业,为企业甄选出合适的人员并配置到对应的岗位上;Profession(育人),企业人力资源管理的动力手段,不断培训员工、开发员工潜质,使员工掌握在本企业现在及将来工作所需的知识、能力和技能;Placement(用人),乃是人力资源管理的核心,使员工在本职工作岗位上人尽其用,通过科学、合理的员工绩效考评与素质评估等工作对员工实施合理、公平的动态管理过程,如晋升、调动、奖惩、 离职 、解雇等,是企业人力资源管理的重头戏;Preservation(留人),企业人力资源管理的目的,留住人才,为员工创造一个良好的工作环境,保持员工积极性,使现有员工满意并且安心在本企业工作。 在企业人力资源管理中,工作分析是重头戏。工作分析,是通过对某种岗位工作活动的调查研究和分析,确定组织内部某一岗位的性质、内容、责任、工作方法以及该职务的任职者应该具备的必要条件。 工作分析分为工作描述和工作规范。工作描述,也即工作说明,是以书面描述的方式来说明工作中需要从事的活动以及工作中所使用的设备和工作条件等信息的文件。工作规范是用来说明承担某项工作的员工所必须具备的特定技能、工作知识、能力及其他个人特征等的最低要求的文件。由此可见,工作分析主要说明岗位的两方面,一是对工作本身作出规定;二是明确对工作承担者的行为和资格进行要求。 工作分析主要有三方面:岗位分析、环境分析、人员素质分析。岗位分析主要分析岗位名称、工作任务、权利责任、工作关系和工作量。环境分析不外乎分析企业所在的自然环境、社会环境,当然,企业的安全环境也在考虑之中。人员素质分析要求分析工作人员的能力、素质、经历、体质和个性等。 工作分析的方法主要有访谈法、问卷法、典型事例分析法、观察法等。访谈法中尤其需注意的是要消除被访谈者的戒心,毕竟访谈不是 面试 。关于问卷法,其中最难把握的就是调查问卷的设计。问卷设计得不全面,就会导致调查得出的信息不具说服性;问卷的界面设计得不友好,被调查者就不情愿填写,则调查效果收效甚微;如果问卷中没有反馈机制,则不利于后续问题的调查研究,等等都在影响问卷法的最终结果。典型事例分析法则要区分其与典型个例相关分析法。观察法必须要获得观察许可,要不就有偷窥的嫌疑了。其他方法比如实践法中,工作人员亲身参与能掌握一手资料,对于最终分析结果来说也是至关重要的。人力资源规划是企业战略规划之下的首要任务,人力,既是资源,更是企业独一无二的财富,资产没了,可以再有,但人走了,对企业却是致命的伤。人力资源规划有两个方面:人力资源需求预测和人力资源供给预测。 人力资源需求预测的方法主要有四: 1. 管理人员判断法,这是基于 经验 和现状的判断和预测,此法是建立在历史会重演的前提下,且只适合于企业在稳定状况下的中短期预测。 2. 德尔菲法,基于收敛原则的德尔菲法可行性高,集聚了许多专家的意见,中短期有效。 3. 回归分析法,需要一定的计量知识,主要通过理论分析和数理分析来识别影响因素。 4. 转换比率分析法,此法虽然精确、简单的认识相关因素和人员需求之间的关系作用,但进行估计时需要对计划期的业务量、目前人均业务量和生产率的增长率进行精确的估计,而且只考虑人工需求总量,未说明其中不同类别员工需求的差异。 人力资源供给预测的方法主要有:技能清单法,这是用来反映员工工作能力特征的列表,包括培训背景、以前的经历、持有的证书、已通过的考试、主管的能力评价等,但此法缺少了对于岗位情况的认知;管理人员置换图,只针对了管理人员这类企业里的重要岗位,缺少对一般岗位的认识和分析;企业外部劳动力供给,能够准确全面的了解组织外部人员流动状况,但与此同时,却缺少对组织内部人员流动信息的认知和分析。 前面讲述了主要管理方法,那么,企业的人从何来?员工招聘就像在挑合适的种子,选好种然后再精心培养,才能长成茁壮的大树继而成为顶梁柱,否则就会架空企业。人员招聘首先要确定需求,哪些岗位上缺人,缺多少,男女比例如何;接下来就是招募阶段,这期间,制定招聘计划、选择招聘渠道、确定招聘方法、发布招聘信息、确定招聘人员和地点等;然后是甄选阶段,该阶段主要采用笔试、面试等相关测试来选择企业相关岗位所需人员,其中,笔试是淘汰不合格者,面试是选择合格者;录用和调配阶段,在录用之前有一段试用期;招聘评估和反馈阶段,选择适当的方法对招聘结果进行评估, 总结 优点,发现缺点,以便下次做得更好。 人力资源管理的后续就是对员工进行绩效管理、薪酬管理,以及员工的培训、进修等。 人力资源管理是企业发展动力的源泉,是企业可持续发展的根本保障。在竞争日益激烈的社会,在这个人才紧缺的社会,企业要想生存下去,必须严把人力资源的各个环节与关卡,让人力资源管理真正助飞企业的成长。 参考文献: [1] 杨宝宏,杜红平《管理学原理》[M].北京:科学出版社,2006. [2] 钱振波等《人力资源管理:理论.政策.实践》[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004. [3] 陈维政,余凯成,程文文《人力资源管理》[M].北京:高等 教育 出版社,2006. 猜你喜欢: 1. 学术论文写作标准格式要求 2. 论文格式要求的基本构成要素有哪些? 3. 毕业论文写作标准格式 4. 3000字手写论文格式模板 5. 1500字论文格式模板

