中国建筑史论文题目推荐大学英语专业

中国建筑史论文题目推荐大学英语专业

学术堂整理了十五个英语专业毕业论文选题供大家参考:　　试从家庭视角探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公皮克拉的悲剧 英语　　浅析《雾都孤儿》中的善及其对恶的影响 英语　　悲观与迷茫心理------浅析海明威小说《永别了武器》 英语　　探析<<远大前程>>中郝维香的悲惨命运 英语　　浅析《双城记》中的人道主义思想 英语　　简爱与苔丝性格及命运的对比研究 英语　　试论《飘》中女性主义的悲剧色彩 英语　　浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽的悲剧 英语　　《威尼斯商人》中安东尼奥的人物特点分析 英语　　从《哈克贝利o费恩历险记》看马克o吐温的写作特色 英语　　麦琪悲剧的成因--《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 英语　　《蝇王》的主题分析 英语　　迷失的灵魂--论奥尼尔晚期剧作《长日人夜行》 英语　　青少年的烦恼--对《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的心理分析 英语　　勃朗特姐妹的爱情观解析 英语

我只知道从平谷古建园林艺术学校出来的学生都能做古建修复工作 他那是中技学历比研究生差远了 要是比较来看研究生一定能从事建筑设计的工作

Study on the Child Image of the Catcher in the Rye From Linguistic Perspective 从语言的角度分析《麦田里的守望者》中的儿童形象A CHILD OF NATURE: ON EMILY DICKINSON'S NATURE COMPLEX 璞玉无暇，浑然天成：论艾米莉狄金森的自然情结A POLYPHONIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOUNF AND FURY “对位法”分析《喧哗与骚动》The Use of Zero Article Before Class Nouns 类名词前的零冠词用法解析An Analysis of Factors of Martin Eden's Suicide 导致马丁伊登自杀因素的分析Factors Affecting Marriage in Pride and Prejudice <<傲慢与偏见〉〉中影响婚姻的因素A Probe into Anti-slavery of Mark Twain--From the Perspective of Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 探讨马克吐温的反奴隶制--对《哈克贝利芬历险记》中吉姆的分析The Use OF Body Language In English Teaching 肢体语言在英语教学中的应用Task-based Language Teaching and Its Application in China 任务教学法及其在中国的应用Various Circumstances That the Inversion Is Used Under and Comparison with Chinese 运用到状的多种情形及与汉语的比较Individual Factos Contributing to Gatsby's Tragedy 导致盖茨比悲剧产生的个人因素The Direct Method and Its Application in Juvenile English Teaching 直接教学法及其在少儿英语教学中的应用On Social Factora to the Failure of the Americam Dream——A Contrast between Gatsby and Willy Loman 论美国梦破灭的社会因素——盖茨比和威力洛曼的比较On the Psychological Development of Tom in The Grapes of Wrath论《愤怒的葡萄》中汤姆的心理变化Study on the Teaching of Culture 浅析文化教学Culture Conmflicts in English Teaching 英语教学中的文化冲突Cultural Differences of Chinese and English Color Words 中英颜色词的文化差异A Research of Rhetoric in Jane Eyre 关于《简爱》中修辞的研究On the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 论苔丝悲剧的原因On Symbolism and Portraiture in The Great Gatsby 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义和人物描写Multianalysis of "the Lost Generation" in The Sun Also Rises 透视《太阳照样升起》中的“迷惘的一代”On Robinson Crusoe's Character 鲁滨逊人物分析The Use of Symbolism in Scarlet Letter 论《红字》中象征手法的运用On the Writing Features Of The Cal l of the Wild 论《野性的呼唤》的写作手法Character Analysis of Santiago in The Old Man and The Sea 《老人与海》主人公——桑提亚哥形象分析Communicative Approach of English Teaching 英语教学之交际法On the Theme of For Whom the Bell Tolls 论《丧钟为谁而鸣》的主题思想How to Be a Good Guide in English Teaching in Middle School 怎样在中学教学中做好引导者

建议选择文学方面的题材比较好些，我就是英语专业毕业生，当时我选择的是西方文化方面，材料比较少。但是如果要想拿到优秀论文建议最好别选文学，这个没有什么新意，而且也许会有许多人选材一样。若是不准备拿优秀论文，文学题材是一个不错的选择。

建筑史论文题目推荐大学英语专业

LZ要别人帮写要收费的哦，而且价格不少哈，你可以自己去网上找些这方面相关的论文来参考然后自己写嘛，这样对自己也有好处啊，鲁文建筑论文 就有很多这种论文的，你可以去那里下载，我都是自己写的呢，也是在这里面找到那些相关的论文来参考然后再写的，直接通过了

Study on the Child Image of the Catcher in the Rye From Linguistic Perspective 从语言的角度分析《麦田里的守望者》中的儿童形象A CHILD OF NATURE: ON EMILY DICKINSON'S NATURE COMPLEX 璞玉无暇，浑然天成：论艾米莉狄金森的自然情结A POLYPHONIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOUNF AND FURY “对位法”分析《喧哗与骚动》The Use of Zero Article Before Class Nouns 类名词前的零冠词用法解析An Analysis of Factors of Martin Eden's Suicide 导致马丁伊登自杀因素的分析Factors Affecting Marriage in Pride and Prejudice <<傲慢与偏见〉〉中影响婚姻的因素A Probe into Anti-slavery of Mark Twain--From the Perspective of Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 探讨马克吐温的反奴隶制--对《哈克贝利芬历险记》中吉姆的分析The Use OF Body Language In English Teaching 肢体语言在英语教学中的应用Task-based Language Teaching and Its Application in China 任务教学法及其在中国的应用Various Circumstances That the Inversion Is Used Under and Comparison with Chinese 运用到状的多种情形及与汉语的比较Individual Factos Contributing to Gatsby's Tragedy 导致盖茨比悲剧产生的个人因素The Direct Method and Its Application in Juvenile English Teaching 直接教学法及其在少儿英语教学中的应用On Social Factora to the Failure of the Americam Dream——A Contrast between Gatsby and Willy Loman 论美国梦破灭的社会因素——盖茨比和威力洛曼的比较On the Psychological Development of Tom in The Grapes of Wrath论《愤怒的葡萄》中汤姆的心理变化Study on the Teaching of Culture 浅析文化教学Culture Conmflicts in English Teaching 英语教学中的文化冲突Cultural Differences of Chinese and English Color Words 中英颜色词的文化差异A Research of Rhetoric in Jane Eyre 关于《简爱》中修辞的研究On the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 论苔丝悲剧的原因On Symbolism and Portraiture in The Great Gatsby 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义和人物描写Multianalysis of "the Lost Generation" in The Sun Also Rises 透视《太阳照样升起》中的“迷惘的一代”On Robinson Crusoe's Character 鲁滨逊人物分析The Use of Symbolism in Scarlet Letter 论《红字》中象征手法的运用On the Writing Features Of The Cal l of the Wild 论《野性的呼唤》的写作手法Character Analysis of Santiago in The Old Man and The Sea 《老人与海》主人公——桑提亚哥形象分析Communicative Approach of English Teaching 英语教学之交际法On the Theme of For Whom the Bell Tolls 论《丧钟为谁而鸣》的主题思想How to Be a Good Guide in English Teaching in Middle School 怎样在中学教学中做好引导者

