西方经济学论文范文3000字高清版

西方经济学论文范文3000字高清版

西方就业理论演进剖析 就业这一重大的社会经济问题长期以来一直受到西方经济学家的关注，从而形成了各具特色的就业理论。西方经济学家对就业问题的长期研究和探索，形成了适应市场经济需求的多角度、多层次的就业理论。如古典经济学派的就业理论，凯恩斯的充分就业理论，新古典综合学派的就业理论，新凯恩斯主义的工资粘性就业理论等。 （一）古典学派的就业理论 萨伊定律是古典经济学派就业理论的基石，其基本内涵是供给创造需求。该学派经济学家代表人物有马歇尔、庇古等，他们从完全竞争的市场结构出发，认为市场上产品价格和货币工资可以根据市场供求状况自发调整。劳动供给和劳动需求相互作用决定实际工资和就业水平，供求平衡时的就业量就是充分就业水平。进而认为，只要不存在工资刚性，工资率可以自由伸缩，市场机制能自由的发挥调节作用，可使一切可供使用的劳动力资源都被用于生产，劳动力市场总能达到就业均衡，长期持续的非自然失业不可能存在，存在的只是自愿失业和短期性摩擦性失业。 他们认为，解决失业问题的办法是消除货币工资的刚性，使货币工资能够随市场的需求而发生相应的变化。古典学派将自由竞争作为前提条件，主张市场调节平衡就业，否定了失业问题的普遍性。但换个角度理解失业的产生仍然是有可能的，失业问题正是竞争不充分所导致的结果，要解决失业问题首先就应该解决劳动力市场竞争的不充分问题。 （二）凯恩斯的就业理论 凯恩斯就业理论是以有效需求原则为核心，认为就业量取决于有效需求。失业之所以持续不断，是由于资本主义社会一般情况均存在“有效需求不足”。即总供给价格和总需求价格达到均衡时的总需求不足，由此造成较多的社会失业，即不充分就业。凯恩斯主义的促进就业理论实际上主张降低工资，即在不降低名义工资的情况下，降低实际工资。但前提是扩大总需求，因为总需求的扩大，必然会导致通货膨胀，工人名义工资不变，但实际工资相对减少。为实现充分就业，凯恩斯认为，必须摒弃自由放任的经济政策，依靠国家干预，提出需求管理政策，从而达到促进生产，增加就业的目的。 （三）新古典综合学派的就业理论 20世纪60年代末，各主要资本主义国家的经济相继陷入“滞胀”的困境，凯恩斯理论失灵了。因而以托宾、杜生贝等为代表的新古典综合学派经济学家提出“结构性失业问题”，力图用市场结构的变化来解释失业和通货膨胀并发症，认为是微观市场的不完全性和结构变化引起滞胀。得出结构性失业是因经济结构的变化而引起的劳动力供给和需求的结构失调，结构性失业的存在必然引起失业与工作空位并存。由于强大的工会力量使工资易涨不易跌，所以尽管社会上存在着失业，但货币工资却不下降，而只要存在工作空位，货币工资就会迅速上升。于是，失业与工作空位并存就转化为失业与货币工资上涨并存，进而转化为失业与通货膨胀的并发症。该理论主张从就业内容或就业结构角度来解决结构性失业问题，如政府要指导收入政策，即政府要采取措施限制工资和物价的上升，以缓和通胀；注重完善劳动力市场，缓和因劳工市场技术结构变化造成的失业；适当修改完善失业补助金制度，激励失业者就业。 （四）新凯恩斯主义的工资粘性就业理论 新凯恩斯主义的劳动市场理论主要包括名义工资粘性和实际工资粘性两方面。名义工资粘性是由于长期劳动合同的存在和交错调整工资所致，工资通常是由于工会与企业通过谈判订立的合同而固定下来的。在合同有效期限内工资不能随市场供求行情而调整。即使没有工会组织未签订劳动合同的企业，因受有合同的企业粘性工资的影响，工资也不会轻易变动。隐性合同理论认为，雇员与雇主之间随着时间的推移，它们之间会形成某种稳定收入的非正式契约，从而使工资具有粘性。隐性合同导致失业的原因是由于在非对称信息条件下，厂商和工人因信息有限，决定了均衡合同出现无效率的非充分就业，因而通常会解除工人。效率工资论则说明了雇主会主动付给员工高工资，以提高雇员的生产积极性，提高跳槽和偷懒的机会成本同时吸引有能力及高技术人才。内部人——外部人理论则指出，内部人由于受到劳动转换成本的保护，在工资决定上有着重要的讨价还价能力，具有较强的就业优势和地位。致使工资调整主要取决于在职人员而不是失业者，于是，便可能出现非自愿性失业。因而解决失业问题政府就要干预工资合同，要减少工资粘性，增加工资弹性，使工资能够适时适度灵活调整。 （五）反古典经济学的就业理论 “反古典”学派主张放弃自由放任的经济政策，借鉴日本的经济模式及行政主导性的市场经济模式。在就业问题上，强调在保证企业自由用人和求职者自主择业的前提下，在保持企业活力和充分发挥市场机制作用的基础上，国家对市场活动进行宏观调控和政策指导。同时建立稳定就业，劳动力流动平缓、劳资合同和工资差距较小的劳动力模式。