毕业论文格式完整模板

艰辛而又充满意义的大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备、有计划、比较正规的、比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,怎样写毕业论文才更能吸引眼球呢?下面是我为大家收集的毕业论文格式完整模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

专业论文论文题名:(二号,黑体,加粗,居中)

副标题(三号,黑体,加粗,居右)

张三 030333221 xx011班

(与标题按五号字大小空一行,小四号,黑体,居中,只学号加粗,每项中间空两个字符,不出现姓名、学号等字。)

指导老师:李四

(与姓名间不空行,小四号,黑体,居中,含指导老师四字。)

【摘要】: 对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,以第三人称陈述。一般应说明实践目的、实践方法、结果和最终结论等,一般不超过为300字。(与指导老师按五号字大小空一行,摘要两字为黑体,小四号,居左,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式;摘要部分的文字为宋体,五号,不另起一行,无需段落缩进。)

【关键词】: 为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般应选取3~5个词作为关键词。(与摘要间不空行,关键词三字为黑体,小四号,居左,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式;关键词为宋体,五号,词间用逗号分隔,最后一个词后不加标点符号,不另起一行,无需段落缩进。)

【正文】: 与关键词间不空行,正文两字为黑体,小四号,居左,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式

正文另起一行开始,正文部分文字为宋体,五号,每段首行两字符缩进,段落间不空行

A 正文层次:各部分层次不出现一xxxx等标题,统一层次格式为:

1(四号,宋体,居左,加粗,标题与上文按五号字大小空一行,与下文不空行)

(小四号,宋体,居左,加粗,小标题间不空行)

(五号,宋体,居左,加粗,小标题间不空行)

⑴(宋体,五号,居左,序号采用特殊符号添加,小标题间不空行)

①(宋体,五号,居左,序号采用特殊符号添加,小标题间不空行)

另:任意标题,当与表格或图片紧连时,按五号字大小空一行

B 表格格式:表格名称位于表格下方。

表格本身(全部采用1/2榜实体黑线,位于文档中间,且尽量不让表格分页,必须分页时,保证任一格中内容不分页),表格内的分类标题(五号,宋体,加粗,居中),表格内文字(五号,宋体,居中)表格内文字通过调整表格框架使四字以下(含四字)文字尽量在一行中,若必须分行的则上行两字,下行一字或两字;五字以上(含五字)可分行。

表格中若存在图片,图片大小不超过六行五号字;图片和文字同时存在的,文字位于图片上方(五号,宋体,居中)。

C 图片格式:名字位于图片下方。

不需文字解释的,图片居中,根据页面调整大小;需要文字解释的,图片位于文档左边,文字采用四周型环绕,图片大小根据文字调整。

D 文中的图、表、公式、算式等,一律用阿拉伯数字编序号(图的名称位于图的下方,表的名称位于表格上方,字体采用宋体,五号,加粗,居中。图、表序号根据其所在的大层次标题序号和在改层次的序号定)。如:

