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国际贸易相关论文3000字开头英文名

发布时间:2024-07-02 13:22:42

国际贸易相关论文3000字开头英文名

研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。国际贸易的发展及趋势 发布时间: 2003-7-21 作者:安和芬 研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。在东盟经济部长第26届年会上,一致同意把建成东盟自由贸易区的时间,从原定15年缩短为10年,决定在2003年1月1日,把东盟内部工业品、农产品的关税降到0.5%。目前,亚太地区的“成长三角”,作为次区域经济合作的一种补充模式进展比较顺利。为了推动亚太经济合作的发展,1995年2月16日,亚太经合组织举行高级官员“特别”会议,讨论地区贸易和投资的远景,并为今年11月在大阪召开部长级会议和第三届领导人会议准备议事日程,同时起草在2020年以前实现亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化“行动计划”。参加会议的官员一致认为议事日程应由贸易和投资自由化,以及经济和技术合作两部分组成。会议同意成立一个私营企业协调组。(四)科学技术进步的加速90年代是以微电子、生物技术、信息技术和新材料等领域为中心的高新技术、继续加速发展、而且日趋走向实用化、产业化的时代,随着高新技术的推广应用,国际化分工的深化,产品质量性能的不断提高,产品种类、规格的不断变化,产品的生产同期将大为缩短。由于产品的不断升级换代,必将促使各国的产业结构和经济结构向更高层次发展,使国际间的相互依赖和渗透进一步加深,从而推动国际商品范围和贸易量的不断扩大。使商品生产的内容、形式以及组织等方面都将发生变革。国际贸易的发展也越来越多地和新技术联在一起,使国际商品生产和贸易的原材料密度和粗放程度大为减少,而技术、知识密集度却大大提高。由于社会消费需求向多样化发展,通过商品交换,促进行业内部贸易的发展。(五)跨国公司的蓬勃发展进入90年代后,跨国公司发展尤为迅速,并正在不断改变着世界商品生产和流通的格局。目前,全球跨国公司约有1.2万家,控制着世界出口贸易总额的2/3,跨国公司内部贸易已占国际贸易的40%。随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司将在更大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动。制成品贸易,特别是高技术贸易和资本货物贸易在跨国公司内占的比重也将越来越大,在发达国家的制成品贸易中,由于规模经济的作用,使同一行业内部的双向性国际商品流动发展很快,并成为贸易效益的主要来源,据1992年有关部门的调查,发达国家的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的60%,新加坡、韩国、印度尼西亚等国的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的45%。随着世界经济区域集团化的发展和新贸易保护主义的盛行,企业进入国外市场更为困难。为了绕过东道国的贸易壁垒,为了有利于降低研究、试制、生产成本,扩大市场,实现优势互补,从80年代起,一些大型跨国公司已开始走向无国界化,但是直到近几年,大企业间缔结国际战略联盟的工作才得到迅速发展。跨国公司联盟可以利用自身和他国的不同优势,通过生产要素的国际流动,在世界范围内实现资源的合理配置,共同获取最大的经济效益,推动国际贸易的发展。三、国际贸易结构发生重大变化(一)国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起进入80年代后,服务贸易正以高于商品贸易的速度增长,国际服务贸易额从1982年的4050亿美元增加到1987年的9600亿美元,1992年又增加到10200亿美元,10年间增长1.5倍,同期,世界商品贸易额只增长1倍。1993年,世界商品贸易额比上年减少2%,而国际服务贸易额却增长3%。在国际服务贸易构成中,运输和旅游服务贸易所占的比重相对下降,通讯、保险、广告、技术、租赁、管理等服务贸易所占的比重在不断提高,尤其是高技术产品中的附加值的不断增加,其商品也越来越趋向于服务密集型。发达国家的经济越来越“服务化”,在国际服务贸易中,发达国家约占3/4的份额。美国是世界最大的服务贸易出口国,在电信、数据处理、银行、保险等新兴服务项目中具有明显优势。世界许多国家出于自身的经济安全考虑,对服务贸易实行保护主义政策,普遍构筑了贸易壁垒,对美国服务贸易的扩大构成强大的威胁,因此,几年前,美国就向关贸总协定提出要求解决服务贸易的问题。乌拉圭回合经过多年的谈判,终于达成服务贸易多边框架协定,规定缔约方所承担的一般义务与纪律,包括最惠国待遇、透明度、国民待遇、发展中国家的逐步参与、市场准入、解决争议等条款。服务贸易多边框架的制定,是关贸总协定在推动国际贸易自由化发展问题上的一个重大突破,它将使缔约方对服务市场的保护与多边谈判,加强人员交往与信息流通,特别是知识产权、技术转让、数据处理、咨询、广告等服务行业的贸易逐步自由化,有利于加速国际贸易的发展。