找一个行业来证明是哪一类型的市场?

西方经济学论文范文3000字高清

分高点，我可以给你写

经济全球化时代的后发优势与发展中国家的对策 ● 论文报告 ● 作品简介 根据联合国开发计划署发表的1999年度《人类发展报告》，占全球1/5的人口生活在收入水平最高的国家，他们拥有全球国内生产总值的86%，全球出口市场的82%，外国直接投资的68%，全球电话总数的74%；

今年世界经济会在多大程度上受到美国经济滑坡的影响？正在瑞士达沃斯参加世界经济论坛年会的一些经济学家认为，美国经济的减速，必将拖累全球经济增长。程度如何目前难以预知，因为美国经济的发展得益于全球的金融网，两者关联的复杂程度“几乎没有人能完全明白”。不过，此次经济动荡给人们带来了一个深刻的教训：欧洲一些国家之所以很快受到了美国经济波动的影响，一个主要原因是金融监管的名存实亡，银行和其他金融投资机构对新发明的金融产品趋之若鹜，那些大量购买了美国次级抵押债券的欧洲国家的金融机构都已经濒临破产边缘。这表明，现代经济发展的最一般规律是“产业为根，金融为叶”。惟有给物质生产部门足够的重视，并加强对金融业的监管，使金融真正服务于生产部门，才能确保国民经济的稳定发展。

首先，您应当了解学术论文的相关写作知识，所谓“欲工其事，必先利其器”。网上有一篇很详细地介绍如何写作与发表论文的文章：-to-write-html。其次，网上论文网站多如牛毛，面对这些网站，我们基本上有一个共同的感受，那就是受限制太多，要么是收费，要么是一篇好端端的论文被分成数十页，相当地破坏了阅读的心情。最后，当然，最重要的是，无论哪个领域的学术论文，我们应当参阅那些在该领域的著名学者、教授、研究员写作的或者已经发表在国内核心期刊上的论文。阅读他们的文章，一个最大的便利之处就是能跟踪学术前沿研究成果，何况它们本身就相当于一篇很不错的学术论文范文。综合上述几点，我要向您推荐“CSSCI学术论文网”（）。我觉得这个网站是我所见过的最好的论文网站，除了完全符合以上几点想法之外，他们还专门开辟了一个“免费找论文网”（），如果您在网上没有找到特定论文，您可以去那里发布寻找论文的文章，他们可以免费为您找到，不论学术论文，还是硕士学位论文或博士学位论文，只要是被中国知网或者万网收录了的。至于西方经济学方面的论文，cssci学术论文网上有不少这方面的论文，我这里给您稍微列举一些栏目，剩下的就是您自己去查看啦：（二）经济史、经济学说史、经济思想史（三）世界经济学、世界经济学研究、世界经济学概论、世界经济学专题、经济全球化研究、世界经济学理论

