国际经济与贸易论文摘要英文版高中生

国际经济与贸易论文摘要英文版高中生

电子商务对我国国际贸易发展的影响与对策 国际贸易; 电子商务; 影响; 对策; 【摘要】 近年来，随着网络技术应用的快速普及，电子商务，无论是作为一种交易方式还是传播媒介，都在广度与深度上取得了前所未有的进展，渗透到了社会的各个方面。在国际贸易领域，电子商务作为一种新兴的贸易操作方式，更以其特有的优势为众多国家所接受和使用，并引起了国际贸易领域的重大变革。 一、电子商务概述以及对国际贸易的影响电子商务概念出现于20世纪90年代。按照世界贸易组织电子商务专题报告的定义，电子商务就是通过电信网络进行的生产、营销、销售和流通等商务活动，它不仅指基于因特网上的交易，而且指所有利用电子信息技术来解决问题、降低成本、增加价值和创造商机的商务活动，包括通过网络实现从原材料查询、采购、产品展示、订购到出品、储运以及电子支付等一系列的贸易活动。基于因特网的、以交易双方为主体，以银行的电子支付和结算为手段，以客户数据为依托的全新商务模式——电子商务正在全球范围内蓬勃兴起，并已成为推动新世纪世界经济增长的关键动力。电子商务的发展将对国际贸易产生深远的影响，主要体现在以下方面：（1）电子商务促进国际贸易方式改变；（2）电子商务促进国际贸易营销模式改变；（3）电子商务促进国际贸易管理方式改变；（4）电子商务促进国际贸易监管方式发生变化（5）电子商务对我国现行税收产生影响。二、电子商务在国际贸易中存在的问题（一）信息基础设施建设不完善技术的落后体现在硬件上，就是基础设施建设上的落后。网络维护技术的落后同时导致网络稳定性比较差、上网速度慢、通讯中断时有发生等，给电子商务的实现造成困难。同时，物流配送体系的不完善和物流技术的欠缺，国内的电子商务运营商在自有的物流配送网络的建设上还蜚声常落后。目前，只有邮政和铁通的配送体系比较完善，其他大多没有自己完备的配送体系，无法保证配送网的覆盖率，从面就无法保证交货的速度和准确性，降低了信誉。（二）法律和法规的严重滞后《电子签名法》与传统法律冲突，该法是我国将信息领域纳入法制化轨道的重要一步。随后公司法、票据法、证券法、拍卖法也颁布了新的版本，但这些法律和电子签名法存在不相衔接的地方，在具体实施中甚至出现冲突。电子签名法的顺利实施的确还需要一个过程，还有待于大量配套规章和司法解释的补充完善。同时，电子商务中的知识产权还应加大保护力度。域名权和超链接侵权问题也是当今学者共同关注的问题。我国并没有具体的立法来规制域名权，发生纠纷往往采用《中国互联网络域名管理办法》来调解，或者使用商标法或者反不正当竞争法来规制，没有一定的法律强制执行的效力。（三）国际交流需进一步加强由于各国习惯、生活方式、风俗及法律等方面不一样，造成在某些方面形成了冲突。例如，中国人忌讳4这个数字，美国人下班及假日后绝不谈论工作等等。所以，我们需要加强各国之间的交流，了解一些可能在电子商务中形成不利因素的知识。积极开展全方位、多层次的国际交流有利于了解和掌握国际上信息化和电子商务发展的最新动态，学习和借鉴发达国家、地区和国际组织的先进经验和通行做法，促进我国信息化和电子商务事业的发展。近年来，我们在“平等、互利、务求实效”原则基础上，不断加大国际交流合作力度，已经与美国、英国、韩国、俄罗斯、香港、澳门等国家和地区建立起信息化与电子商务合作机制，积极参与亚太经合组织、亚欧会议、东盟10+3、联合国贸易发展会议、联合国贸易法委员会等国际与地区组织工作中的信息化和电子商务相关活动。三、我国发展国际电子商务的对策（一）加快信息基础设施建设，大力推动企业信息化电子商务在一国的应用与发展有赖于完备的信息基础设施作为基础。目前，全球电子商务销售额的80%发生在美国，美国在竞争中的优势地位是以其资金、技术的高投入和完备的信息基础设施建设作为基础的。目前，美国已基本形成一个由地下光缆、海底光缆和通信卫星组成的海陆空立体化高速通讯网络。电子商务在欧洲的推行与发展也与其信息基础设施建设同步。企业是推行电子商务的重要主体，企业的积极参与是发展电子商务的必要保证。但目前，我国企业正处于改革的攻坚阶段，在企业经营机制及领导、员工思想观念上，还没有真正实现从计划经济到市场经济的转变。没有良好的效益和追求发展的内在动因做基础，必然造成企业信息化意识淡薄，缺乏发展电子商务的积极性。统计资料表明，在1～5万家国有大中型企业中，只有10%的企业初步实现信息化或运用信息手段比较好；大约有70%的企业拥有一定的信息手段或正着手向实现企业信息化的方向努力；而20%的企业只有少量计算机，并且仅用于财务和文字处理工作，中小型企业信息化程度则更低。（二）加强法律法规的研究与制定进一步完善法律、法规、政策、税收等建设，加大投入，为外贸电子商务竞争力提升提供支持。参与国际标准的制定与合作，积极与国际市场接轨。融入全球网上支付体系，提高跨国资金流通效率，研究各银行网上支付系统的兼容性与协调性，确立并执行跨行、跨国网上支付综合解决方案。（三）积极参与国际合作与对话电子商务打破了时空界限，加快了全球经济一体化的进程。面对电子商务带来的诸如关税与税收、统一商业代码、知识产权保护等一系列新问题，各国加强了对话与合作。我们可以吸收学习国外发展成熟的相关经验，逐步发展壮大我国企业电子商务。如针对我国通信基础设施薄弱，安全技术不够完善，可利用国外的电子商务技术及设施，发展国际业务。事实上，这些对话活动不但直接影响着电子商务条件下新贸易规则的制定，决定不同国家、地区之间的利益分配，而且加强了各国的合作与交流，提高了各国电子商务的国际性。