(二)环保产品风靡全球1992年,联合国“环境与发展会议”,大大增强了世界人民的环保意识,对人类健康无害的绿色食品、绿色冰箱、绿色空调、绿色电脑、绿色汽车等绿色产品的需求量明显上升,从而推动了电器、能源、建筑、石化等工业部门的变革,防治污染、节能、信息服务等将形成一个新兴的庞大产业。北美、西欧的环保技术已占据国际市场的60%,据西方7个工业国的调查,抵制非环保产品的人数约占总人数的79%,这表明绿色商品在国际市场上已占主导地位,而且市场前景非常广阔。为了解决与贸易有关的环境问题,1993年12月15日,在乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判委员会议上,通过一项“关于贸易与环境”的决议,决定起草一份贸易与环境的工作方案,并制定有关贸易与环境措施之间增强相互作用的规则,监督用于环境目的的贸易措施,以及与贸易有关的环保措施。随着国际社会环保意识的增强,在国际援助和国际投资中,环保工程倍受重视。当前,许多国家不仅陆续推出严格的环保法规,而且在进出口贸易中,无论是工业国家还是“新兴工业国家”,大都制定“环保产品优先”的原则,美国克林顿总统明确提出:对环保产品要制定出口优惠政策;欧洲联盟已制定“绿色输入”政策;东盟国家决定对环保产品征收低关税;这对国际贸易的发展将产生深远的影响。四、国际贸易方式正处在变革中(一)无纸贸易逐步盛行无纸贸易(简称EDI),是利用电子数据交换代替传统的纸面单据进行贸易活动,将标准的经济信息通过通讯网络,在商业伙伴的计算机之间进行传输和处理,以实现买卖双方交易的目的。在国际贸易活动中利用EDI,可以大量减少甚至消除在传统贸易过程中的各种纸面文件和单据,避免数据的重复输入,简化工作程序,这不仅能加快信息的反馈速度,可及时得到大量的商业信息,减少差错,降低成本,提高效率,便于管理,在激烈的市场竞争中,还可提供更有利于企业的贸易机会和条件。无纸贸易始于60年代,但到80年代才逐步扩展到国际贸易领域。从1992年开始,美国的进出口贸易报关都采用EDI;日本结合EDI的应用开发了“战略信息系统(SIS)”;韩国也建立了EDI服务系统——韩国贸易网(KT—NET);我国政府已成立“中国促进EDI应用协调委员会”,负责推动EDI的应用工作;联合国也提出了应用EDI的贸易服务促进项目——ET2000年,联合国国际贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL)正在制定有关EDI应用的国际法,为EDI在全球范围内普及使用创造条件。(二)管理贸易发展迅速管理贸易具体讲是指一国政府从国家的宏观经济利益和国内外政策需要出发,对外贸活动进行的行政管理和干预。对国际经济组织来讲就是对国际经济的协调管理。进入90年代后,由于国际市场竞争激烈,工业国家争夺市场份额的斗争越来越尖锐,对资本主义世界经济体系形成强烈的冲击,有关国家出于经济利益的相关性,都认识到加强国际经济协调十分必要。发展中国家通过产业结构和经济结构的调整,以及实施改革开放政策,有力地促进经济的发展,韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾等新兴工业化国家和地区的汽车、家电、服装、电子等商品,已开始与发达国家争夺国际市场份额,发达国家为了保护传统产业的发展,采取了不少的管理贸易措施;随着世界经济区域集团化趋势的进一步加强,各区域经济集团为了保护区内市场,在逐步拆除妨碍商品和生产要素自由流动的各种障碍的同时,对外实行排斥,使新贸易保护主义抬头,各集团之间的非公平垄断竞争和矛盾加剧,非成员国也感到自己的贸易空间在不断缩小,为了扩大出口,保护市场,需要加强对贸易的单边管理和与集团之间的贸易协调管理;随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司既需要采取自由贸易,消除对外经济扩张的一切限制,同时也需要借助国家干预外贸来提高竞争力,以保护某些产业免遭外国垄断组织的侵害,因此,90年代管理贸易将得到迅速发展。五、发展对外贸易的几点思考90年代,国际贸易发展的总趋势,对我国出口贸易的发展是机遇和挑战并存。其机遇主要是:1.有利于扩大出口。国际贸易的持续增长,标志着国际市场需求的稳步扩大,为我国出口贸易的发展,提供一个比较有利的国际环境,有利于扩大出口。2.有利于调整出口商品结构。在国际贸易中,制成品特别是资本货物(电器、非电气的机械及运输设备)和高新技术、信息、智能等“软件贸易”占的比重将不断上升,这有利于我国调整出口商品结构,加快发展制成品的出口。其挑战主要表现在:1.增加了我国出口贸易的障碍,而且出口的劳动密集型产品,将面临着更激烈的国际市场竞争。2.增加了我国引进外资和先进技术的难度,独联体和东欧国家在不久的将来,可能成为我国的竞争对手。为使机遇变成现实,充分利用国际环境中的有利因素,我国应采取下列措施:1.实行全球性的信息战略。建立健全全球性的行销网络。在世界各地寻求市场机遇,推动外贸活动的开展。2.根据国际市场需求,调整产业结构。特别要对无污染、附加值高、轻型化、多功能等市场发展潜力大的产品加以扶植,并作为经济发展的策略工业对待。3.积极开展跨国经营。我国企业应跳出传统行业的单一产品生产框架,踊跃涉足其他新的领域,开展多种经营,积极参加跨行业的竞争。企业在开拓国际市场时,为了绕过对方的贸易壁垒,可以输出劳务,承包工程,以资本输出代替商品输出,开展跨国、跨地区经营,采取在东道国(地区)投资建厂、合资办厂、收买股份、兼并等手段,就地生产,就地销售。要鼓励有条件的大型企业发展跨国战略联盟。4.进一步扩大市场开放度,加强法制,改善投资环境。

