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商务英语论文3000字(中英文)

发布时间:2024-07-08 10:28:36

商务英语论文3000字(中英文)

这是我的,我在新加坡留学,这篇是拿了 A 的,不要给别人啊,我的版权呢 1000 字: Compare and Contrast Prostitution in Ancient and Modern ChinaHave you ever had the experience of receiving phone calls from a girl offering private services in hotels? In the wake of the economic reforms by Deng Xiaoping, prostitution in China has resurfaced quickly and expanded to a tremendous Even though buying or selling sex has long been made illegal in modern China, yet all of the legal attempts to suppress it have been conquered every Nowadays, prostitution trades are widely carried out under the signboard of message parlor or leisure In some ways, the government is openly tolerating prostitution by not strictly enforcing because it serves as a social buffer in times of economic restructuring and can relieve gender Besides the aforementioned information, there are similarities and differences between prostitution in ancient and modern China in the destiny of the girls, the service they are providing and its resulting Prostitutes are at the bottom of the social ladder in both ancient and modern C Nevertheless, prostitutes were not as stigmatized in the past, but joining this line of work would mean selling themselves to female Prostitution is made legal and public at ancient times, so it was not uncommon to see grand prostitution houses in downtown districts with a few girls soliciting Potential prostitutes usually have to sign a life-long contract with a brothel madam whether of their own volition or The girls or their families would receive quite a large sum of money on signing the contract; however, the girls must since work under the supervision of their “mother” for the rest of their lives unless someone is willing to redeem As the price was often quite high, rarely would a customer be willing to pay that money, nor could these poor girls be able to redeem themselves by their little salaries and Therefore, most of the prostitutes then had spent the best years of their lives flirting with “acquainted and intimate” strangers and were sold to men from low social classes when they got too old for this On the contrary, in modern China, one can take up and quit this job whenever she Some are even trading on the The relationship between prostitutes and pimps or Laobao(老鸨 female pimps) is like that between employers and One survey on the internet shows that over 90 percent of them won’t have any trouble with finding a husband and settling down after they Some even reported much more advantaged than their peers because they have learned how to take care of men and what’s more, they have saved a large sum of money through their ex- One similarity, however, is that prostitutes in ancient and modern times both have shown very low self- They are all extremely afraid to be looked down upon by There are many cultured and sensitive prostitutes in ancient China who have contributed a lot to the development of Chinese literature either by composing poems themselves or inspiring literatus, whereas almost all prostitutes nowadays are gaudy and In ancient times, a portion of girls had been trained in arts since early childhood by a personal mentor to become a Mingji (famous female artist of the highest tier among prostitutes) Mingji routinely don’t provide sex service but singing, dancing or composing poems which often subconsciously contain an outpouring of sentimental In some dynasties, visiting a Mingji is well considered a refined taste and indicates one’s status and rank in the “We cannot appreciate the blooming flowers together, nor could i share with you my sadness of seeing them ” (from锦江春望词) is a famous line by XueTao, a Mingji, to her bosom literati The withering flowers here imply her fading Prostitutes usually find themselves congenial with literatus who are not very successful because they both constrained by the environment and share the same love for As a result, they inspired each other and had made the Chinese literature In modern China, although prostitutes would perform virtually any kind of sexual services to anyone willing to pay, just like what most inferior prostitutes in ancient times, prostitution tend to be more and more like selling fast Women would ask for money before even unzipping their trousers, and men wouldn’t shed one tear on the prostitute’s poor But just as with ancient prostitution, modern prostitution has also brought about some benefits to the It stimulates our economy and relives a lot social problems like imbalance between gender and Although prostitutes in ancient and modern China both have a low social status and usually have low self-confidence, we found that modern ones generally have a much happier ending and have relieved some social problems, while ancient ones contributed greatly to our 给分啊,有事找我