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates， some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930， for example， triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s， trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis， there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions， countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy， hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries， factories are closing and unemployment is rising， creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries， especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms， ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade， industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening， caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008， world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment， a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year， and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries， but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression， the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930， which raised import duties of over 20，000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis， other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims， not the least was the US itself， where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US， the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis， major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008， compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November， and a 5% decline last month， when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis， it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation， and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression， the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed， exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so， China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008， amid a contraction in global trade， China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out， the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country， the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment， products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today， tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

With the increase in trade volumes of Chinese exports and the rise in world exports standings，products made in China are suffering more and more anti-dumping investigations and resistance in international market Based on introduce the concept of competition and price dumping，the article give a detailed analysis of the dumping hazards on our country and importing country's economic development And from the causes of Chinese export enterprises their own problems in foreign trade，exploring some companies in order to maintain or expand its market on the over competive market by low price dumping and bring negative impact on the development of Chinese foreign To further address the above reasons，it proposed approaches to governance in adjusting and optimizating export merchandise structure，endeavor to reverse the "non-market economy" status， to maintain and protect a reasonable order for export， changing marketing concepts and models， and take diverse routes and strengthen the market industry associations and government effects in [Keywords]: Export dumping price competition

国际经济与贸易论文摘要英文版高中版

不好意思，本人英语一塌糊涂。。。。。

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates， some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930， for example， triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s， trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis， there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions， countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy， hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries， factories are closing and unemployment is rising， creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries， especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms， ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade， industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening， caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008， world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment， a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year， and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries， but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression， the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930， which raised import duties of over 20，000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis， other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims， not the least was the US itself， where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US， the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis， major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008， compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November， and a 5% decline last month， when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis， it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation， and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression， the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed， exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so， China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008， amid a contraction in global trade， China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out， the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country， the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment， products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today， tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

[to] pick as our merchandise exports increased volume of world exports and ranked rise， made-in-china products in the international market will encounter more and more anti-dumping investigation， Chinese products are more anti-dumping The paper has introduced the concept of dumping and competitive price， on the basis of the analysis of China and dumping importer of economic And from our export enterprises in foreign trade in the causes of the problems， and discusses some enterprises based on competitive market for excessive keep or expand its market share and low to China's foreign trade dumping produce unfavorable effects on For these reasons， further from adjusting and optimizing the structure of export products， trying to reverse non-market economy "position， the foreign trade order maintenance reasonable export market marketing idea， change with the mode， diversified market route and strengthening government and industry association of export commodities in the aspects of the proposed by management [key] : export trade dumping price competition