图、表、公式

E 注:论文中对某一问题、概念、观点等需简单解释、说明、评价、提示等,如不宜在正文中出现,采用加注的形式(注的编排序号用①、②、③依次标示在需加注处,以上标形式表示);具体说明文字列于同一页内的下端,并用横线与正文分隔开(宋体,小五号,居左)。

【参考文献】: 应具有权威性,并注意引用最新的文献。与正文间按五号字大小空两行。(参考文献四字为黑体,五号,加粗,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式;其他为宋体,小五号,序号的中括号采用英文形式,每项用英文形式句号隔开)

著作:[序号]作者.译者.书名.版本.出版地.出版社.出版时间.

期刊:[序号]作者.译者.文章题目.期刊名.年份.卷号(期数)

会议论文集:[序号]作者.译者.文章名.文集名 .会址.开会年.出版地.出版者.出版时间.

网址:[序号] 作者.文献名称.网站名称.网址

整篇论文其他注意部分:

A页面设置,采用A4大小竖版纸面,上下页边距厘米,左右页边距厘米,所有图片、表格等都不得超过边距。

B文章所有页面加入页眉,页眉为论文名称

C文章所有页面不加页码

D英文采用Times New Roman

E拉丁文采用Times New Roman,斜体

F标点为中文,半角

G正文内全为单倍行距,标题间空行除外

摘要: 本文从Chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手,认为Chomsky为了使研究变得简单,便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外,这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因:

一是语言作为一种符号系统,只有在社会的'环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构,无论是它的产生还是发展过程,都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学,我们就不能将社会因素理想化。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑,这仍有待进一步的研究。

关键词 :

理想化,符号系统,社会结构,语言与社会的相互作用

1.统一使用A4纸,单面打印;

2.封面:封面栏目要求打印;

3.字体全部用宋体;主标题行要求用小二号字加黑,次标题用三号字加黑,再次标题用小三号字加黑,以此类推。正文内容要求用小四号字;行距为单倍;页边距左为3㎝、右为2㎝、上为㎝、下为㎝;

4.用阿拉伯数字连续编排页码,页码放在右下角,由正文首页开始编排,封面封底不编入页码;

5.题目:简要、明确,一般不超过20字;

6.中英文摘要和关键词:中文摘要一般不超过300字;关键词为3~8个,另起一行,排在摘要下方,词与词之间以分隔;英文摘要和英文关键词要求与中文摘要和中文关键词一致;摘要和关键字用小四号字;

7.目录:由论文的章节以及附录、参考文献等的序号、题名和页码组成(课程论文不列入);

8.结构层次序数的表示方法:第一层为1,第二层为,第三层为,第四层为,正文中序号用①表示,不分段;

9.附表与插图:附表要有表号、表题;插图要有图号、图题;所有的图表都应具有自明性,即不阅读正文,就可理解图表的意思;

10.致谢:在正文后对单位和个人等表示感谢的文字(课程论文不列入);

11.附录:是正文主体的补充项目,并不是必需的。下列内容可以作为附录:(课程论文不列入) (1)为了整篇材料的完整,插入正文又有损于编排条理性和逻辑性的材料; (2)由于篇幅过大,或取材于复制件不便编入正文的材料; (3)对一般读者并非必须阅读,但对本专业人员有参考价值的资料;

12.参考文献:

(1)参考文献的标注方法:采用顺序编码制,即按照文章正文部分(包括图、表及其说明)引用的先后顺序连续编码;标注的符号为[ ],作为上标,在标点符号前使用;

(2)参考文献的写作格式为:

①参考文献是连续出版物时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.题名.刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):引文所在的起止页码

②参考文献是专著时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.书名.版本(第1版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年.引文所在的起止页码

③参考文献是论文集时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.题名.见(英文用In):主编.论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年.引文所在起止页码

④参考文献是学位论文时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.题名:〔博士、硕士或学士学位论文〕.保存地点:保存单位,年份