西方经济学论文范文3000字高清图片

今年世界经济会在多大程度上受到美国经济滑坡的影响？正在瑞士达沃斯参加世界经济论坛年会的一些经济学家认为，美国经济的减速，必将拖累全球经济增长。程度如何目前难以预知，因为美国经济的发展得益于全球的金融网，两者关联的复杂程度“几乎没有人能完全明白”。不过，此次经济动荡给人们带来了一个深刻的教训：欧洲一些国家之所以很快受到了美国经济波动的影响，一个主要原因是金融监管的名存实亡，银行和其他金融投资机构对新发明的金融产品趋之若鹜，那些大量购买了美国次级抵押债券的欧洲国家的金融机构都已经濒临破产边缘。这表明，现代经济发展的最一般规律是“产业为根，金融为叶”。惟有给物质生产部门足够的重视，并加强对金融业的监管，使金融真正服务于生产部门，才能确保国民经济的稳定发展。

Summarize the key message of an article called” Land of the Rising Price”:A burst of inflation has happened in Japan in 2008， which makes the price A broker named Christopher Wood points out that it is definitely But others don’t agree with the John Richards， who works in the Royal Bank of Scotland in Tokyo， claims that the recovery in Japan has depended on exports too However， the demand from Asia， America and Europe has slowed this The rising price causes to reduce companies’ profit margins， while customers’ purchasing power also Richard Jerram， who works in Macquarie Capital Securities in Tokyo， suggests that when the value of savings is changed by inflation， households are possible to transfer savings into other assets in order to get higher But M Wood argues that the bad inflation， which makes the various costs increase， is another type of That will cause rapid and deep change in Japan according to the He strongly believes that the rapid and deep change will happen However， that will not One of important reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by the central bank as quickly as the bank would Another reason is that if money remains cheap， corporate reform is impossible to take So the inflation is not good news for JWhat cause deflation in Japan:Deflation is a process of falling price， which is the opposite of Price levels are highly connected with the relationship between the supply and the To understand and express the definition of deflation simply， there is assumption that we are on an isolated island and there are 10 same goods and ten $00 bills that are able to buy them If everyone wants to get one of them， it is obvious that each good costs $ However， if some people don’t want to get it， the price in each good will decrease because sellers want to sell all of So they have to decrease the price in order to encourage people who don’t want to buy any more buy the This is one of types of deflation， which is caused by decreasing the demand of (InflationD， ND)To express the theory more clearly， let’s see a diagram In this diagram， the horizon axis y represents total product (national income)， while the straight axis represents price AD represents aggregate demand curve， while AS represents aggregate supply When the aggregate demand curve drops from AD to AD’， the total product， which depends on the point of intersection between AD curve and AS curve， don’t increase， is still y’ But the price level decreases from P to P’ So this is deflation caused by decreasing the demand of But in the isolated island， if the quantity of money drops to $0， while the number of goods is 10， the price in each good will decreases to $ This is another type of deflation， which is caused by reducing the supply of By the way， the supply of money can also be dropped if someone holds half of money on the island and refuses to spend it on (InflationD， ND)According to the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”， it is clear that the consumer price fluctuated at very low level during the last ten That means the purchasing power is low， which is a sign of The situation in the last ten years is caused by decreasing the demand of goods or decreasing the supply of Is deflation good for an economy?In fact， whether deflation is good or not depends on the cause of the If deflation is caused by increasing the goods supply， it will be For example， in the late 19th century， with the industrial revolution happening， the productivity of goods was So the supply of goods obviously went Therefore， the price level Decreasing the goods demand or increasing the goods supply has the same If， however， deflation is caused by reducing money supply， it will be The economy contracted because of lack of People may lose their Thus， banks don’t loan money because people have no ability to pay off Therefore， money supply will fall again， while more people may lose their (InflationD， ND)BOJ’s monetary policyMonetary policy is generally classified as an expansionary policy and a contractionary A policy is referred to as contractionary if it decreases the supply of money or increases the interest An expansionary policy raises the supply of money， or drops the interest Obvious from the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”， the gross interest income dropped quickly from 1994 to In other words， the interest rate in the 12 years decreased That means BOJ’s monetary policy was an expansionary Therefore， the supply of money could be increased using this That would activate the aggregate (Wikipedia， the free encyclopedia， 2008)Though the policy was on the correct track， I don’t think BOJ was successful in solving the deflation One of important reason is that the time of reducing interest rate was more than 10 years， which was too That means BOJ did not find a suitable interest rate during the 12 Another important reason is that when a burst of inflation has happened in 2008， the aggregate demand is not activated The inflation relies on Japan imports mostly， rather than increasing domestic So the purpose of the policy has not achieved The third reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by BOJ as quickly as BOJ would Bad overseas and domestic economic situation prevent from increasing the interest So generally， BOJ was not successful in solving the Interest rate， exports and exchange rateThe interest rate has very strong effect on the exchange As we all know， the interest rate level depends on the relationship between the demand and the supply in foreign exchange Foreign exchange is one type of financial An investor chooses and holds it because it brings capital Actually， the return of currency in each country is measured by the interest rate in each country’s financial If the interest rate of currency in one country rises， the return will also rise， attracting investors to buy the If the interest rate drops， the return will Therefore， the attraction of the currency is BOJ has kept the interest rate low， which is the lowest of any G8 That means the interest rate of Japanese Yen is lower than many other countries， which leads to increasing capital outflows， reducing capital Thus， investors who hold Japanese Yen will sell the currency， which will make the exchange rate Decreasing exchange rate of Japanese Yen always leads to rising Japanese exports and reducing the First， with the depreciation of Japanese Yen， price of domestic goods is lower than price of foreign So the demand of domestic goods will increase， while the demand of foreign goods will It is good for Japanese exports and international Second， with the increase of the demand of domestic goods， the price level will go up， while the employment will rise， increasing the national The behavior of companies and consumersIn deflation period， the price in the market is As a result， the company profits are So a company is trying its best to make the cost of production lower in order to remain One way to achieve the aim is to reduce the nominal Therefore， people spend less money in purchasing so that they will show the sign of belt- Actually， the deflation lasted for more than 10 So when the inflation is happening， the price level is Therefore， companies expected that the increased price level might solve the problem caused by So they have struggled to pay more wages and hire more workers so that the cost is But unfortunately， rising price level don’t solve the Therefore， company profits are decreasing because the cost is increasing in the inflation In fact， in the short run， even though inflation is happening， people are not responding to that because they don’t know the price in future will be higher than current price， at least in the short