学术堂整理了十五个英语专业毕业论文选题供大家参考:　　试从家庭视角探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公皮克拉的悲剧 英语　　浅析《雾都孤儿》中的善及其对恶的影响 英语　　悲观与迷茫心理------浅析海明威小说《永别了武器》 英语　　探析<<远大前程>>中郝维香的悲惨命运 英语　　浅析《双城记》中的人道主义思想 英语　　简爱与苔丝性格及命运的对比研究 英语　　试论《飘》中女性主义的悲剧色彩 英语　　浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽的悲剧 英语　　《威尼斯商人》中安东尼奥的人物特点分析 英语　　从《哈克贝利o费恩历险记》看马克o吐温的写作特色 英语　　麦琪悲剧的成因--《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 英语　　《蝇王》的主题分析 英语　　迷失的灵魂--论奥尼尔晚期剧作《长日人夜行》 英语　　青少年的烦恼--对《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的心理分析 英语　　勃朗特姐妹的爱情观解析 英语

智能建筑、建筑设计、工业园区、学校设计等等。开始我也不会，还是学长给的文方网，帮写的《山地风景区特色度假酒店建筑设计研究——以某度假酒店项目为例》，很专业的说西安市老年公寓建筑设计研究建筑设计创新方法研究面向节能建筑设计的计算机能耗模拟从二维走向三维的计算机辅助建筑设计城市地铁及地铁的建筑设计——以深圳地铁为例当代市政办公建筑设计理论及方法研究天津大学建筑学院建筑设计教学改革方法研究初探回应地域自然环境的生态建筑设计策略初探大型幼儿园建筑设计问题及模式研究——以玉溪市澄江县幼儿园研究型设计为例西北地区农村中小学校建筑设计中生态设计方法的研究——以关中地区农村中学建筑设计为例建筑设计项目风险管理分析SketchUp软件在建筑设计构思中的应用研究建筑设计中的生态化模式及策略FOA建筑师事务所建筑设计观念及设计方法研究信息时代大学图书馆建筑设计研究数字技术对建筑设计影响初探基于手牵手计划的中国贫困地区农村幼儿园建筑设计研究建筑气候分析与设计策略研究基于关键链理论的GOA建筑设计公司多项目进度控制研究模块化策略在建筑优化设计中的应用研究被动式太阳能建筑设计气候分区研究自然景观旅游建筑设计与旅游、环境的共生初探建筑设计中的经济性理念数字化设计技术研究——基于信息的建筑设计现代建筑设计作品分析的源流与模式研究山地度假区亲水建筑设计研究——以“达哈·水恋”度假村设计为例个人—组织价值观契合对员工忠诚的影响研究——以南宁市建筑设计企业为例分形建筑设计方法研究走向反思建筑设计学——建筑设计知识批判与重建酒店式公寓的建筑设计初探及其实例分析——以北京地区为例经济性连锁酒店建筑设计研究——以北京和上海为例信息时代建筑设计的互动性与历史环境相协调的酒店建筑设计——以阙里宾舍、唐华宾馆和苏州喜来登大酒店为例当代中国青年建筑师创新思维类型研究现阶段我国高校新建图书馆建筑设计研究——西安思源学院图书馆设计实践探索历史文化遗产资源周边环境中的建筑设计研究

中国建筑史论文题目推荐大学英语

就要根据你考的学校来看艺术类考生也是4门考题，还有手绘效果图的表现环境艺术也是一样至于详细的考察内容答:和所有国家研究生考试一样就不用很担心 因为都是考的专业基础，例如工业设计就会考现代设计史，专业二，那统考里面的专业一 英语 政治 专业一(理论) 专业二(基础) 你本科是学艺术类的话

要:为了在西方文化强势入侵的今天，寻求中国传统建筑文化发展的新方向，假设中国传统建筑没有因西方文化入侵而出现文化上的断裂，遵循原有的道路发展，而由于木建筑损耗

既然和英语学习有关，可以教教人立志的一些看法与学习经验，结合自身实例最好写。。。不要写太大的不好发挥。。。。就像议论文一样。。。。或者最近的国内外大事和评论？。。。。还是范围不能太大。。。。你的兴趣爱好？。。。。我强烈不支持写文化的。。。。太老套。。。想象老师别人都喜欢看设么。。加油吧。。。。

中央美术学院考研资料链接: _VD7WYQ 提取码: w8ma 复制这段内容后打开百度网盘手机App，操作更方便哦 若资源有问题欢迎追问

建筑历史论文题目推荐大学英语专业

很多题目可以写的。可以写东西方文化差异，翻译，英语教育，语言学，文学。我个人觉得文学比较好写。我觉得不要选太生僻的作品，不好找资料。也不要太普遍的，象什么；傲慢与偏见，老人与海。太多人写了还有一点要注意，写的范围不能太大。要针对具体的某方面写。比如，不能写：对《傲慢与偏见》的分析。这样题目就太大了。一本书可以从很多方面来分析。可以分析人物的性格，可以分析这本书的社会意义，现实意义。