⑤参考文献是专利时,其格式为:[序号]专利申请者.题名.专利国别,专利文献种类,专利号.出版日期

参考文献著录中需要注意:

个人作者(包括译者、编者)著录时一律姓在前,名在后,由于各国(或民族)的姓名写法不同,著录时应特别注意课件下载,名可缩写为首字母(大写),但不加编写点。另外,作者(主要责任者)不多于3人时要全部写出,并用,号相隔;3人以上只列出前3人,后加等或相应的文字如et al。等或et al前加,号。

装订格式

1.课程论文一律左边装订成册;

2.装订顺序为:封面、题目、论文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献。

语言学论文格式模板网盘

毕业论文格式完整模板

艰辛而又充满意义的大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备、有计划、比较正规的、比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,怎样写毕业论文才更能吸引眼球呢?下面是我为大家收集的毕业论文格式完整模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

专业论文论文题名:(二号,黑体,加粗,居中)

副标题(三号,黑体,加粗,居右)

张三 030333221 xx011班

(与标题按五号字大小空一行,小四号,黑体,居中,只学号加粗,每项中间空两个字符,不出现姓名、学号等字。)

指导老师:李四

(与姓名间不空行,小四号,黑体,居中,含指导老师四字。)

【摘要】: 对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,以第三人称陈述。一般应说明实践目的、实践方法、结果和最终结论等,一般不超过为300字。(与指导老师按五号字大小空一行,摘要两字为黑体,小四号,居左,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式;摘要部分的文字为宋体,五号,不另起一行,无需段落缩进。)

【关键词】: 为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般应选取3~5个词作为关键词。(与摘要间不空行,关键词三字为黑体,小四号,居左,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式;关键词为宋体,五号,词间用逗号分隔,最后一个词后不加标点符号,不另起一行,无需段落缩进。)

【正文】: 与关键词间不空行,正文两字为黑体,小四号,居左,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式

正文另起一行开始,正文部分文字为宋体,五号,每段首行两字符缩进,段落间不空行

A 正文层次:各部分层次不出现一xxxx等标题,统一层次格式为:

1(四号,宋体,居左,加粗,标题与上文按五号字大小空一行,与下文不空行)

(小四号,宋体,居左,加粗,小标题间不空行)

(五号,宋体,居左,加粗,小标题间不空行)

⑴(宋体,五号,居左,序号采用特殊符号添加,小标题间不空行)

①(宋体,五号,居左,序号采用特殊符号添加,小标题间不空行)

另:任意标题,当与表格或图片紧连时,按五号字大小空一行

B 表格格式:表格名称位于表格下方。

表格本身(全部采用1/2榜实体黑线,位于文档中间,且尽量不让表格分页,必须分页时,保证任一格中内容不分页),表格内的分类标题(五号,宋体,加粗,居中),表格内文字(五号,宋体,居中)表格内文字通过调整表格框架使四字以下(含四字)文字尽量在一行中,若必须分行的则上行两字,下行一字或两字;五字以上(含五字)可分行。

表格中若存在图片,图片大小不超过六行五号字;图片和文字同时存在的,文字位于图片上方(五号,宋体,居中)。

C 图片格式:名字位于图片下方。

不需文字解释的,图片居中,根据页面调整大小;需要文字解释的,图片位于文档左边,文字采用四周型环绕,图片大小根据文字调整。

D 文中的图、表、公式、算式等,一律用阿拉伯数字编序号(图的名称位于图的下方,表的名称位于表格上方,字体采用宋体,五号,加粗,居中。图、表序号根据其所在的大层次标题序号和在改层次的序号定)。如:

图、表、公式

E 注:论文中对某一问题、概念、观点等需简单解释、说明、评价、提示等,如不宜在正文中出现,采用加注的形式(注的编排序号用①、②、③依次标示在需加注处,以上标形式表示);具体说明文字列于同一页内的下端,并用横线与正文分隔开(宋体,小五号,居左)。

【参考文献】: 应具有权威性,并注意引用最新的文献。与正文间按五号字大小空两行。(参考文献四字为黑体,五号,加粗,加中括号,中括号采用中文形式;其他为宋体,小五号,序号的中括号采用英文形式,每项用英文形式句号隔开)

著作:[序号]作者.译者.书名.版本.出版地.出版社.出版时间.