经济全球化时代的后发优势与发展中国家的对策 ● 论文报告 ● 作品简介 根据联合国开发计划署发表的1999年度《人类发展报告》，占全球1/5的人口生活在收入水平最高的国家，他们拥有全球国内生产总值的86%，全球出口市场的82%，外国直接投资的68%，全球电话总数的74%；

西方经济学论文范文3000字高清大图

今年世界经济会在多大程度上受到美国经济滑坡的影响？正在瑞士达沃斯参加世界经济论坛年会的一些经济学家认为，美国经济的减速，必将拖累全球经济增长。程度如何目前难以预知，因为美国经济的发展得益于全球的金融网，两者关联的复杂程度“几乎没有人能完全明白”。不过，此次经济动荡给人们带来了一个深刻的教训：欧洲一些国家之所以很快受到了美国经济波动的影响，一个主要原因是金融监管的名存实亡，银行和其他金融投资机构对新发明的金融产品趋之若鹜，那些大量购买了美国次级抵押债券的欧洲国家的金融机构都已经濒临破产边缘。这表明，现代经济发展的最一般规律是“产业为根，金融为叶”。惟有给物质生产部门足够的重视，并加强对金融业的监管，使金融真正服务于生产部门，才能确保国民经济的稳定发展。

Summarize the key message of an article called” Land of the Rising Price”:A burst of inflation has happened in Japan in 2008， which makes the price A broker named Christopher Wood points out that it is definitely But others don’t agree with the John Richards， who works in the Royal Bank of Scotland in Tokyo， claims that the recovery in Japan has depended on exports too However， the demand from Asia， America and Europe has slowed this The rising price causes to reduce companies’ profit margins， while customers’ purchasing power also Richard Jerram， who works in Macquarie Capital Securities in Tokyo， suggests that when the value of savings is changed by inflation， households are possible to transfer savings into other assets in order to get higher But M Wood argues that the bad inflation， which makes the various costs increase， is another type of That will cause rapid and deep change in Japan according to the He strongly believes that the rapid and deep change will happen However， that will not One of important reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by the central bank as quickly as the bank would Another reason is that if money remains cheap， corporate reform is impossible to take So the inflation is not good news for JWhat cause deflation in Japan:Deflation is a process of falling price， which is the opposite of Price levels are highly connected with the relationship between the supply and the To understand and express the definition of deflation simply， there is assumption that we are on an isolated island and there are 10 same goods and ten $00 bills that are able to buy them If everyone wants to get one of them， it is obvious that each good costs $ However， if some people don’t want to get it， the price in each good will decrease because sellers want to sell all of So they have to decrease the price in order to encourage people who don’t want to buy any more buy the This is one of types of deflation， which is caused by decreasing the demand of (InflationD， ND)To express the theory more clearly， let’s see a diagram In this diagram， the horizon axis y represents total product (national income)， while the straight axis represents price AD represents aggregate demand curve， while AS represents aggregate supply When the aggregate demand curve drops from AD to AD’， the total product， which depends on the point of intersection between AD curve and AS curve， don’t increase， is still y’ But the price level decreases from P to P’ So this is deflation caused by decreasing the demand of But in the isolated island， if the quantity of money drops to $0， while the number of goods is 10， the price in each good will decreases to $ This is another type of deflation， which is caused by reducing the supply of By the way， the supply of money can also be dropped if someone holds half of money on the island and refuses to spend it on (InflationD， ND)According to the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”， it is clear that the consumer price fluctuated at very low level during the last ten That means the purchasing power is low， which is a sign of The situation in the last ten years is caused by decreasing the demand of goods or decreasing the supply of Is deflation good for an economy?In fact， whether deflation is good or not depends on the cause of the If deflation is caused by increasing the goods supply， it will be For example， in the late 19th century， with the industrial revolution happening， the productivity of goods was So the supply of goods obviously went Therefore， the price level Decreasing the goods demand or increasing the goods