I HAVE A DREAM 我有一个梦想 如下:Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation P This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient " But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the N This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and we must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our We cannot walk And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march We cannot turn There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" we can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and Some of you have come fresh from narrow Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police You have been the veterans of creative Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be Let us not wallow in the valley of I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a It is a dream deeply rooted in the American I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created " I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their I have a dream I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and I have a dream I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it This is our This is the faith with which I return to the S With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom " And if America is to be a great nation, this must become So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New H Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New Y Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of M From every mountainside, let freedom When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" 几年前,一位伟大的美国人,在其象征的阴影我们签署了解放宣言。这一重要的法令是一个伟大的指路明灯的希望数以百万计的黑人奴隶谁已经烙在火焰枯萎不公正。这是一个欢乐的黎明,结束漫漫长夜的囚禁。但是,百年之后,我们必须面对的悲惨事实,即黑人仍然没有自由。 一百多年后,生活的黑人仍是可悲的残废了手铐的隔离和歧视的锁链。一百多年后,黑人生活在一个孤独的岛屿贫困正处在远隔重洋的物质繁荣。 100年后的今天,黑人仍挣扎在弯道中的美国社会,并认为自己是流亡在自己的土地。 因此,我们今天来到这里,开始表现令人震惊的状况。从某种意义上讲,我们来到我们国家的首都,以现金支票。当我们共和国的缔造者的宏伟话写在宪法和独立宣言,他们签署了期票的每一个美国人是属于继承人。 这说明是一个承诺,所有的人将得到保障不可剥夺的权利,生命权,自由权和追求幸福。很显然,美国今天已经拖欠本本票,因为她的公民的颜色感到关切。不是纪念这一神圣的义务,美国的黑人提供了一个坏的人检查了回来标有“足够的资金。 ”但是,我们拒绝相信,正义是银行破产。我们拒绝认为,没有足够的资金在大拱顶的机会,这个国家。 所以,我们来兑现这张支票-支票这将给予我们的需求财富的自由和安全的正义。我们还来到这个神圣的位置,提醒美国的紧迫性,现在激烈。这是没有时间去从事豪华降温或采取安定药物的渐进。现在是时候