摘要：简洁、具体的摘要要反映论文的实质性内容，展示论文内容足够的信息，体现论文的创新性，展现论文的重要梗概，一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。对象——是论文研究、研制、调查等所涉及的具体的主题范围，体现论文的研究内容、要解决的主要问题，是问题的提出，研究方向的确立与目标的定位。方法——是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺、结构、手段、程序，是完成研究对象的必要手段。结果——是作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、数据，被确定的关系等，是进行科研所得的成果。结论——是作者对结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用、提出的问题等，是结果的总结，显示研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性，体现论文研究的价值与学术水平，是决定论文被检索的窗口。中文摘要的写作要求：摘要以主题概念不遗漏为原则，中文摘要字数为200-300字，英文摘要为100-150words 用重要的事实开头，突出论文新的信息，即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等叙述要完整，清楚，简明扼要，逻辑性要强，结构完整，删去背景与过去的研究信息，不应包含作者将来的计划，杜绝文学性修饰与无用的叙述摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的，尽量列出他们的名字不以数字开头，中英文必须对应

国际经济与贸易论文范文英文版高中

First， WTO accession on China's financial industry the great challenges　　China's huge， high-speed growth of financial markets and lack of financial deepening， long-term policy to protect China's financial sector to foreign financial consortium constitute the immense attraction of trying to a good opportunity for China's accession to the WTO to enter China's financial market has been the focus of their efforts The United States Commerce Secretary William Daley said the Sino-US WTO negotiations fell the most crucial questions， such as banking and insurance areas of financial 　　April 9， 1999， the United States Trade Representative Office unilaterally announced the so-called Chinese date for accession to WTO and the United States reached an open market These measures， according to the United States in China's accession to the WTO that it would begin to In fact， these so-called Protocol of the United States in fact just the asking price， of which only the agricultural part of complete agreement， other not yet fully The United States Trade Representative Office unilaterally announced the so-called China's accession to the WTO after the financial markets， the openness of the list， from which we can see that the United States and China， asking for specific financial services industry may be subject to the impact of the extent of:　　(1) Banking　　Between the two countries will continue negotiations on this However， China has agreed to join WTO， US-owned banks to foreign customers can immediately provide all the foreign exchange One year after WTO accession， the United States to the Chinese bank can provide customers with foreign exchange business， Sino-US joint-venture banks will be allowed to operate wholly foreign-owned banks will be allowed to operate at 5 years， foreign banks in two years will be allowed to conduct RMB business at 5 During the year the finance retail 　　(2) the securities industry　　At present， the securities， the Chinese will still insist open B-share market， but the A shares should not The US side insists that the opening of the stock For this requirement， China still insists that financial sector liberalization must be gradual and orderly progress， if we do not do so， it will be further subjected to the crisis in Southeast Asian countries to 　　(3) the insurance industry　　US demands China's accession to the WTO， life insurance companies in the foreign shareholding ratio can be up to 50%， add a year later， increased to 51% Non-life insurance companies and reinsurance companies will be allowed at a joint venture insurance companies hold 51 percent stake， and at two years to set up wholly-owned branch 　　With China's accession to the WTO will become the truth， China is striving to provide open financial markets to prepare:　　(1) Chinese department director has been fixed for the opening of RMB business Open RMB business faster than most people probably would exceed expectations， in the "foreseeable future" is very likely at all large and medium-sized city open RMB 　　(2) add at WTO， China will be the first to open RMB business in life insurance and property & casualty insurance As capital markets belong to the securities industry， opening up the speed