supply has the same If， however， deflation is caused by reducing money supply， it will be The economy contracted because of lack of People may lose their Thus， banks don’t loan money because people have no ability to pay off Therefore， money supply will fall again， while more people may lose their (InflationD， ND)BOJ’s monetary policyMonetary policy is generally classified as an expansionary policy and a contractionary A policy is referred to as contractionary if it decreases the supply of money or increases the interest An expansionary policy raises the supply of money， or drops the interest Obvious from the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”， the gross interest income dropped quickly from 1994 to In other words， the interest rate in the 12 years decreased That means BOJ’s monetary policy was an expansionary Therefore， the supply of money could be increased using this That would activate the aggregate (Wikipedia， the free encyclopedia， 2008)Though the policy was on the correct track， I don’t think BOJ was successful in solving the deflation One of important reason is that the time of reducing interest rate was more than 10 years， which was too That means BOJ did not find a suitable interest rate during the 12 Another important reason is that when a burst of inflation has happened in 2008， the aggregate demand is not activated The inflation relies on Japan imports mostly， rather than increasing domestic So the purpose of the policy has not achieved The third reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by BOJ as quickly as BOJ would Bad overseas and domestic economic situation prevent from increasing the interest So generally， BOJ was not successful in solving the Interest rate， exports and exchange rateThe interest rate has very strong effect on the exchange As we all know， the interest rate level depends on the relationship between the demand and the supply in foreign exchange Foreign exchange is one type of financial An investor chooses and holds it because it brings capital Actually， the return of currency in each country is measured by the interest rate in each country’s financial If the interest rate of currency in one country rises， the return will also rise， attracting investors to buy the If the interest rate drops， the return will Therefore， the attraction of the currency is BOJ has kept the interest rate low， which is the lowest of any G8 That means the interest rate of Japanese Yen is lower than many other countries， which leads to increasing capital outflows， reducing capital Thus， investors who hold Japanese Yen will sell the currency， which will make the exchange rate Decreasing exchange rate of Japanese Yen always leads to rising Japanese exports and reducing the First， with the depreciation of Japanese Yen， price of domestic goods is lower than price of foreign So the demand of domestic goods will increase， while the demand of foreign goods will It is good for Japanese exports and international Second， with the increase of the demand of domestic goods， the price level will go up， while the employment will rise， increasing the national The behavior of companies and consumersIn deflation period， the price in the market is As a result， the company profits are So a company is trying its best to make the cost of production lower in order to remain One way to achieve the aim is to reduce the nominal Therefore， people spend less money in purchasing so that they will show the sign of belt- Actually， the deflation lasted for more than 10 So when the inflation is happening， the price level is Therefore， companies expected that the increased price level might solve the problem caused by So they have struggled to pay more wages and hire more workers so that the cost is But unfortunately， rising price level don’t solve the Therefore， company profits are decreasing because the cost is increasing in the inflation In fact， in the short run， even though inflation is happening， people are not responding to that because they don’t know the price in future will be higher than current price， at least in the short