TeamworkAll of us have worked in teams at some point in life and can recall interacting with others to meet team Bring to mind both the good and bad experiences that you went through while working with team members and How did you perform? Were you able to lead the team to meet its objectives? What did other team members feel about your presence in the team? Were your interactions positive or negative? Did you learn anything from your interactions within and outside the team? Look back into your own As you dwell on these points, you are sure to come up with hitherto unnoticed aspects about your personality and work that will qualify you for management Good teamwork releases group synergy so that the combined effect of individual contributions far exceeds the sum of their individual There is mutual accountability and togetherness amongst members of a well-knit The basic premise here is that individual contributions cannot be as good as all of us working together in a Look back at your Were you able to define the team's objectives and the roles of members clearly? How did you understand your different team members, appreciate them and make the most of their special skills and abilities to substantially improve the result of their joint efforts? Good team players place team objectives ahead of their own personal If you are able to recall an experience on these lines, you have identified the right team experience for your Many applicants to the top business schools focus so much on their own achievements that it becomes very difficult to judge their ability to effectively work with If you think you could be headed that way, be sure to describe an experience where you worked with others in a team, learned from them and effectively utilized their strengths to achieve team

一关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下:英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。(一)前置1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页。3.中、英文内容摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分,论点明确。行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用“.”相隔,最末级编号之后不加点。示例:1.2.…… 1 2…… … 13.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4.参考文献:写作学位论文过程中,阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单,置于正文之后,另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。(1)文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。(2)文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。(3)每条文献必须顶格写,回行时空两字或五个英语字母。(4)将各文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后:专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R]专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD](MONOGRAPH ON CD)网上期刊〔J/OL〕(serial online)5.文内所引文献:要求附夹注,应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名(英文只注姓),出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献,则加quoted in 字样。 例:(王佐良,1982:38) (Newmark,8:26-33)文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的,不应出现在参考文献中。(三)附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料,如图表或照片等。

商务英语论文3000字中文

商科论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤:1、定义主题撰写商科论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要,因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。2、创建大纲大纲在撰写商科论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通,唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图,描述论文整体的框架,包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。3、广泛研究这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲,以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源,例如:书籍、网络、采访等,只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体,所以同学需要获得充分的信息。4、撰写初稿有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑,这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的,但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意:导言——导言的目的是让读者知道将要发生什么。这部分应该有足够的吸引力,让读者想要继续往下阅读。正文——这部分是安排支撑文章所有论点的地方,也是展示研究证据的地方。结论——结论需要用几个简单的事实总结整篇文章,并提供建议。5、校对修改 千万不要直接提交初稿,因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点,并通过修改论点来突出要点。