will be relatively March 20， the China Insurance Regulatory Commission Ma Yongwei， chairman， said the opening up of China's insurance market is a foregone conclusion in the near future， there will be a number of foreign insurance companies enter the Chinese 　　(3) foreign banks will be one year after China's accession to the WTO， China allowed to provide foreign exchange business customers， and two years later for the enterprise business to provide renminbi business activity， and after five years for Chinese individuals to provide financial People's Bank of China will be lifted this year， foreign banks operating branches geographical restrictions， from the current Shanghai， Beijing， Tianjin， Shenzhen and other 23 city extended to all central cities， while the United States formally approved the Shenzhen branch of Citibank， Bank of Tokyo JAPAN Shenzhen sub - Bank to conduct RMB 　　(4) of the securities market， foreign capital eager to enter， but the domestic securities market is not mature enough， and the RMB is not freely convertible， direct foreign investment and opening up is unlikely， in recent years， the China Securities Regulatory Commission once the proposal to examine the formation of Sino-foreign joint investment fund the possibility of us to consider the form of foreign investment funds to enter and take the establishment of Sino-foreign cooperative fund the possibility of 　　From the above analysis we can already feel that China's accession to the WTO， China's financial industry by the face of international financial integration of the great challenges:　　(1) China's financial industry in the long-term barriers to retaining a high degree of policy evaluation， the WT O to add a high degree of market competition after the situation has required a process of Chinese bankers are much， for opening up banking reacted strongly consider in the next five years to completely open up the banking industry， time is very According to the World Bank has long been known as one pairs of Chinese banking industry experts Radi said that the need for around ten years， China's banking sector in order to prepare， in the face of foreign competition in the industry， and not in First of all， the Chinese banking system has yet to be market-oriented reforms to further deepen， at present， four major Chinese state-owned commercial banks are all the Ministry of Finance， the national bank assets accounted for more than 90% of Shenzhen Development Bank are so far the only listed Secondly， non-performing loans of domestic banks within five years， it is difficult to National plans to discount the portion of the debt or sell securities， but this process may be will need to spend a few years or even Reconstruction of the fragile Chinese banking system is that the Chinese Government to allow foreign financial institutions to gain full access to their markets， while domestic financial crisis will not lead to an important 　　(2) the financial services sector in our country's industry has been opening sequence in a relatively backward part of the opening of international financial competition environment has a process of China's financial industry must be limited to opening up the market to prevent the Asian financial turmoil the price of a repeat in C　　(3) China's financial sector， especially state-owned commercial banks in the past the process of non-market operators have accumulated a lot of non-performing loans， which makes US financial sector competition in the market relatively heavy historical 　　Second， actively respond to　　(1) Expand the financial inspection of assets and liabilities of financial institutions to find out the Chinese Government to further guard against financial risks， as well as opening up financial markets to meet the challenges faced， had started a period of 5 months of a general inspection of national financial work out a comprehensive financial institution's assets and the debt Work focused on financial institutions to check the financial position