首先，您应当了解学术论文的相关写作知识，所谓“欲工其事，必先利其器”。网上有一篇很详细地介绍如何写作与发表论文的文章：-to-write-html。其次，网上论文网站多如牛毛，面对这些网站，我们基本上有一个共同的感受，那就是受限制太多，要么是收费，要么是一篇好端端的论文被分成数十页，相当地破坏了阅读的心情。最后，当然，最重要的是，无论哪个领域的学术论文，我们应当参阅那些在该领域的著名学者、教授、研究员写作的或者已经发表在国内核心期刊上的论文。阅读他们的文章，一个最大的便利之处就是能跟踪学术前沿研究成果，何况它们本身就相当于一篇很不错的学术论文范文。综合上述几点，我要向您推荐“CSSCI学术论文网”（）。我觉得这个网站是我所见过的最好的论文网站，除了完全符合以上几点想法之外，他们还专门开辟了一个“免费找论文网”（），如果您在网上没有找到特定论文，您可以去那里发布寻找论文的文章，他们可以免费为您找到，不论学术论文，还是硕士学位论文或博士学位论文，只要是被中国知网或者万网收录了的。至于西方经济学方面的论文，cssci学术论文网上有不少这方面的论文，我这里给您稍微列举一些栏目，剩下的就是您自己去查看啦：（二）经济史、经济学说史、经济思想史（三）世界经济学、世界经济学研究、世界经济学概论、世界经济学专题、经济全球化研究、世界经济学理论

西方经济学，就是被运用于西方市场经济国家的经济学，有市场经济学之称。以1776年亚当·斯密《国富论》的出版为标志，西方经济学历经了200多年的风雨沧桑。在这个不长不短的历史进程中，从斯密、李加图、萨伊、穆勒、马尔萨斯、马歇尔到凯恩斯、弗里德曼、萨谬尔森、卢卡斯、斯蒂格利茨，经济学大师辈出；从古典经济学、新古典经济学到凯恩斯主义经济学、新古典宏观经济学和新凯恩斯主义经济学，经济学流派林立。百花齐放，百家争鸣，带来西方经济学的不断创新和发展，以致于文献上有“经济学帝国”之称。西方经济学它主要介绍流行于西方市场经济国家的现代经济理论与经济政策。它既研究古老而又现代的家政管理，又研究多姿多彩的企业经营，还大胆解说政府日益加码的经济调控。它既赞美价格机制这只“看不见的手”的效率优势，也无情的剖析市场机制在不少领域资源配置上的诸多缺陷。主要包括微观经济学和宏观经济学。微观经济学--研究家庭、厂商和市场合理配置经济资源的科学--以单个经济单位的经济行为为对象；以资源的合理配置为解决的主要问题；以价格理论为中心理论；以个量分析为方法；其基本假定是市场出清、完全理性、充分信息。宏观经济-研究国民经济的整体运行中充分利用经济资源的科学—以国民经济整体的运行为对象；以资源的充分利用为解决的主要问题；以收入理论为中心理论；以总量分析为方法，其基本假定为市场失灵、政府有效。从方法上看，西方经济学运用实证分析和规范分析梁中方法。实证分析企图超脱于一切价值判断，只研究经济本身的内在规律，并据此分析和预测人们的经济行为效果，着重回答“是什么”的问题。实证分析的步骤。定义----对经济学所研究的各种变量规定明确的含义；这里的变量有内生变量和外生变量、流量和存量；内生变量是一种理论内所要解释的变量，外生变量是一种在理论内影响其他变量而他本身则由理论外的因素来决定的变量；存量是通常在一定时点上才能有效测定的变量，流量是指通常在一定时期内才能有效测定的变量；假设----某一理论所适用的条件，在假设条件下得出结论，就象自然科学在严格的假定条件下分析自然现象一样，事实上整个社会即使天然的实验室；假说----未经证明的各个经济变量之间的关系；预测----根据假说对未来进行预期规范分析通过设定一些价值判断和好与坏的标准，作为经济理论的前提和制定政策的依据，并研究如何才能符合这些标准，着重回答“应该是什么”的问题。西方经济学德发展可以主要分为三个部分，即古典经济学、新古典经济学与现代经济学。古典经济学—从17世纪中期开始到19世纪70年代为止—包括英国经济学家斯密、李嘉图、西尼尔、穆勒、马尔萨斯，法国经济学家萨伊—以斯密为代表，其1776年出版的《国富论》被称为经济学上的第一次革命，建立了以自由放任为中心的经济学体系，他标志着经济学的诞生—代表性的教科书是穆勒《政治经济学原理及其在社会哲学上的应用》流行了20年。新古典经济学—从19世纪的“边际革命”开始到20世纪30年代为止—包括英国经济学家杰文史、马歇尔，法国经济学家瓦尔拉斯—边际效用价值论的提出被说成是经济学上的第二次革命，他标志着新古典经济学的开始，马歇尔在1890年发表的《经济学原理》是其代表性的教科书。现代经济学—开始于20世纪30年代凯恩史主义的产生---包括英国经济学家凯恩史、琼·罗宾逊、斯拉伐，以及美国经济学家萨缪尔森、弗里德曼和卢卡斯—其中凯恩斯在1936年出版的的《就业利息和货币通论》标志着当代经济学的产生，该书与爱因斯坦的《相对论》、达尔文的《物种起源》、马克思的《资本论》被人们称着改变世界历史的四大著作；而萨缪尔森的1948年开始发行的《经济学》至今已出第十六版，是第三本好教科书