委婉语在商务英语谈判中的功能及语法手段摘要】在商务英语谈判中,常借助委婉语礼貌、间接地陈述自己的观点,提出要求或建议,以便建立良好的商务环境,在国际竞争中获取成功。笔者在探讨委婉语的涵义及其在商务英语谈判中的功能的基础上,总结了委婉语在商务英语谈判中常见的语法实现手段。提出掌握并恰当运用委婉语的语法手段,有助于顺利达到谈判的目的。【关键词】商务英语谈判;委婉语的功能;语法手段在国际贸易中,从建立贸易关系到询盘、报盘;到装船、货款支付、投诉索赔,很大一部分都需要通过商务谈判来完成。商务谈判成功与否受诸如谈判时间地点、谈判代表着装、信息掌握、谈判语言等多种因素的制约。其中,作为主要信息传递中介的谈判语言尤为重要。“在商务谈判中,对谈判人员行为产生影响的主要有两大因素:一是经济利益,二是心理情感。前者是谈判的目标,后者是影响目标实现的决定因素。”在商务英语谈判中,常借助委婉语这一修辞手段礼貌、含蓄地陈述自己的观点或愿望,提出请求或建议,以便建立良好的商务环境。委婉语的涵义郭锡良在其主编的《古代汉语》中将委婉语界定为:“不直言其事,故意把话说得含蓄、婉转一些,叫做‘委婉语’。”英语与汉语委婉语相对应的词是euphemism,它源自希腊语euphemisos,词头“eu-”的意思是“good or sounding well”(好或听起来好)词干“pheme”的意思是“speech”(言语),整个字面意思是“words of good omen”(吉言)或“goodspeech”(优雅动听的言语)。Dictionary of language and linguistics(RRKHartmann&FCStork,1972)将委婉语定义为:“用一种不明说的、能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法,代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法。”委婉语是人们在社会交往中为谋求理想的交际效果而创造的一种适当的语言表达形式,即用漂亮的词语或文雅的谈吐,用悦耳、含蓄、委婉的词语来替代直接、冒昧、唐突的言辞,来减少语言表达上的敏感性和刺激性,使谈话双方均达到最佳的交际效果。委婉语在商务英语谈判中的功能在商务英语谈判中,委婉表达能够缓和紧张的谈判气氛,避免矛盾冲突,打破僵局,并且有助于双方建立长久的商务关系。委婉表达是一种对谈判双方都有效的谈判手段和策略,也是在国际竞争中获取成功的重要途径。现将委婉语在商务英语谈判中的主要功能归纳为以下三点。1缓和谈判气氛委婉语就像是一种润滑剂,能够缓和紧张的谈判气氛。当谈判气氛得到缓和的时候,谈判双方就会减少因心理压力过大而失去理智、出现相互争执的可能性。这有利于谈判双方心平气和地解决问题并减少矛盾的产生。2维护双方面子委婉语的使用有助于维护谈判双方的面子。由于谈判双方的立场冲突,双方都试图说服对方接受自己的观点、满足自己的要求。如果己方的观点陈述得过于直白生硬、咄咄逼人,很容易伤及对方的面子。如使用“I’m afraid…”、“Could you possibly…”等句型将否定、疑问语气弱化,友善客气。3建立长期商务关系委婉语的使用有助于双方长期友好关系的建立。“在评价一场谈判成功与否时,不仅要看经济指标,还要看谈判后双方的人际关系如何。”委婉语的重要性就在于它能够帮助双方建立这种友好商务关系。如果忽视对方的情感,单纯地追求己方的经济利益,必然会招致对方的反感和抵制,无法实现长期友好商务关系的建立。商务英语谈判中委婉语语法手段在商务英语谈判中,为了达到迂回委婉这一表达目的“可以有多种语言手段,如语音手段、语法手段、文字手段、语用手段等”。以下主要探讨商务英语谈判中委婉语的语法实现手段。1否定弱化法在商务谈判中,表达否定的观点时,要避免强硬的态度和生硬的语言。直白地向对方表达否定观点有些卤莽,容易引起对方的厌恶,不利于长期友好商务关系的建立。因此,运用委婉语来削弱否定的语气,可以保持友善客气并顾全对方的面子。英语中,有些固定句型可以使否定语气弱化,常用的句型有:I’m afraid、I’m not sure、we regret(tosay)(not)、we are sorry(to say/tell you)(not)。例如:1)I’m sorry to tell you that most of the goods you sent us can’treach the standards you have 2)Most of the goods you sent us can’t reach the standards you 显而易见,例1)用I’m sorry to tell you that…来弱化否定语气,委婉地向对方表明自己的立场和观点,易于接受,有助于维护对方面子。而例2)句过于直截了当,对方难以接受。2过去时态法商务英语谈判中常用过去时态来表示婉转口气,常用“C”、“Would ”委婉地提出请求。用“I ”、“I waswondering”代替“I want”、“I am wondering”显得委婉、客气。如:3)We wanted to know whether you can accept all our 4)We want to know whether you can accept all our 3被动语态法在商务英语谈判中,使用被动语态有时更为得体,甚至能起到主动语态所无法起到的作用。商务谈判中若发生提出建议或批评时,使用被动语态可以弱化执行者,强调按照合同或协议对方应承担的义务和职责,这样更能委婉客气地提出自己的意见和不满,易于对方接受。如:5)A mistake was made on the terms of 6)You made a mistake on the terms of 可见,例6)使用主动语态,显得太直白生硬,有种责备的味道,而例5)使用被动语态显得委婉,语气缓和,在不伤及对方面子的前提下,提出自己的要求和建议。4虚拟语气法商务英语谈判中,有时需要避开直接和正面的表达,用虚拟的手法,客气、委婉、温和的语气,去表达自己的意愿、请求、忠告和建议,达到预期的目的与效果。常用should,would,could,might代替shall,will,can,may。如:7)We would suggest that for this particular order you let us have aD/D,on receipt of which we shall ship the goods on the(first available 8)We want you to let us have a D/D,on receipt of which we shallship the goods on the first available 例7)中,suggest引导的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气为对方提供了建设性的意见,虽然不能得知对方会不会照做,但委婉柔和的方式可以给对方一个美好的印象。而后一句“We want you to…”,语气强硬,含有不管对方接不接受都必须那样做的意思,让对方感觉受到要挟而心里不悦,贸易的达成也就比较困难了。结语国际商务谈判的内容涉及到谈判双方的利益,谈判的结果对双方的业务发展可能产生较大的影响。委婉语的运用有助于缓和紧张谈判气氛、维护对方面子、建立长久的商务关系。商务人员应该仔细学习研究如何在谈判中应尽可能作到充分考虑语境,有进有退,得体委婉。但有一点需要注意的是,委婉语的使用要有“度”,即把握好委婉的分寸。一味“谦卑”、“低声下气”,不但会降低自己的身份,还会让对方抓住弱点,造成对己极为不利的后果。【参考文献】[1]陈良旋商务英语中的委婉语及其表达手法[J]广州大学学报1999(9).[2]郭锡良古代汉语[M]北京:北京出版社,1981.[3]甘长银商务谈判中的委婉表达[M]重庆三峡学院学报2004,(2)[4]李军华关于委婉语的定义[J]湘潭大学学报,2004(7).[5]李俊英英语委婉语及其语用功能[J]青海民族学院学报,2007(9).[6]李先国,扬晶商务谈判理论与实务[M]北京:中国建材工业出版社,1996.[7]RRK斯托克、FC哈特曼等语言与语言学词典[Z]黄长著,林书武等译上海:上海辞书出版社,1981.[8]束定芳委婉语新探[J]外国语,1989(3