and its non-performing assets in order to regulators of financial institutions nationwide to find out the true state of This will not only help regulators assess the financial risks effectively， and to take appropriate response measures， the gradual elimination of financial institutions， large non-performing 　　(2) in an open domestic market before the director of China's financial department to deal with banks to restructure or to inject more funds into the bank to improve the operation and management principles and the rule of law and set up appropriate regulatory Too fast， opening up the financial industry risk is probably much higher than the strength of foreign investment China's domestic financial system， we should fully absorb the lessons of the Asian crisis: liberalization in the financial industry before， we must strictly regulate the domestic financial system， commercial banks are required to have proper access to capital injection and operation and 　　(3) change their concepts， to face up to the international financial integration of great International financial integration is one of the world inevitable trend of economic development， we are opening up the financial industry overall strategy is unchanged， just add WTO so that the subject had placed earlier in front of At the previous monopoly of the soil protection grew up China's financial industry should face up to the international financial integration of the enormous challenges， we must seriously examine their own point whether there is really strong enough to contend with transnational corporations， the core of our competitiveness where扬长up short， a positive 　　一、加入WTO对中国金融业的巨大挑战　　中国庞大的、高速增长的金融市场和金融深化不足、长期为政策 保护的中国金融业，对外国金融财团构成了巨大的吸引力，试图通过 中国加入WTO的良机进入中国金融市场一直是它们重点努力的方向。 美国商务部长戴利称，中美入世谈判最关键的问题落在银行和保险等 金融服务领域中。　　1999年4月9日，美国贸易代表处单方面公布了所谓中国迄今为加 入WTO与美国达成的市场开放协议。这些措施据美国称将在中国加入 WTO时开始实施。其实这些所谓的协议实际上只是美国的要价，其中 只有农业部分完全达成协议，其他仍未完全达成。美国贸易代表处单 方面公布了所谓中国加入WTO后金融市场开放程度一览表，我们从中 可以看到美国具体的要价和中国金融业可能会受到的冲击程度：　　(1)银行业　　两国仍继续此项目的谈判。但中国已经同意，加入WTO后，美资 银行可立即向外国客户提供所有外汇业务。加入WTO一年后，美国的 银行可向中国客户提供外汇业务，中美合资的银行将立即获准经营， 外国独资银行将在5年内获准经营，外资银行在二年内将获准经营人 民币业务，在5年内经营金融零售业务。　　(2)证券业　　目前就证券而言，中国坚持仍然会开放B股市场，但是A股不能开 放。美方则坚持提出开放整个证券市场。对于这个要求，中国仍然坚 持金融部门的开放必须循序渐进，如果不这样作，就将步遭受危机的 东南亚国家后尘。　　(3)保险业　　美方要求中国加入WTO后，人寿保险公司中外资持股比例可高达 50％，加入一年后，提高至51％。非人寿保险公司和再保险公司将获 准在合资保险公司中持有51％的股份，并可在二年内成立全资的分支 机构。　　随着中国加入世贸组织将成事实，中国也正为开放金融市场做好 准备：　　(1)中国主管部门已订出开放人民币业务的时间表。人民币业务 开放速度之快可能会超出多数人的预期，在“可见的未来”极有可能 在所有大中城市开放人民币业务。　　(2)在加入WTO后，中国将首先开放人民币业务寿险及产险市场。 至于属于资本市场的证券业，开放的速度则会相对较慢。3月20日， 中国保险监督管理委员会主席马永伟表示，中国保险市场的开放大局 已定，在不久的将来，会有多家外国保险公司进入中国市场。　　(3)外资银行将在中国加入WTO一年后，获准为中国客户提供外汇 业务，两年后可为企业商务活动提供人民币业务，而五年后可为中国 个人提供金融服务。中国人民银行今年将取消外资银行营业性分支机 构地域限制，从现在的上海、北京、天津、深圳等23个城市扩大到所 有中心城市，同时正式批准美国花旗银行深圳分行、日本东京银行深 圳分行经营人民币业务。　　(4)证券市场方面，外资渴望进入，但国内证券市场并不成熟， 而且人民币尚不能自由兑换，直接开放外资进入的可能性不大，近年 来中国证监会曾经提出研究组建中外合作投资基金的可能性，我们认 为以基金的形式吸收外资进入，采取组建中外合作基金形式的可能性 极大。　　我们从上述分析中已经可以感受到中国加入WTO后，中国金融业 所面对国际金融一体化的巨大挑战：　　(1)中国金融业长期处于高度的政策壁垒护估之下，对于加入WT O后高度的市场竞争形势需要有个适应过程。 中国许多银行业人士，对于对外开放银行业务反应强烈，认为在 五年内彻底开放银行业，时间是十分急迫的。据世界银行一位对中国 银行业素有研究的专家拉迪指出，大约需要十年，中国银行业才能作 好准备，面对国外同业的竞争，而不致于陷入险境。首先，中国银行 业体制的市场化改革仍有待进一步深化，目前，中国四大国有商业银 行属财政部所有，占全国银行资产的90％以上，深圳发展银行是至今 唯一上市的银行。其次，国内银行不良贷款在五年内难以清除。国家 计划将这部分债务以折价或证券化的方式出售，但此过程也许将需花 上数年甚至更长。重建中国脆弱的银行系统，是中国政府允许外国金 融机构完全进入本国市场，而不致引发国内金融危机的重要先决条件 。　　(2)金融业在我国的行业对外开放序列中一直处于较后的部分， 对开放后的国际金融竞争环境也有个适应过程。中国金融业必须有限 制地向外开放市场，以防止亚洲金融风暴的代价在中国重演。　　(3)中国金融业特别是国有商业银行在过去的非市场经营过程中 累积了不少不良贷款，这使我们的金融业在市场竞争中历史包袱比较 重。　　二、积极应对　　(1)展开金融大检查，摸清金融机构资产负债 中国政府为进一步防范金融风险，以及迎接金融市场开放所面临 的挑战，已开始展开为期5个月的全国金融大检查工作，全面摸清金 融机构的资产和债务状况。工作重点在于检查金融机构的财务状况及 其不良资产，以便监管机构能摸清全国金融机构债务的真实状况。此 举不仅有助于监管部门能有效评估金融风险，并可采取适当的应对措 施，逐步消除金融机构庞大的不良资产。　　(2)在开放国内市场以前，中国金融主管部门应对银行进行重组 或增加注资，改进银行经营管理方针，并建立适当的法治和规范框架 。过快开放金融业的风险在于外资实力可能大大超过中国国内金融体 系，我们应该充分吸取亚洲危机的教训：在金融业自由化前，必须对 国内金融系统严格规范，商业银行必须妥善获得资本金注入及经营管 理。　　(3)转变观念，正视国际金融一体化的巨大挑战。国际金融一体 化是世界经济发展的必然趋势，我们金融业的对外开放的总方略是不 变的，加入WTO只是使这一课题提早摆到了我们的面前。以往在垄断 保护的土壤中成长起来的中国金融业应该正视国际金融一体化的巨大 挑战，要认真审视自己究竟有哪一点足以与真正强大的跨国公司抗衡， 我们的核心竞争力在何处，扬长补短，积极应对。