学兄，这样找到的答案是没用的，自己想个吧！

学术堂整理了十五个英语专业毕业论文选题供大家参考:　　试从家庭视角探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公皮克拉的悲剧 英语　　浅析《雾都孤儿》中的善及其对恶的影响 英语　　悲观与迷茫心理------浅析海明威小说《永别了武器》 英语　　探析<<远大前程>>中郝维香的悲惨命运 英语　　浅析《双城记》中的人道主义思想 英语　　简爱与苔丝性格及命运的对比研究 英语　　试论《飘》中女性主义的悲剧色彩 英语　　浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽的悲剧 英语　　《威尼斯商人》中安东尼奥的人物特点分析 英语　　从《哈克贝利o费恩历险记》看马克o吐温的写作特色 英语　　麦琪悲剧的成因--《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 英语　　《蝇王》的主题分析 英语　　迷失的灵魂--论奥尼尔晚期剧作《长日人夜行》 英语　　青少年的烦恼--对《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的心理分析 英语　　勃朗特姐妹的爱情观解析 英语

题目不要太大，也不要太小，太大了面太广容易泛泛，小了就无材料可查，没东西可写。写你熟悉的 资料好查的 参考

中国建筑史论文题目推荐大学英语作文

关于“绿色建筑”和适宜技术“绿色建筑”也称为生态建筑、可持续建筑，最早是在1992年联合国环境与发展大会上明确地提出来的。用建设部仇保兴副部长的总结——“绿色建筑”就是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期(物料生产、建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除、回用过程)中实现高效率地利用资源(能源、土地、水资源、材料)、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。可见，绿色建筑理念的提出，就是为了使得建筑在满足人类不断提高的健康、舒适、安全的需要基础上。对环境、资源影响最小，最终做到可持续发展．前提都是为了人类的永久利益。社会上有一些观点把绿色建筑看得很片面、绝对化，要不就是极端限制人的合理需求，以保护环境为唯一目的；而另一些观点就是把绿色建筑当成是仅仅是为人类的眼前利益、健康或舒适(像绿色建材、绿色蔬菜一样看待)而不怎么从整体上、长期上考虑对环境的影响。这两种观点可能都不利于“绿色建筑”的健康发展和推广。绿色建筑最终的目标是以“绿色建筑”为基础，进而扩展至“绿色社区”、 “绿色城市”层面。达到促进建筑永续发展的目标。这意味着建筑不仅被作为非生命元素来对待，更被视为自然生态循环系统的一个有机组成部分。 中国的国情 中国作为最大的发展中国家，二氧化碳排放居第二位，根据《京都议定书》的要求，中国要采取一系列减少温室气体排放的政策和措施，包括努力提高能源利用效率，改善能源结构，促进新能源和可再生能源的利用等。 就能源消费而言，在我国化石能源资源探明储量中，90％以上是煤炭，人均储量也仅为世界平均水平的二分之一；人均石油储量仅为世界平均水平的1 1％；天然气仅为4 5％；而目前我国单位建筑面积能耗水平是发达国家的2～3倍以上。就土地的情况而言，我国人均耕地只有世界人均耕地的1／3，水资源仅是世界人均占有量的1／4；实心黏土砖每年毁田12万亩；物耗水平与发达国家相比，钢材消耗高出10％～25％，每拌和1立方米混凝土要多消耗水泥80公斤；卫生洁具的耗水量高出30％以上，而污水回用率仅为发达国家的25％。严峻的事实表明，中国不仅要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑也刻不容缓。 我们应该认识到我国不仅经济上“穷”，在资源和环境上更“穷”，但要想做到可持续发展的目标就要摆脱狭隘的“唯经济穷论”，全面在“四节一环保”上提高标准，用强有力的税收、金融、土地政策鼓励有条件的地区或开发绿色建筑项目，走在地区、国内甚至国际的前列。同时，强制要求经济发达地区和大型城市的节约标准，提到一个和自身地区资源相符合的程度。 成本问题 从全国范围里来讲。绝大多数普通的民用建筑在节能等方面存在巨大的缺陷和不足，因此需要我们进行综合的设计来增加建筑这些方面的品质和性能，每一方面的改善基本上都需要增加一定的成本，比如成本增加10％以上，是必然的。 就住宅而言，一说到因为“节能要增加成本”，就有许多人说会增加购房人的负担，好像以后使用过程中的使用成本对老百姓无关紧要一样。因此，我们不仅要关注建造的经济成本，更要关注今后使用中的经济成本以及生态成本和社会成本。就生态成本来讲，今天对环境的污染今后需要花费更大的代价去治理；就社会成本来说，绿色建筑由于改善了室内的环境，使人的疾病发生率大幅度下降，因为人有80％的时间是在室内活动，这样疾病发生率将会大幅度下降．寿命将会延长，生存质量也大大提高，这就是另一方面的节约；同时，在建筑数十年的使用过程中．使用成本将高于建造成本数倍以上。，因此，我们应该把注意力放在生态成本、社会成本和全寿命周期的经济成本上，况且现在的房价即使没有技术含量和“四节”，性能的提高也在不断的增加，这种价格的增加加大了房地产泡沫的可能性，因此房地产价格的理性回归应该是建立在价值的增加基础上的。我认为可以鼓励各个地方的高档住宅或其他民用建筑通过适当的高投入，带来项目的内外环境质量、提升“绿色”性能，从而提高房子的品质，以品质来支撑高于其他普通房子的价格，让这些高价房成为“绿色建筑”的榜样，以此带动地方住宅技术及产业化的发展，最终让更多的普通房子更容易实现“绿色”梦想。 绿色建筑需要什么样的技术? 在探索绿色建筑的技术路线时．经常会听到一些专家主张应该采用“低技术”，有些认为应该采用“适宜技术”，还有些认为应该采用“适宜技术结合高技术”等等不同的观点，我个人认为这种争论没有意义。技术是用来解决我们所面临的具体问题的，应该根据具体项目的具体情况和实际需求来选择。更多技术选择的可能性一方面能够满足建筑师的创造需要，另一方面能够满足市场的需求。。在我们国家目前普遍技术非常落后的今天，如果不是大力去发展高新技术而一味强调低技术，只能是更落后，离我们自己的标准也会越来越远。 在技术选择上，我们应该从所需要的建筑性能和全寿命周期的观点去分析、判断、计算、选择。汪光焘部长说过，要充分认识资源环境问题已成为国民经济和社会发展的重大制约因素。，我们当前在经济增长方式方面主要还存在“高投入、高消耗、高排放、不协调、难循环、低效率”的问题。这些问题如果低技术能够解决还需要拖到今天吗?高低是相对的，适宜不适宜也是相对的，如果站在国际的水平上看，我们国内有些专家认为的“高技术”早已经是“低技术”和“适宜技术”了。所以根据我们的国情，恰恰需要去大力鼓励开发绿色高新技术甚至是自主知识产权的高新技术，同时去大力鼓励使用高新技术，工程实践能促使技术的发展，使之变成适宜技术。只有这样．到2020年我们的住宅和公共建筑的能源资源消耗水平才有可能接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，这是我们国家建筑发展的总目标。 总之，绿色建筑的发展建设需要正确看待卫生、安全、健康、舒适的问题和当地资源情况，目前各地的节能标准里面所假定的舒适度，前提是小康标准的，是最基本的，不能完全体现今后的发展方向。随着生活水平的提高，舒适度的标准也会提高，能源等资源的消耗也将会大幅提高。因此应该根据当地气候和生活习惯、经济水平分级，适应不同收入阶层和满足不同的需求，要有一定的前瞻性。同时，绿色建筑的设计需要将有关今后使用费用(如采暖制冷等)或能耗等定量化，要具体到单位使用者，这样有利于老百姓的选择权、知情权和监督。有了老百姓的参与，绿色建筑才会更加迅速和健康地发展。 On the "green building" and appropriate technology "Green building" also known as eco-architecture， sustainable construction， was first at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development clearly put With the Ministry of Construction Qiu Baoxing， vice minister of the summing up - "green building" refers to provide people with healthy， comfortable， safe living， work and activities in space， while the entire life cycle in the construction (of material production， construction planning， design， construction， operational maintenance and dismantling， reuse process) to achieve efficient use of resources (energy， land， water， materials)， the minimum impact on the environment of This shows that green building concept proposed， is to allow construction to meet the ever-increasing human health， comfort， safety needs On the environment， resources， the least impact， and ultimately to achieve sustainable Premised on the permanent interests of That there are some points to green building can see that very one-sided， absolutized， or is the extreme limit of a reasonable person needs to protect the environment for the sole purpose; while others point of view is that as a green building is only for human eyes interests， health or comfort (such as green building materials， look like green vegetables) instead of how a whole， to consider the long-term impact on the These two views may not be conducive to "green building" the healthy development and The ultimate goal of green building is "green building" as the basis， and then extended to the "green communities" and "Green City" The promotion of sustainable development to achieve the goal of This means that the building not only as a non-life element to treat， but also be seen as the natural ecology of the circulatory system an integral China's national conditions As the largest developing country， ranked second in carbon dioxide emissions， according to the "Kyoto Protocol"， China should adopt a series of reducing greenhouse gas emissions policies and measures， including efforts to improve the efficiency of energy use， improve energy structure， promote the development of new and renewable sources of energy use， such On energy consumption， in China's proven reserves of fossil energy resources， 90% of which is coal， the per capita reserves are only half the world average; oil reserves per capita world average is only 1 1 percent; natural gas only 4 5%; and the current construction area of China's unit energy consumption levels in developed countries more than 2 ~ 3 On the land's case， China's per capita arable land per capita cultivated land is only the world's 1 / 3， is the world's water resources per capita is only 1 / 4; solid Clay eradication 12 million mu each year; material level with the developed countries， steel consumption has risen by 10% to 25%， every one cubic meters of concrete mixing more cement consumption of 80 kilograms; sanitary water consumption by more than 30% higher， while the wastewater reuse rate was only 