期刊:[序号]作者.译者.文章题目.期刊名.年份.卷号(期数)

会议论文集:[序号]作者.译者.文章名.文集名 .会址.开会年.出版地.出版者.出版时间.

网址:[序号] 作者.文献名称.网站名称.网址

整篇论文其他注意部分:

A页面设置,采用A4大小竖版纸面,上下页边距厘米,左右页边距厘米,所有图片、表格等都不得超过边距。

B文章所有页面加入页眉,页眉为论文名称

C文章所有页面不加页码

D英文采用Times New Roman

E拉丁文采用Times New Roman,斜体

F标点为中文,半角

G正文内全为单倍行距,标题间空行除外

摘要: 本文从Chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手,认为Chomsky为了使研究变得简单,便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外,这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因:

一是语言作为一种符号系统,只有在社会的'环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构,无论是它的产生还是发展过程,都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学,我们就不能将社会因素理想化。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑,这仍有待进一步的研究。

关键词 :

理想化,符号系统,社会结构,语言与社会的相互作用

1.统一使用A4纸,单面打印;

2.封面:封面栏目要求打印;

3.字体全部用宋体;主标题行要求用小二号字加黑,次标题用三号字加黑,再次标题用小三号字加黑,以此类推。正文内容要求用小四号字;行距为单倍;页边距左为3㎝、右为2㎝、上为㎝、下为㎝;

4.用阿拉伯数字连续编排页码,页码放在右下角,由正文首页开始编排,封面封底不编入页码;

5.题目:简要、明确,一般不超过20字;

6.中英文摘要和关键词:中文摘要一般不超过300字;关键词为3~8个,另起一行,排在摘要下方,词与词之间以分隔;英文摘要和英文关键词要求与中文摘要和中文关键词一致;摘要和关键字用小四号字;

7.目录:由论文的章节以及附录、参考文献等的序号、题名和页码组成(课程论文不列入);

8.结构层次序数的表示方法:第一层为1,第二层为,第三层为,第四层为,正文中序号用①表示,不分段;

9.附表与插图:附表要有表号、表题;插图要有图号、图题;所有的图表都应具有自明性,即不阅读正文,就可理解图表的意思;

10.致谢:在正文后对单位和个人等表示感谢的文字(课程论文不列入);

11.附录:是正文主体的补充项目,并不是必需的。下列内容可以作为附录:(课程论文不列入) (1)为了整篇材料的完整,插入正文又有损于编排条理性和逻辑性的材料; (2)由于篇幅过大,或取材于复制件不便编入正文的材料; (3)对一般读者并非必须阅读,但对本专业人员有参考价值的资料;

12.参考文献:

(1)参考文献的标注方法:采用顺序编码制,即按照文章正文部分(包括图、表及其说明)引用的先后顺序连续编码;标注的符号为[ ],作为上标,在标点符号前使用;

(2)参考文献的写作格式为:

①参考文献是连续出版物时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.题名.刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):引文所在的起止页码

②参考文献是专著时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.书名.版本(第1版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年.引文所在的起止页码

③参考文献是论文集时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.题名.见(英文用In):主编.论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年.引文所在起止页码

④参考文献是学位论文时,其格式为:[序号] 作者.题名:〔博士、硕士或学士学位论文〕.保存地点:保存单位,年份

⑤参考文献是专利时,其格式为:[序号]专利申请者.题名.专利国别,专利文献种类,专利号.出版日期

参考文献著录中需要注意:

个人作者(包括译者、编者)著录时一律姓在前,名在后,由于各国(或民族)的姓名写法不同,著录时应特别注意课件下载,名可缩写为首字母(大写),但不加编写点。另外,作者(主要责任者)不多于3人时要全部写出,并用,号相隔;3人以上只列出前3人,后加等或相应的文字如et al。等或et al前加,号。

装订格式

1.课程论文一律左边装订成册;

2.装订顺序为:封面、题目、论文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献。

让我来帮你解决

转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, . Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.

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