InvestmentliberalizationandinternationaltradeAbstractThispaperestimatesthecross-Weshowthattheeffectofreducingforeigndirectinvestmentcostsonexportsdependsoncountrycharacteristicsandtradecostsaspredictedbythe[Markusen，1997andMarkusen，2002]Whencountriesdifferinrelativefactorendowmentsandtradecostsarelow，investmentliberalizationstimulatesexports，whereaswhencountriesaresimilarintermsofrelativefactorendowmentsandsize，andtradecostsaremoderatetohigh，AuthorKeywords:Exports;Foreigndirectinvestment;Internationaltrade;Investmentcosts;Investmentliberalization-----------是一个PDF，你看看摘要，觉得可以我传你还有很多，反正就是关于

Influence and Countermeasures of International economic integration on China’s foreign tradeAt present， the world economy is moving to the new trend of regional blocs and economic Currently， the economic integration is gradually breaking continental limits to the Pan-Africa The development of international economic integration will inevitably lead to deeper integration of its internal trade barriers and strengthening the dual result of external， leading to non-group increasing competition among countries， protectionism is These are constraints of the international economy， especially the freedom of foreign economic development in developing China is a developing country， in international trade， economic integration of member countries of goods and commodities in an unequal competition in a state of Economic integration， trade between Member States， although the advertised its openness， the existence of non-members are very exclusive， this exclusion is that trade creation and trade diversion The former refers to trading partners cheap imports needed to replace the higher cost in the domestic production of goods; the latter represents the integration of member countries with a higher cost of imported goods more expensive to replace the import of cheaper non-members This means that China’s cheap goods sometimes in the case of integration of member states not be able to enter the

国际经济与贸易论文摘要英文版怎么写初中

The exchange rate can be viewed as the price of the currency of a country is an important economic issues closely related to the national economy， its appreciation or depreciation will have a significant impact on a country's import and export trade， in general， the currency appreciation is conducive to expandingimports and discourage exports; depreciation of the local currency is conducive to expanding exports and discourage Exchange rate issue is an important issue closely related to the national economy and people's lives， the last few years， the level of the exchange rate has been the focus of attention since the 2005 reform of the RMB exchange rate， the sharp appreciation of the yuan， China's economy is facing tremendous pressure of RMB appreciation ， how to deal with the RMB appreciation relations with the development of the country's foreign On the basis of the analysis of the background of the appreciation of the renminbi， because expositions renminbi appreciation on the existing Foreign Trade and Development pros and cons of two effects， depth of some deal with RMB appreciation pressure and opportunities to promote the development of China's foreign trade recommendations and

摘要：简洁、具体的摘要要反映论文的实质性内容，展示论文内容足够的信息，体现论文的创新性，展现论文的重要梗概，一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。对象——是论文研究、研制、调查等所涉及的具体的主题范围，体现论文的研究内容、要解决的主要问题，是问题的提出，研究方向的确立与目标的定位。方法——是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺、结构、手段、程序，是完成研究对象的必要手段。结果——是作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、数据，被确定的关系等，是进行科研所得的成果。结论——是作者对结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用、提出的问题等，是结果的总结，显示研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性，体现论文研究的价值与学术水平，是决定论文被检索的窗口。中文摘要的写作要求：摘要以主题概念不遗漏为原则，中文摘要字数为200-300字，英文摘要为100-150words 用重要的事实开头，突出论文新的信息，即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等叙述要完整，清楚，简明扼要，逻辑性要强，结构完整，删去背景与过去的研究信息，不应包含作者将来的计划，杜绝文学性修饰与无用的叙述摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的，尽量列出他们的名字不以数字开头，中英文必须对应