25 percent in developed The grim fact that China has not only take the road of sustainable development， development of energy-saving and green building is also We should be aware that our country not only economically "poor" in terms of resources and the environment more "poor"， but in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development will be out of narrow "Only the poor economic theory"， fully in the "4 A environmental protection "to improve standards， with strong revenue， finance， land policy to encourage the development of regional or conditional green building projects in the region， domestic and even international At the same time， mandatory for economically developed areas and large cities， saving standards， referring to a region and their own resources in line with the Cost From across the country in terms The vast majority of ordinary civil construction in such areas as energy saving was greatly flawed and inadequate， so we need an integrated design to increase the quality of construction in these areas and performance improvement in every aspect of almost all the need to increase some costs， such as increase the cost of more than 10%， are inevitableResidential is concerned， I said because "energy-saving to increase the cost"， there are many people that will increase the burden on home buyers who， like later use in the process of using the cost of ordinary people as Therefore， we must not only concern the construction of the economic cost， but also concerned about the future use of the economic costs and ecological costs and social On the ecological cost is concerned， the pollution of the environment today， the future will take an even higher price to governance; on social costs， green building as a result of improved indoor environment in which the significant decline in the incidence of disease， because 80 % of the time in indoor activities， so that the incidence of disease will fall significantly． Life will be extended， which has greatly improved the quality of life， that is， on the other hand， savings; At the same time， in the construction for several decades the use of the Cost will be higher than the construction costs over several Therefore， we should focus our attention on the ecological costs， social costs and the whole life-cycle economic costs Besides， now that housing prices even in the absence of technical content and "4"， performance improvement has been an increase in such The increase in prices has increased the possibility of the real estate bubble， real estate prices is therefore rational regression should be based on the value of the increase on the basis I think we can encourage each of the local high-end residential or other civil construction through appropriate high input， internal and external environment brought about by the project quality， and enhance the "green" performance， thereby enhancing the quality of the house， to support quality higher than that of other ordinary house prices to enable thesebecome a "green building" an example to stimulate local technology and industrialization of residential development， and ultimately allow more ordinary house easier to achieve "green" Green building what kind of technology? Green Building in exploring the technical Often heard some experts advocate should adopt a "low-tech"， and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology"， and some think we should adopt "appropriate technology combines high-tech" and so on different points of view， I personally think that this argument no Technology is used to solve our specific problems faced by， and should be based on the specific circumstances of specific projects and the actual demand to More on the one hand， the possibility of technical options to meet the needs of architects to create， on the other hand to meet the needs of the In our country is now generally very backward technology today， if not vigorously to develop high-tech and low-skilled blindly emphasizes， can only be even more backward， away from our own standards will become farther and Technology choice， we should be required for building performance and life-cycle perspective to analyze， judge， calculated Wang Guangtao， minister said， should fully understand the resources and the environment has become a national economic and social development of the major Our current mode of economic growth in the main there are still "high input， high consumption， high emission， lack of coordination， difficult cycle， low-efficiency" These problems can be solved if the low-skilled today also need to drag it? Is relative low， and suitable for inappropriate relative， if the level of standing on the international point of view， our domestic and some experts believe that the "high-tech" have been "low Technology "and" appropriate technology "has Therefore， in accordance with our national conditions， it needs to vigorously encourage the development of green and even their own intellectual property rights of high-tech high-tech， at the same time to strongly encourage the use of high technology， engineering practice to promote technological development， make the appropriate Only in this By 2020， our residential and public buildings of energy resource consumption level will it be possible to approach or reach the level of moderately developed countries at this stage， this is our country's overall goal of building In short， the development of green building-building needs a correct view of health， safety， health， comfort issues and local resources， the current energy efficiency standards around the inside of the supposed comfort， the premise that a well-off standard， is the most fundamental and can not be fully reflected the future direction of With the improvement of living standards， comfort of the standards will also increase the consumption of energy and other resources will also be greatly And should therefore be based on local climate and living habits， economic level of classification， to adapt to different income groups and to meet different needs， it must be forward-At the same time， green building design needs to be used for future costs (such as heating refrigeration， ) or the quantification of energy consumption to specific units of the user， so that is conducive to people's right to choose， the right to information and With the participation of ordinary people， green building will be more rapid and healthy