大一经济学论文范文3000字高清版

这学期的马克思主义政治经济学原理课程让我有机会第一次真正地有机会接触了经济学原理和知识。经济学是当今非常热的学科领域，我一直对经济学非常感兴趣，但始终没有能够很好地了解它，更别说是掌握和运用了。幸运的是，马克思主义经济学原理课给我提供了一个最好的平台，让我得以开始对经济学原理的学习。关于经济学，课本上的概念公式等非常多，记忆和理解起来也就相应得非常困难。所以，我个人认为我们前段时间的那次讨论课这样的形式特别好，通过自已认真思考您提出的问题并在上课时听同学们的发言，了解同学们对这些问题的看法，这对于我正确深刻理解学习内容有着很大的帮助。比如说，您提过这样的问题：知识能否创造价值，资本能否创造价值？我在课下想了很多，课上也想来发言了，而且当时课堂上对这个问题的讨论也非常激烈。在综合了同学们的观点和自已课下的查阅资料之后，我对这个问题有了自己的想法，理解也更加深刻了。我下面想谈一下我对这个问题的想法，以及对马克思劳动价值理论的理解。首先讨论一下劳动价值理论，这个对于解释老师提出的问题是很重要的。劳动价值理论讨论的是劳动是创造商品价值的源泉的问题。马克思曾经多次明确地指出，劳动是创造商品价值的源泉和实体，但对于“劳动”的定义却不是特别清楚。所以说，现在的问题主要是如何去认识这个“劳动”。根据查阅的资料，按照传统的政治经济学观点，只有物质生产部门的体力为主的劳动才是创造价值的劳动。然而随着经济和社会的发展，一个以知识创新为特征的新经济时代正在深刻地改变着人们的生产和生活方式。以信息技术和知识为核心的现代科学技术和资本成了除劳动力之外的两项最重要的生产要素，而且在生产过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。很明显，现代社会劳动的形式已经发生了深刻的变化，劳动要素由以体力劳动占绝大部分变成了脑力劳动和体力劳动共存，而且体力劳动的地位还是迅速提高。我们对当代社会劳动形式这一新特点，在分析、研究劳动创造价值时必须给予充分的考虑。再回到老师提出的问题：知识能否创造价值和资本能否创造价值。我的答案是能。因为，首先，知识和资本本身就是从劳动中获取的，没有了劳动，知识和资本就无从谈起，所以从本质上说，知识和资本本身实际上就是劳动，只不是可以看作是经过转化的劳动，从这点上说，知识和资本是可以创造价值的；第二，知识和资本的运用过程实际上是脑力劳动的过程，这就到了刚刚在上面的讨论了，脑力劳动也是劳动，也可以创造价值。所以说，知识和资本是可以创造价值的。在我查阅的资料中，有很大一部分学者认为马克思所说的劳动单纯指的就是体力劳动。因而在知识经济到来的时候他们提出：商品中所含的体力劳动的成分越来越少了，因而马克思的劳动价值论也不再适用了，商品价值应该从由劳动和劳动时间决定变为由“知识含量”决定、由知识来计量。我觉得这些都是不对的。事实上，马克思从来就没有忽略过脑力劳动。马克思在资本论中提到：每当人们创造某种使用价值时就使用体力和智力的总和。也就是说，无论是生产何种商品，都是脑力劳动和体力劳动相结合生产的，只不过是体力劳动和脑力劳动所占的比例不同罢了。由于马克思所处的时代是体力劳动居于主体地位的时代，因而《资本论》中更多的是以体力劳动为例来分析。但以体力劳动为例分析并不代表所有的情况都是体力劳动创造价值，坚决不能这样认为。马克思在资本论中也提到过随着生产力的发展，体力劳动最终会被脑力劳动所取代，但由于他处的时代的局限，马克思并没有深刻地讨论这一现象。不过，体力劳动会被脑力劳动取代并不代表马克思的劳动价值理论不再适用，因为马克思所说的劳动从始至终都包括了脑力劳动，机器劳动归根到底也是劳动者的劳动创造的。所以说，在知识经济的形势下，劳动价值理论不仅没有失效，反而还取得了一定的发展。但不管如何发展，商品的价值仍然由社会必要劳动时间决定的原理是不会变的，只不过这种劳动具有高效性的新特点。所以说，作为当代的大学生，必须深刻地理解马克思劳动价值原理，并用它来指导自身的学习，工作和生活。马克思主义政治经济学这门课就是帮助我们更好地理解和掌握这些真理并运用到实践中去的平台。很幸运能通过这门课接触到真正的经济学，也希望老师能再组织一次类似上次的讨论课，帮我们更好地理解所学的知识。政治经济学学习体会 相关文章:创建“群众满意基层站所”学习心得高校基层学习型党组织建设心得体会部队党委建设学习型党组织心得体会英语学习方法与感想深入学习人民警察纪律条令学习心得学习贯彻四项监督制度个人心得体会学习创建型机关个人心得体会精细化管理学习心得查看更多>> 学习心得体会