京东商城:〇57l-81358293

一关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下:英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。(一)前置1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页。3.中、英文内容摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分,论点明确。行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用“.”相隔,最末级编号之后不加点。示例:1.2.…… 1 2…… … 13.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4.参考文献:写作学位论文过程中,阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单,置于正文之后,另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。(1)文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。(2)文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。(3)每条文献必须顶格写,回行时空两字或五个英语字母。(4)将各文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后:专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R]专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD](MONOGRAPH ON CD)网上期刊〔J/OL〕(serial online)5.文内所引文献:要求附夹注,应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名(英文只注姓),出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献,则加quoted in 字样。 例:(王佐良,1982:38) (Newmark,8:26-33)文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的,不应出现在参考文献中。(三)附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料,如图表或照片等。

商务英语论文3000字

TeamworkAll of us have worked in teams at some point in life and can recall interacting with others to meet team Bring to mind both the good and bad experiences that you went through while working with team members and How did you perform? Were you able to lead the team to meet its objectives? What did other team members feel about your presence in the team? Were your interactions positive or negative? Did you learn anything from your interactions within and outside the team? Look back into your own As you dwell on these points, you are sure to come up with hitherto unnoticed aspects about your personality and work that will qualify you for management Good teamwork releases group synergy so that the combined effect of individual contributions far exceeds the sum of their individual There is mutual accountability and togetherness amongst members of a well-knit The basic premise here is that individual contributions cannot be as good as all of us working together in a Look back at your Were you able to define the team's objectives and the roles of members clearly? How did you understand your different team members, appreciate them and make the most of their special skills and abilities to substantially improve the result of their joint efforts? Good team players place team objectives ahead of their own personal If you are able to recall an experience on these lines, you have identified the right team experience for your Many applicants to the top business schools focus so much on their own achievements that it becomes very difficult to judge their ability to effectively work with If you think you could be headed that way, be sure to describe an experience where you worked with others in a team, learned from them and effectively utilized their strengths to achieve team

商科论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤:1、定义主题撰写商科论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要,因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。2、创建大纲大纲在撰写商科论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通,唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图,描述论文整体的框架,包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。3、广泛研究这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲,以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源,例如:书籍、网络、采访等,只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体,所以同学需要获得充分的信息。4、撰写初稿有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑,这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的,但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意:导言——导言的目的是让读者知道将要发生什么。这部分应该有足够的吸引力,让读者想要继续往下阅读。正文——这部分是安排支撑文章所有论点的地方,也是展示研究证据的地方。结论——结论需要用几个简单的事实总结整篇文章,并提供建议。5、校对修改 千万不要直接提交初稿,因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点,并通过修改论点来突出要点。