（建筑专业英语文章内容）Architecture， the art of building in which human requirements and construction materials are related so as to furnish practical use as well as an aesthetic solution， thus differing from the pure utility of engineering As an art， architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces， volumes， planes， masses， and Time is also an important factor in architecture， since a building is usually comprehended in a succession of experiences rather than all at In most architecture there is no one vantage point from which the whole structure can be The use of light and shadow， as well as surface decoration， can greatly enhance a The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and Behind each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue， but a period of serious and urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of Climate， methods of labor， available materials， and economy of means all impose their Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction Once developed， a method survives tenaciously， giving way only when social changes or new building techniques have reduced That evolutionary process is exemplified by the history of modern architecture， which developed from the first uses of structural iron and steel in the mid-19th Until the 20th there were three great developments in architectural construction—the post-and-lintel， or trabeated， system; the arch system， either the cohesive type， employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass， or the thrust type， in which the loads are received and counterbalanced at definite points; and the modern steel-skeleton In the 20th new forms of building have been devised， with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material， reinforced) See also articles under countries， ， American architecture; styles， ， baroque; periods， ， Gothic architecture and art; individual architects， ， Andrea Palladio; individual stylistic and structural elements， ， tracery， orientation; specific building types， ， pagoda， apartment Architecture of the Ancient World In Egyptian architecture， to which belong some of the earliest extant structures to be called architecture (erected by the Egyptians before 3000 BC)， the post-and-lintel system was employed exclusively and produced the earliest stone columnar buildings in The architecture of W Asia from the same era employed the same system; however， arched construction was also known and The Chaldaeans and Assyrians， dependent upon clay as their chief material， built vaulted roofs of damp mud bricks that adhered to form a solid After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest， most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture) Roman architecture， borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia， produced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes， as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d AD; see under pantheon) The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica Neither Greek， Chinese， nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of However， in the Asian division of the Roman Empire， vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive， used brilliantly in the 6th for the Church of Hagia Sophia in C The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong， simple， massive forms and vaults executed in cut In Lombard Romanesque (11th ) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress)， here appearing in embryo， became the vitalizing aim of the medieval In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form， as in the Amiens and Chartres The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th ) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture during which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge， while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations， and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these The complex， highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture) The first half of the 19th was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic New World， New Architectures The architects of the later 19th found themselves in a world being reshaped by science， industry， and A new eclecticism arose， such as the architecture based on the École des Beaux-Arts， and what is commonly called Victorian architecture in Britain and the United S The needs of a new society pressed them， while steel， reinforced concrete， and electricity were among the many new technical means at their After more than a half-century of assimilation and experimentation， modern architecture， often called the International style， produced an astonishing variety of daring and original buildings， often steel substructures sheathed in The Bauhaus was a strong influence on modern As the line between architecture and engineering became a shadow， 20th-century architecture often approached engineering， and modern works of engineering—airplane hangars， for example—often aimed at and achieved an undeniable More recently， postmodern architecture (see postmodernism)， which exploits and expands the technical innovations of modernism while often incorporating stylistic elements from other architectural styles or periods， has become an international Forms（翻译文章）建筑，艺术的建设中，人类的需求和建筑材料有关，以提供实际使用以及审美的解决方案，从而不同于纯粹实用的工程建设。作为一门艺术，建筑基本上是抽象的，抽象的，涉及操纵的关系空间，数量，飞机，群众，空隙。时间也是一个重要因素在建筑，因为建设是通常理解中的经验继承，而不是一次。在多数建筑没有一个高度，从整个结构是可以理解的。利用光影，以及表面装饰，可以大大提高结构。 在分析建设类型提供了一个深入了解过去的文化和时代。背后的更大的风格是不是一种偶然，也不是一个流行趋势，但一个时期的严重和紧迫的实验针对回答需要具体的生活方式。气候，方法的劳动力，提供的材料，和经济的手段强加其要求所有。每一个更大的风格一直帮助下发现新的施工方法。一旦制订，顽强生存的方法，让位只有当社会的变化或新的建筑技术，减少它。这是进化过程中所体现的历史，现代建筑，它开发的第一个利用结构钢铁中期19美分。 直到20美分。有三个巨大的发展，建筑施工，后和门楣，或trabeated ，系统;拱系统，无论是一致的类型，采用塑料材料硬化成一个单一的质量，或类型的主旨，其中负载收到并在一定的平衡点;与现代钢骨架系统。在20以上。新形式的建设已制订，使用钢筋混凝土的发展和大地测量，并强调皮肤（轻型材料，钢筋）结构。 又见条款的国家，如美国的建筑;风格，如巴洛克;期间，如哥特式建筑和艺术;个别建筑师，如安德烈帕拉迪奥;个人风格和结构性因素，例如，窗格，方向;具体建设类型，例如，大观园，一栋公寓楼。 建筑的古代世界 在埃及的建筑，其中一些属于最早的现存结构，被称为架构（竖立的埃及人在公元前3000年） ，后与门楣系统被完全和生产最早的石柱状建筑物的历史。该架构的W亚洲来自同一时代雇用同一系统，但拱形建筑也被称为和使用。该Chaldaeans和亚述人，取决于粘土为主要材料，建造拱形屋顶潮湿的泥土砖坚持以形成一个坚实的外壳。 经过几代人的实验与有限的各种建筑物的希腊人给的简单桩门楣系统最纯净，最完美的表达这是实现（见神庙;订单架构） 。古罗马建筑，借款，结合栏希腊和拱门亚洲，产生了各种各样的纪念性建筑在整个西方世界。他们的重大发明的具体启用帝国建设者利用成功的墓穴建造的W亚洲和覆盖广阔的完整楼空间巨大拱顶和穹顶，在重建先贤祠（二维的。广告;见先贤祠） 。 风格的演变中的基督时代 罗马和早期基督教还使用了木桁架的跨度屋面广泛的教堂大厅。无论是希腊，中国，日本建筑，也使用了跳马制度建设。然而，在亚洲司的罗马帝国，跳马发展继续;拜占庭建筑师尝试新的原则和发展了pendentive ，用出色的第6次以上。教会的圣索菲亚君士坦丁堡。 古罗马建筑的早期中世纪值得注意的是强有力的，简单的，大规模的形式和墓穴执行削减石头。在伦巴德罗马（第11次左右。 ）拜占庭浓度跳马重点是提高设备的肋骨和码头，以支持他们。这个想法的一个有机的支持和支撑骨架的砖石（见支撑） ，在这里出现的胚胎，成为振兴目标的中世纪建筑。在13世纪的哥特式建筑出现了完善它的形式，如在亚眠和沙特尔大教堂。 文艺复兴时期诞生的架构（第15次左右。 ）成立的时期数百年的西方建筑在此期间，多重的和复杂的建筑物现代世界开始出现，同时没有任何新的和令人信服的结构概念出现。饰品的形式和古代罗马人一次又一次复苏和被命令到无数新的组合，结构送达主要作为一种方便的工具实现这些效果。复杂的，高度是巴洛克风格装饰的主要体现17世纪的建筑美学。格鲁吉亚是建筑风格的显着18世纪的表现形式（见格鲁吉亚架构） 。上半年的19美分。给出了经典的哥特复兴和振兴。 新世界，新的体系结构 建筑师后19美分。发现自己的世界正在改变的科学，工业，和速度。一种新的折衷主义出现，如建筑的基础上高等美术学院，以及所谓的维多利亚式建筑在英国和美国。需要一个新的社会压力，同时钢铁，钢筋混凝土，电力中有许多新的技术手段，它们所掌握的。 经过超过半个世纪的同化和实验，现代建筑，通常被称为国际风格，产生了惊人的各种大胆和原始建筑，往往钢子护套在玻璃。包豪斯是一个强有力的影响，现代建筑。随着之间的界线建筑和工程成为一个影子， 20世纪建筑往往接近工程和现代工程的工程飞机机库，例如，通常都瞄准了，取得了一个不可否认的美感。最近，后现代建筑（见后现代主义） ，其中的漏洞，并扩大了技术创新的现代风格，而往往把内容从其他建筑风格或时期，已成为一项国际形式。能够帮到你吗！