一、优秀经济学论文的特点 （a）选题 选题应该能够解释关系较多人利益的现实活动，如用激励理论研究中国农业问题。 解释范围太狭隘的选题写作意义也不大，但可以作为小品文…… （b）内容 利用简单而深刻的经济学模型表达自己的观点，并利用分析证明自己的观点。 内容的好坏主要取决于（1）用同行通用的规范经济学方法分析问题；（2）语言清晰准确表达要表达的意思；（3）模型对现实的解释能力。 （c）写作形式 形式规范，内容才能规范。如必须有理论综述部分，就要求确实要了解该领域目前的研究进度。必须有模型的假设，就必须设计出有意义的假设。必须有规范的实证检验，就不能随便……二、经济学论文写作的思维方式 一切从个人利益最大化角度分析，构造主要主体的利润函数和约束条件，求最大化解。 三、典型的三段式经济学论文 （a）基础理论，包括理论综述、现实意义 手段：具体钻研某一特定领域。 （b）模型，包括假设、界定函数式、求解均衡解、模型的推广如何提高模型：经典模型，了解其思想精髓。 手段：《高级微观经济学》、《高级宏观经济学》、《博弈论》 （c）实证分析 手段：《计量经济学》……四、写作建议 （a）选题：知道现实的问题，然后给以经济解释。建议了解实际，最好工作两年；或者了解学术前沿未解决的问题或者加工完美那些已经存在但还粗的模型。建议修博士学位。并且要具体钻研某一特定领域，个人认为至少需要3年时间，樊纲认为需要10年。注意不要选 错了领域，人生可没有太多的3年可用于“试错”。 （b）学透《高级微观经济学》、《博弈论》、《计量经济学》三门课程，估计要花3年时间。 （c）一个工具只用于解决一个目标（丁伯根法则），保持文章的主线。一篇论文只要解决 一个问题就可以了，如果要解决所有问题，就不会有论证力度，也不会有学术性。……