试析中专学生如何学好商务英语 随着国际商务往来的日益增多,商务英语 已经越来越受到英语专业师生的重视。尽管商 务英语作为一门热门课程已经开设多年,学生 商务英语学习状况如何,尤其是该课程学习自 主能力如何,至今还是个未知数。鉴于此,笔者 对英语专业商务英语课程自主学习情况进行了 调查。 1情况调查 2008年6月,对杭州、绍兴、金华等地6所 学校英语专业学生进行了调查。发放问卷512 份,收回有效问卷478份。调查学生平均年龄为 3岁,男生133人,女生345人。他们都是从 中专一年级开始学习商务英语的,学习时间接 近一年。 2调查结果 1商务英语学习目的明确度 如表1所示:学生一定程度了解教师的教 学目的,但不够明确;他们不能灵活的将教师的 教学目的转化为自己的学习目的;但是大部分 学生能够较好的跟上教学进度,学生个体差异 较大。 2商务英语学习策略的运用度 如表2所示:学生对学习策略的了解现状 不容乐观,而且听、说、读、写四个方面策略运用 发展不平衡,比较而言,他们在听力与阅读方面 策略运用较灵活,而在交际与写作方面未能熟 练掌握一些有效的学习策略。 3商务英语学习策略与过程的监评度 如表3所示:大部分学生不能有效的对自 己的学习策略运用情况与学习过程进行监控, 他们也不善于对自己的学习方法进行评估并不 断调整学习方法,他们也未能很好的克服一些 不利于商务英语学习的情感因素,而且不懂得 如何与他人开展合作学习。这可能缘于这方面 的培训较少。可喜的是,他们懂得学以致用。 3调查结论 调查结果表明:学生在商务英语学习中具 备一定的自主学习能力,对商务英语学习目的、 学习策略的使用、学习策略与过程的监控和评 估有一定的了解。但是,他们的学习策略发展不 平衡,不能利用元认知策略来促进商务英语学 习,合作学习效果不理想。鉴于商务英语课程的 重要性,建议商务英语教师广泛开展商务英语 学习策略的培训,并不断研究有效的合作学习 与自主学习教学模式,以此来推动学生商务跨 文化交际能力的提高。 4建议 1合作学习理论 合作学习是一种教学理论和策略,有五个 基本要素:积极的相互依赖。学生们知道他们 不仅要为自己的学习负责,而且要为他们所在 小组中其他同学的学习提供支持和帮助,实现 小组共同目标。面对面的促进性互动。学生通 过互相帮助、分工合作、相互激励,促进彼此间 的学习。个人责任制。小组内的分工要细,保 证教师分给学生的任务与角色相对应。小组 相处技巧。期望所有学生能进行有效地沟通,对 小组的活动提供指导,有效地解决组内冲突。 小组评估。各小组必须定期评价共同活动的开 展情况,应怎样提高其有效性。 2合作学习理论与商务英语阅读教学的 紧密结合 商务英语阅读的内容很广泛、很专业,除 了对语言材料难易程度要严格把握外,教师在 语言材料的选择范围上也要下工夫。专业素质 对学生商务英语阅读技能目标提出了具体要 求,阅读量也大幅度增加。众所周知,教学是一 种双边活动,既有教师的主观能动作用,又必须 发挥学生的主体作用,只有把这两个作用有效 地结合起来,才能达到良好的教学效果。从教育 学理论或教学经验来看,没有学生的主动性与 积极性,任何教学都不能成功。为此,在商务英 语阅读教学中,教师应精心设计各项任务,让学 生通过各种形式的小组活动来合作完成商务英 语阅读任务。学生完成阅读教学任务的过程其 实就是一个合作、互动、创新的过程。为此,教师 应着重培养学生的合作意识和合作学习能力, 关键是让他们知道用什么工具、通过什么途径 去收集有价值的信息和资料。所以合作学习理 论的应用不仅是要让学生了解阅读材料的观 点,而且要学会表达自己的观点,并在此基础上 掌握讨论问题的要领和方法。商务英语阅读教 学中的合作小组讨论可以通过以下几方面来进 行: 1对商务英语阅读材料标题、插图等展 开讨论,激发学生的学习兴趣、发挥他们的想像 力; 2对阅读材料的段落、细节、佳句、体 裁、写作特点等进行讨论,培养学生的鉴赏和概 括能力; 3对阅读材料中难句、长句、某些专业 术语和词汇展开讨论,提高学生理解和运用语 言的能力;