Together with European architecture and Arabian architecture，ancient Chinese architecture is an important component of the system of world During its long development，it gradually formed into a style which featured timberwork combining stone carving，rammed earth construction，bucket arch buildings and many other Industrious Chinese laboring people created many architectural miracles such as the Great Wall，Forbidden City and the Mausoleum of the First Qin E

Building a culture rooted in the natural environment of Habitat　　Different geographical They certainly have different natural environment: topography， sunshine point of view， sun and tides， currents and winds， temperature， pressure， food， land， water， vegetation and so As an intermediary between man and nature of the construction， the external should be conducive to the formation of district external environment should be conducive to the protection of the domestic indoor environment H These buildings， like plants， the roots， making a day， or geographical areas of the natural environment suitable for the requirements of integration with 　　In Southeast Asia and South Asia， in China's Hainan Island and Taiwan Island， Coconut Grove dense， hot weather， people with palm leaves， palm-leaf built to adapt to the tropical rainforest of thatched rooms， small， ventilation， cool， lightweight， simple ， built a tropical rain forest 　　In Central Asia， West Asia， in China's western alpine region， people with stones， the mountain has been built on the powerful stone building， take shelter from the wind， blocking snow， heat， warm， building construction has become Such as China， Tibet， Qinghai， Sichuan and other ethnic minorities in China's western mountains and on the potential to build a wide variety of mountain 　　Loess Plateau in China， the Gobi Mobei， low rainfall， dry climate， people use the hillside slopes built tunneling room， built with distinct characteristics of immature soil Gansu Dunhuang Art Exhibition Hall of the building buried in the hillside， the semi-open entrance connected hillside retaining wall， construction features of immature soil is very 　　In the eastern part of the United States， in Australia， in China's south， rainfall， mild climate， people use wood， brick and mountains on the potential， in line with local conditions， build a shade shelter from the rain， ventilation， styling and unique architectural humid 　　These architectural forms， of various styles， suitable for different regions of the natural environment， with the landscape， vegetation， terrain together， forming a natural environment is rooted in a variety of architectural Building both rooted in the natural environment， but also subject to the natural environment， this is the architects must follow a basic 　　Second， the social space-time caused by environmental differences in the diversification of architectural culture　　Different regions， different countries， different nations have different social and historical European countries， the Americas， Asia and Africa and other developing countries， land of different religious beliefs， economic development of the different regions have different cultural Habitat in different parts of the social differences in time and space environment， resulting in the architectural culture and the diversity of time and space， resulting in ancient or modern Chinese architectural culture， the Russian architectural culture， architectural culture in Southeast Asia， Europe and the United States Architectural Culture， the African Architectural Culture and so Ancient Greek architecture in Europe， North Africa， the ancient Egyptian architecture， the South Asian Association for the ancient Indian architecture， ancient Chinese architecture is the world's architectural and cultural history of ethnic Catholic， Jesus taught， Hinduism， Islam， Buddhism， such as the formation and development of religion， a profound impact on the religious beliefs of countries and regions， but also a profound impact on those areas of construction， forming a rich and colorful culture of religious 　　China several thousand years long history， has followed so far， both ancient and extensive， since ancient times by Confucianism， Taoism， Buddhism， Zen， such as the impact of ethical Especially Confucianism ruled China for 2 000 years， deep- To this culture of Confucianism， Taoism， Buddhism and Zen eclectic variety of ideas， together brilliant， independent nations of the 　　Architectural Culture under certain conditions， can be Geographical， ethnic and cultural construction under certain conditions， can be transformed