[Abstract]: With the increase in trade volumes of China's merchandise exports and the rise in world exports standings， Chinese-made products in the international market， to suffer more and more anti-dumping investigations， the Chinese products are more and more anti-dumping Articles After the introduction of the concept of dumping and price competition， based on a detailed analysis of the dumping and importing countries of China's economic development And from China's export enterprises in foreign trade cause their own problems starting to explore a number of companies over a competitive market in order to maintain or expand its market share taken by low-priced dumping on the negative impact on the development of China's foreign To further address the above reasons， adjust and optimize the export mix from the efforts to reverse the "non-market economy" status， to maintain order and protect the legitimate export trade， changes in marketing concepts and models， and take diverse routes and strengthen the market industry associations and government in merchandise exports The most used methods such as put forward in

国际经济与贸易论文摘要英文版怎么写的

With the increase in trade volumes of Chinese exports and the rise in world exports standings，products made in China are suffering more and more anti-dumping investigations and resistance in international market Based on introduce the concept of competition and price dumping，the article give a detailed analysis of the dumping hazards on our country and importing country's economic development And from the causes of Chinese export enterprises their own problems in foreign trade，exploring some companies in order to maintain or expand its market on the over competive market by low price dumping and bring negative impact on the development of Chinese foreign To further address the above reasons，it proposed approaches to governance in adjusting and optimizating export merchandise structure，endeavor to reverse the "non-market economy" status， to maintain and protect a reasonable order for export， changing marketing concepts and models， and take diverse routes and strengthen the market industry associations and government effects in [Keywords]: Export dumping price competition

(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件　　摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域　　一、 摘要的定义　　摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同　　Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%)现在越来越多的用法是 　　尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词　　Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分 Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要(summary)以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号　　至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定　　一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写　　二、 摘要的种类　　摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要(Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract)，一类是资料性(Informative Abstract)摘要　　 说明性摘要 (Descriptive / Indicative Abstract)　　如同迈克尔艾利 (Michael Alley)所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图"从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、 "…is discussed" 字样时态多用现在时或现在完成时其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例　　Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies， mosquitoes and rats， and by killing their adult 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文　　 资料性摘要 (Informative Abstract)　　资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间根据原文长度，也有多达500字的通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文　　Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies， mosquitoes and rats， and by killing their adult The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter， and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools， or spraying them with For rats， only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of Screens are used for Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito 　　三、 如何写摘要　　 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方如:　　Cultural Differences Between China and USA (标题)　　Xu Ying (署名) Hunan University (Changsha， Hunan， 410082) (工作单位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (关键词)　　 写作要点　　(1) 长度:有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间;文章长度的五分之一 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数，如:在80 ~ 100 之间，在投稿前应查询 若刊物没有规定长度时，可以参阅已发表的文章长度参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制，一般要求200 ~ 500 个词之间，约1000个印刷符号(美国化学文献、医学文献的论文摘要规定在200个词以内)　　(2) 不要重复论文中的句子　　(3) 避免列举大堆数据　　(4) 一般只是一个段落，不要将其分为数段　　(5) 不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格等　　(6) 完成论文后在写摘要　　(7) 一般使用第三人称或被动语态　　(8) 语言需简明扼要　　下面请看一段论文摘要:　　This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in C The paper first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching， then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its 　　(本回答由学术堂整理提供)

ComposAI 在线语法/拼写检查软件**你的英语写作助手Cai 检查语法的例句:*方括号内是错误部分， 圆括号内是修改建议    The new [metod] is [effective] than the old (method， more effective)    The children loved [there] (their)    Good policemen require three [quality]: courage， tolerance， and [dedicated] (qualities， dedication)

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates， some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930， for example， triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s， trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis， there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions， countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy， hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries， factories are closing and unemployment is rising， creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries， especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms， ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade， industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening， caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008， world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment， a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year， and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries， but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression， the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930， which raised import duties of over 20，000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis， other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims， not the least was the US itself， where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US， the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis， major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008， compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November， and a 5% decline last month， when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis， it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation， and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression， the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed， exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so， China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008， amid a contraction in global trade， China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out， the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country， the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment， products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today， tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。