商务英语论文范文3000字

I HAVE A DREAM 我有一个梦想 如下:Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation P This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient " But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the N This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and we must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our We cannot walk And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march We cannot turn There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" we can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and Some of you have come fresh from narrow Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police You have been the veterans of creative Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be Let us not wallow in the valley of I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a It is a dream deeply rooted in the American I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created " I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their I have a dream I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and I have a dream I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it This is our This is the faith with which I return to the S With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom " And if America is to be a great nation, this must become So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New H Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New Y Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of M From every mountainside, let freedom When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" 几年前,一位伟大的美国人,在其象征的阴影我们签署了解放宣言。这一重要的法令是一个伟大的指路明灯的希望数以百万计的黑人奴隶谁已经烙在火焰枯萎不公正。这是一个欢乐的黎明,结束漫漫长夜的囚禁。但是,百年之后,我们必须面对的悲惨事实,即黑人仍然没有自由。 一百多年后,生活的黑人仍是可悲的残废了手铐的隔离和歧视的锁链。一百多年后,黑人生活在一个孤独的岛屿贫困正处在远隔重洋的物质繁荣。 100年后的今天,黑人仍挣扎在弯道中的美国社会,并认为自己是流亡在自己的土地。 因此,我们今天来到这里,开始表现令人震惊的状况。从某种意义上讲,我们来到我们国家的首都,以现金支票。当我们共和国的缔造者的宏伟话写在宪法和独立宣言,他们签署了期票的每一个美国人是属于继承人。 这说明是一个承诺,所有的人将得到保障不可剥夺的权利,生命权,自由权和追求幸福。很显然,美国今天已经拖欠本本票,因为她的公民的颜色感到关切。不是纪念这一神圣的义务,美国的黑人提供了一个坏的人检查了回来标有“足够的资金。 ”但是,我们拒绝相信,正义是银行破产。我们拒绝认为,没有足够的资金在大拱顶的机会,这个国家。 所以,我们来兑现这张支票-支票这将给予我们的需求财富的自由和安全的正义。我们还来到这个神圣的位置,提醒美国的紧迫性,现在激烈。这是没有时间去从事豪华降温或采取安定药物的渐进。现在是时候

TeamworkAll of us have worked in teams at some point in life and can recall interacting with others to meet team Bring to mind both the good and bad experiences that you went through while working with team members and How did you perform? Were you able to lead the team to meet its objectives? What did other team members feel about your presence in the team? Were your interactions positive or negative? Did you learn anything from your interactions within and outside the team? Look back into your own As you dwell on these points, you are sure to come up with hitherto unnoticed aspects about your personality and work that will qualify you for management Good teamwork releases group synergy so that the combined effect of individual contributions far exceeds the sum of their individual There is mutual accountability and togetherness amongst members of a well-knit The basic premise here is that individual contributions cannot be as good as all of us working together in a Look back at your Were you able to define the team's objectives and the roles of members clearly? How did you understand your different team members, appreciate them and make the most of their special skills and abilities to substantially improve the result of their joint efforts? Good team players place team objectives ahead of their own personal If you are able to recall an experience on these lines, you have identified the right team experience for your Many applicants to the top business schools focus so much on their own achievements that it becomes very difficult to judge their ability to effectively work with If you think you could be headed that way, be sure to describe an experience where you worked with others in a team, learned from them and effectively utilized their strengths to achieve team