into international architectural culture， and international architectural culture can also be absorbed， the integration of the region and the national character of the new architectural In today's world， building a culture of development and progress， both the transformation of the former to the latter， which also includes the absorption and integration of the The two also both opposing reunification， complement each other， affect each other and common development， only the protection and development of a variety of architectural culture of all ethnic groups， the promotion of world architectural culture of pluralism， and ultimately to create a "different and" the human society 　　Three Chinese and foreign construction and cultural development and blend　　Architectural Culture in the global "big culture" systems， all nationalities， all geographical construction symbiotic culture in this form the world's architectural culture S Social process of globalization has brought to the cultural collision with the rendezvous， conflict and 　　For thousands of years， the Chinese culture to external sources of Buddhist culture have originated in India， Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty， Tang Dynasty Master Xuan Zang went to India to learn from their experience Chuan-by， the impact of China's 2，000 years of B However， the contents of Buddhism， Buddha， like Maung， the shapes with the Chinese Buddhist temple in cultures， the formation and development of a unique Chinese Buddhist architectural 　　As early as the 20th century， 20 years， China's modern architects returned from studying abroad， most of whom are scholars in the United States， they are building at the time of Western academic and cultural concepts and China Architectural Culture nationalistic concept of the double impact， emphasizing cultural exchange between Chinese and Western architecture focused on the architectural style for the first time a creative way to design a number of products， creating a cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign construction of a new For example， the first batch of US architect M Lv Yanzhi Canton 20's design Zhongshan Memorial Hall， D Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing and so on， in the Chinese construction industry has played a really ground-breaking effect in stimulating the Chinese and foreign architectural culture of the integration 　　The early founding of New China， the Chinese government， mechanisms copied the Soviet model， the Chinese all over the building of a group of Russian cultural identity building construction， the formation and development of China's 50's "socialism" of architectural Since reform and opening up， China's open-door once again， the introduction of Western economic management model to imitate， "European style"， RTHK construction， post-modernism almost swept the country， the formation and development of China's 80's "reform and opening-up" construction It goes without saying that all countries in the world of architectural culture at that time are subject to local political systems， economic conditions， technical level of restraint， in conflict with each other， mutual exchanges， mutual influence， mutual However， what kind of fusion and exchange with vitality， stand the test of time and space? Only those who learned the essence of eastern and western cultures， integration-oriented areas of national culture and national character of the construction only has great 　　Fourth， cultural exchange between old and modern architectural exploration and the pursuit of　　Ancient and modern cultures， the past serve the present， what? Need to analyze the "ancient" and "today" in the construction of content changes that have taken These qualitative change is the social system， production technology， living habits， work， cultural values， building materials in the construction sector caused by the inevitable As M Wu Yurong in the evaluation of the French engineer G Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower noted: "People are trying to adapt to every human life an art form the new direction of development and to make all the human activities and the rapidly changing era of emotion caused by the new "　　To explore ancient and modern blend of traditional architecture and modern architecture combining China's traditional architectural culture has many features， such as the overall layout of buildings， in line with local conditions， and be full of change; architectural style， rich and colorful; space separated， flexible and diverse; interior decoration， pay attention to