商务英语论文3000字开头

商科论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤:1、定义主题撰写商科论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要,因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。2、创建大纲大纲在撰写商科论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通,唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图,描述论文整体的框架,包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。3、广泛研究这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲,以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源,例如:书籍、网络、采访等,只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体,所以同学需要获得充分的信息。4、撰写初稿有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑,这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的,但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意:导言——导言的目的是让读者知道将要发生什么。这部分应该有足够的吸引力,让读者想要继续往下阅读。正文——这部分是安排支撑文章所有论点的地方,也是展示研究证据的地方。结论——结论需要用几个简单的事实总结整篇文章,并提供建议。5、校对修改 千万不要直接提交初稿,因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点,并通过修改论点来突出要点。

委婉语在商务英语谈判中的功能及语法手段摘要】在商务英语谈判中,常借助委婉语礼貌、间接地陈述自己的观点,提出要求或建议,以便建立良好的商务环境,在国际竞争中获取成功。笔者在探讨委婉语的涵义及其在商务英语谈判中的功能的基础上,总结了委婉语在商务英语谈判中常见的语法实现手段。提出掌握并恰当运用委婉语的语法手段,有助于顺利达到谈判的目的。【关键词】商务英语谈判;委婉语的功能;语法手段在国际贸易中,从建立贸易关系到询盘、报盘;到装船、货款支付、投诉索赔,很大一部分都需要通过商务谈判来完成。商务谈判成功与否受诸如谈判时间地点、谈判代表着装、信息掌握、谈判语言等多种因素的制约。其中,作为主要信息传递中介的谈判语言尤为重要。“在商务谈判中,对谈判人员行为产生影响的主要有两大因素:一是经济利益,二是心理情感。前者是谈判的目标,后者是影响目标实现的决定因素。”在商务英语谈判中,常借助委婉语这一修辞手段礼貌、含蓄地陈述自己的观点或愿望,提出请求或建议,以便建立良好的商务环境。委婉语的涵义郭锡良在其主编的《古代汉语》中将委婉语界定为:“不直言其事,故意把话说得含蓄、婉转一些,叫做‘委婉语’。”英语与汉语委婉语相对应的词是euphemism,它源自希腊语euphemisos,词头“eu-”的意思是“good or sounding well”(好或听起来好)词干“pheme”的意思是“speech”(言语),整个字面意思是“words of good omen”(吉言)或“goodspeech”(优雅动听的言语)。Dictionary of language and linguistics(RRKHartmann&FCStork,1972)将委婉语定义为:“用一种不明说的、能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法,代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法。”委婉语是人们在社会交往中为谋求理想的交际效果而创造的一种适当的语言表达形式,即用漂亮的词语或文雅的谈吐,用悦耳、含蓄、委婉的词语来替代直接、冒昧、唐突的言辞,来减少语言表达上的敏感性和刺激性,使谈话双方均达到最佳的交际效果。委婉语在商务英语谈判中的功能在商务英语谈判中,委婉表达能够缓和紧张的谈判气氛,避免矛盾冲突,打破僵局,并且有助于双方建立长久的商务关系。委婉表达是一种对谈判双方都有效的谈判手段和策略,也是在国际竞争中获取成功的重要途径。现将委婉语在商务英语谈判中的主要功能归纳为以下三点。1缓和谈判气氛委婉语就像是一种润滑剂,能够缓和紧张的谈判气氛。当谈判气氛得到缓和的时候,谈判双方就会减少因心理压力过大而失去理智、出现相互争执的可能性。这有利于谈判双方心平气和地解决问题并减少矛盾的产生。2维护双方面子委婉语的使用有助于维护谈判双方的面子。由于谈判双方的立场冲突,双方都试图说服对方接受自己的观点、满足自己的要求。如果己方的观点陈述得过于直白生硬、咄咄逼人,很容易伤及对方的面子。如使用“I’m afraid…”、“Could you possibly…”等句型将否定、疑问语气弱化,友善客气。