the connotation; color to use， colorful; garden green， it is implicitly lively， changeable， unique in the In the creation of modern architecture， the contemporary architects should learn from ancient architecture and cultural wealth of nutrition， according to the modernization of a wide range of requirements， from the analysis of the various contradictions in the exploration and pursuit of people's lives to adapt to the new direction of development and people's construction activities and the rapid caused by the changing times adapt to new 　　Since the founding of New China， focusing on the succession of Chinese tradition， carry forward the， creative architectural art of the problems the United States experienced a number of exploration and Experienced the liberation of the early to imitate the "big roof" retro nostalgia period; experienced a critical retro， and copy the Soviet "model" dogmatism stage; experienced the Cultural Revolution， servility to foreigners critical philosophy， the implementation of "dry-base hit，" the poor during the transition; experienced early advocate of reform and opening up the West， the popular "Hong Kong style" After exploring the difficulties and setbacks， China began to follow the traditional architect， to adapt to function， the use of high-tech， to explore ancient and modern cultures， the realization of the modernization of architectural creation of the correct 　　In this paper， talking about building a culture of environment and blend only preliminary study， many deep theoretical issues need further Our generation of architects should be firmly established the "scientific concept of architectural culture" to the Chinese culture as the main body， to accelerate the construction of culture and environment， and the nation， and society， and the blending process with the 　　=================================================　　一 建筑文化根植于人居自然环境之中　　不同的地域自然有不同的自然环境：地形地貌、日照角度、日月潮汐、水流风势、气温、气压、食物、土地、水质、植被等等。作为人与自然中介的建筑，对外应有利于形成小区外部环境，对内应有利于保障人居的室内环境。这些建筑像植物一样，落地生根，合天时，合地利，适宜于地区自然环境的要求，与大自然融为一体。　　在东南亚和南亚各国，在中国的海南岛和台湾岛，椰林茂密，气候炎热，人们用椰树叶、棕榈叶盖起了适应热带雨林的茅草房、小木楼，通风、凉爽、轻盈、简洁，建起了热带雨林建筑。　　在中亚、西亚，在中国的西部高寒地区，人们用石块垒砌、依山就势盖起了石板建筑，避风、挡雪、保温、御寒，筑成了高原山地建筑。如中国的西藏、青海、四川等少数民族在中国西部依山就势建起了各式各样的山地建筑群。　　在中国的黄土高原，漠北戈壁，雨量稀少，气候干燥，人们利用山边、土坡挖洞筑房，建起了具有鲜明特色的生土建筑。甘肃敦煌艺术陈列馆把建筑埋入山坡下，半开敞式入口，山坡挡墙甬道，生土式建筑特征十分明显。　　在美国的东部，在澳大利亚，在中国的南方，雨量充沛，气候温和，人们用木材、砖瓦依山就势，因地制宜，盖起了遮阳避雨、通风透气、造型别致的湿热地区建筑。　　这些建筑形式多样，风格各异，适宜于不同地区自然环境，与风景、林木、地形融为一体，形成了根植于自然环境的各种建筑文化。建筑既要根植于自然环境，又要服从于自然环境，这是建筑师必须遵循的一条基本原则。　　二 社会时空环境差异造成建筑文化的多元化　　不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族，有不同的社会历史形态。欧洲国家、美洲国家、亚洲与非洲等发展中国家，国度不同，宗教信仰不同，经济发展状况不同，各地区的文化习俗也不同。不同地区的人居社会时空环境的差异，造成了建筑文化的时空性和多元性，因而产生了古代的或现代的中国建筑文化、俄罗斯建筑文化、东南亚建筑文化、欧美建筑文化、非洲建筑文化等等。欧洲的古希腊建筑、北非的古埃及建筑、南亚的古印度建筑、古代中国建筑是世界民族建筑文化的历史源流。天主教、耶稣教、印度教、伊斯兰教、佛教等宗教的形成和发展，深刻地影响到信仰宗教的国家和地区，也深刻地影响到这些地区建筑，形成了丰富多彩的宗教建筑文化。　　中国几千年悠久的历史文化，沿袭至今，既古老又博大，自古以来受到儒家、道家、佛教、禅宗等思想伦理的影响。特别是儒教统治中国2 000多年，根深蒂固。这种文化把儒、道、佛、禅各种思想观念兼收并蓄，融为一体，光辉灿烂，独立于世界民族之林。　　建筑文化在一定条件下是可以转化的。地域、民族性的建筑文化在一定条件下可以转化为国际性建筑文化，国际性建筑文化也可吸收、融合新的地区与民族性建筑文化。在当今世界里，建筑文化的发展和进步，既包含前者向后者的转化，也包含后者对前者的吸收与融合。这两者既对立又统一，相互补充，彼此影响，共同发展，只有保护和发展丰富多彩的各民族建筑文化，促进世界建筑文化的多元化构成，最终才能建立一个 “和而不同”的人类社会。　　三 中外建筑文化的发展与交融　　建筑文化处于全球“大文化”系统之中，各民族、各地域的建筑文化在此共生共荣，组成了世界建筑文化的交响曲。全球化的社会进程给文化交流带来了碰撞与会合，冲突与交融。　　几千年来，中国受外来文化的影响渊源流长。佛教文化本来发源于印度，随着西汉张骞出使西域，唐代玄奘法师赴印度取经传经，佛教影响中国2000多年。但是，佛教的内容，佛祖的像貌，佛庙的形制与中国文化交融，形成和发展了独特的中国佛教建筑文化。　　早在20世纪20年代，中国近代出国留学归国的建筑师，大多数是留美的学者，他们受当时西方学院派建筑文化观念和中国国粹主义建筑文化观念的双重影响，强调中西建筑文化交融的重点在建筑风格上，第一次创造性地设计出了一批精品，开创了中外建筑文化交融的新纪元。例如由第一批留美建筑大师吕彦植先生20年代设计的广州中山纪念堂、南京中山陵等等，在当时中国建筑界的确起到了石破天惊的影响，推动了中外建筑文化的融合进程。　　新中国建国初期，中国政体、机制照搬苏联模式，中国各地建设了一批具有俄罗斯建筑文化特征的建筑，形成和发展了中国50年代“社会主义”建筑文化。改革开放以来，我国又一次打开国门，引入西方经济管理模式，模仿“欧陆风格”、港台建筑，后现代主义几乎风靡全国，形成和发展了中国80年代“改革开放”建筑文化。不言而喻，世界各国的建筑文化均要受到当时当地政治体制、经济状况、技术水平的约束，相互冲突，相互交流，相互影响，相互融合。然而，什么样的交融和交流具有生命力，经受得起时空的考验？只有那些吸取了东西方文化精髓，融合为本民族的地区与民族性建筑文化，才具有强大的生命力。　　四 古今建筑文化交融的探索和追求　　古今交融，古为今用，用什么？必须分析“古”与“今”在建筑内容上所发生的变化。这些质的变化是社会制度、生产技术、生活习惯、工作方式、文化观念、建筑材料在建筑领域引发的必然结果。正如吴裕容先生在评价法国工程师古斯塔夫。艾菲尔设计的艾菲尔铁塔时指出的：“人们试图让每一种艺术适应人类生活发展的新方向，并且使所有的人类活动与迅速变化中的时代所造成的新情感相适应。”　　古今交融探索的是传统建筑与现代建筑相结合的问题。我国传统建筑文化有着许多特点，如建筑群的总体布局，因地制宜，富于变化；建筑造型，丰富多彩；空间分隔，灵活多样；室内装饰，讲究内涵；色彩运用，五彩缤纷；庭园绿化，更是含蓄活泼，变化万千，在世界上独树一帜。在创作现代建筑当中，当代建筑师应吸取古代建筑文化丰富的营养，按现代化多方面的要求，从分析各种矛盾中探索和追求适应人们生活发展的新方向，并且使人们的建筑活动与迅速变化中的时代造成的新情感相适应。　　新中国成立以来，围绕继承中国传统，发扬民族形式，创作建筑艺术美的问题经历过多少次探索和讨论。经历了解放初期模仿“大屋顶”的怀旧复古时期；经历了批判复古主义，照搬苏联“模式”的教条主义阶段；经历了文革批判洋奴哲学，推行“干打垒”穷过渡的年代；经历了改革开放初期崇尚西方，风靡“欧陆风情”时期。经过反复摸索的艰难曲折以后，中国建筑师开始走继承传统，适应功能，采用高新技术，探索古今交融，实现建筑创作现代化的正确之路。　　本文所谈建筑文化的环境与交融只是初步探讨，许多深层理论问题还须进一步研究。我们这一代建筑师应当牢固地树立起“科学的建筑文化观”，以中国文化为主体，加速建筑文化与环境、与民族、与社会、与时代的交融进程。