3建立长期商务关系委婉语的使用有助于双方长期友好关系的建立。“在评价一场谈判成功与否时,不仅要看经济指标,还要看谈判后双方的人际关系如何。”委婉语的重要性就在于它能够帮助双方建立这种友好商务关系。如果忽视对方的情感,单纯地追求己方的经济利益,必然会招致对方的反感和抵制,无法实现长期友好商务关系的建立。商务英语谈判中委婉语语法手段在商务英语谈判中,为了达到迂回委婉这一表达目的“可以有多种语言手段,如语音手段、语法手段、文字手段、语用手段等”。以下主要探讨商务英语谈判中委婉语的语法实现手段。1否定弱化法在商务谈判中,表达否定的观点时,要避免强硬的态度和生硬的语言。直白地向对方表达否定观点有些卤莽,容易引起对方的厌恶,不利于长期友好商务关系的建立。因此,运用委婉语来削弱否定的语气,可以保持友善客气并顾全对方的面子。英语中,有些固定句型可以使否定语气弱化,常用的句型有:I’m afraid、I’m not sure、we regret(tosay)(not)、we are sorry(to say/tell you)(not)。例如:1)I’m sorry to tell you that most of the goods you sent us can’treach the standards you have 2)Most of the goods you sent us can’t reach the standards you 显而易见,例1)用I’m sorry to tell you that…来弱化否定语气,委婉地向对方表明自己的立场和观点,易于接受,有助于维护对方面子。而例2)句过于直截了当,对方难以接受。2过去时态法商务英语谈判中常用过去时态来表示婉转口气,常用“C”、“Would ”委婉地提出请求。用“I ”、“I waswondering”代替“I want”、“I am wondering”显得委婉、客气。如:3)We wanted to know whether you can accept all our 4)We want to know whether you can accept all our 3被动语态法在商务英语谈判中,使用被动语态有时更为得体,甚至能起到主动语态所无法起到的作用。商务谈判中若发生提出建议或批评时,使用被动语态可以弱化执行者,强调按照合同或协议对方应承担的义务和职责,这样更能委婉客气地提出自己的意见和不满,易于对方接受。如:5)A mistake was made on the terms of 6)You made a mistake on the terms of 可见,例6)使用主动语态,显得太直白生硬,有种责备的味道,而例5)使用被动语态显得委婉,语气缓和,在不伤及对方面子的前提下,提出自己的要求和建议。4虚拟语气法商务英语谈判中,有时需要避开直接和正面的表达,用虚拟的手法,客气、委婉、温和的语气,去表达自己的意愿、请求、忠告和建议,达到预期的目的与效果。常用should,would,could,might代替shall,will,can,may。如:7)We would suggest that for this particular order you let us have aD/D,on receipt of which we shall ship the goods on the(first available 8)We want you to let us have a D/D,on receipt of which we shallship the goods on the first available 例7)中,suggest引导的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气为对方提供了建设性的意见,虽然不能得知对方会不会照做,但委婉柔和的方式可以给对方一个美好的印象。而后一句“We want you to…”,语气强硬,含有不管对方接不接受都必须那样做的意思,让对方感觉受到要挟而心里不悦,贸易的达成也就比较困难了。结语国际商务谈判的内容涉及到谈判双方的利益,谈判的结果对双方的业务发展可能产生较大的影响。委婉语的运用有助于缓和紧张谈判气氛、维护对方面子、建立长久的商务关系。商务人员应该仔细学习研究如何在谈判中应尽可能作到充分考虑语境,有进有退,得体委婉。但有一点需要注意的是,委婉语的使用要有“度”,即把握好委婉的分寸。一味“谦卑”、“低声下气”,不但会降低自己的身份,还会让对方抓住弱点,造成对己极为不利的后果。【参考文献】[1]陈良旋商务英语中的委婉语及其表达手法[J]广州大学学报1999(9).[2]郭锡良古代汉语[M]北京:北京出版社,1981.[3]甘长银商务谈判中的委婉表达[M]重庆三峡学院学报2004,(2)[4]李军华关于委婉语的定义[J]湘潭大学学报,2004(7).[5]李俊英英语委婉语及其语用功能[J]青海民族学院学报,2007(9).[6]李先国,扬晶商务谈判理论与实务[M]北京:中国建材工业出版社,1996.[7]RRK斯托克、FC哈特曼等语言与语言学词典[Z]黄长著,林书武等译上海:上海辞书出版社,1981.[8]束定芳委婉语新探[J]外国语,1989(3

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