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression, the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims, not the least was the US itself, where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US, the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 5% decline last month, when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression, the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说,全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期,随着全球经济形势恶化,一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑,呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时,一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税,引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时,主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后,全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前,金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域,各国工厂倒闭剧增,失业率上升,政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预,阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施,它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒,到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等,以及产业保护主义,当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样,隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下,即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用,这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上,各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义,承诺在未来一年内,避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会,再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措,不仅会损害对方,最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们,大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机,颁发了《斯姆特-霍利关税法》,大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税,结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机,各国以邻为壑,全球贸易总额大幅缩减,从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元,美国自身也深受其害,出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻:经济危机导致外需衰退,各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑,甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%,为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长,其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥,使严峻的形势雪上加霜,造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索,这样的后果世界能否承受,又是否值得承受?危机当头,重要的是各国携手共克时艰,而非互相指责,以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果,解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作,保持国际贸易渠道畅通,才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展,是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政,与贸易保护主义决裂,带领美国经济走出低谷,推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中,中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来,经济增速放缓,出口大幅下滑,就业压力加大。即便如此,中国仍坚定认为,贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下,2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品,增长5%,促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来,中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国,中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年,中国将继续扩大进口,积极组织企业采购团,赴海外大规模采购,进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略,倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道,以开放迎接挑战,以合作应对危机,共克时艰,推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

国际贸易相关论文3000字开头英文

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression, the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims, not the least was the US itself, where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US, the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 5% decline last month, when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression, the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说,全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期,随着全球经济形势恶化,一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑,呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时,一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税,引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时,主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后,全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前,金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域,各国工厂倒闭剧增,失业率上升,政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预,阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施,它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒,到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等,以及产业保护主义,当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样,隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下,即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用,这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上,各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义,承诺在未来一年内,避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会,再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措,不仅会损害对方,最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们,大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机,颁发了《斯姆特-霍利关税法》,大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税,结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机,各国以邻为壑,全球贸易总额大幅缩减,从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元,美国自身也深受其害,出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻:经济危机导致外需衰退,各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑,甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%,为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长,其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥,使严峻的形势雪上加霜,造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索,这样的后果世界能否承受,又是否值得承受?危机当头,重要的是各国携手共克时艰,而非互相指责,以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果,解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作,保持国际贸易渠道畅通,才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展,是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政,与贸易保护主义决裂,带领美国经济走出低谷,推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中,中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来,经济增速放缓,出口大幅下滑,就业压力加大。即便如此,中国仍坚定认为,贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下,2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品,增长5%,促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来,中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国,中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年,中国将继续扩大进口,积极组织企业采购团,赴海外大规模采购,进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略,倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道,以开放迎接挑战,以合作应对危机,共克时艰,推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

Investment liberalization and international trade Abstract This paper estimates the cross-price elasticity of exports with respect to investment costs for bilateral relations between 36 We show that the effect of reducing foreign direct investment costs on exports depends on country characteristics and trade costs as predicted by the [Markusen, 1997 and Markusen, 2002] When countries differ in relative factor endowments and trade costs are low, investment liberalization stimulates exports, whereas when countries are similar in terms of relative factor endowments and size, and trade costs are moderate to high, investment liberalization reduces Author Keywords: Exports; Foreign direct investment; International trade; Investment costs; Investment liberalization ----------- 是一个PDF,你看看摘要,觉得可以我传你还有很多,反正就是关于international

International Trade and Globalization In today's world there are many issues in need of reformation, one of which is international trade, otherwise known as Although there are a great deal of rules, regulations, and policies imposed on international trade, the manner in which those rules have been enforced is a major controversy that seems to be escalating day by At the center of the controversy is the World Trade Organization (WTO) The WTO was established in 1995 in order to transform the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) into an enforceable global commercial Critics of the WTO say that instead of being run democratically and in the interest of member countries, it has become the enforcer of corporate managed A system whose ethics are not in favor of the public interest, instead the focus has shifted to large corporations and making Profit is the motivating factor behind decisions made by the WTO By looking at international trade from the rational perspective, the WTO has not only failed to protect consumers, workers, and the environment, it has also acquired a number of opponents and Recent issues concerning the WTO include President Clinton's signing of a bill, which grants permanent normal trade relations to China and virtually guarantees them membership into the WTO Not concerned with China's communist regime that abuses its workers, supporters of the bill call it a "major victory for US companies like Microsoft C and Boeing C, which hoped the deal would result in billions of dollars in new sales in the Chinese marketplace" (/wire/world/reuters) Once again they are demonstrating that the pursuit of wealth is it's number one goal and ignoring massive protests launched by American labor unions who argue that the pact could cost hundreds of thousands of American jobs due to an increase in Chinese imports and companies who may decide to relocate factories to China, where cheap labor can be Another prominent issue concerning the WTO is organically produced foods, which have become a highly demanded product in the last few Countries take part in distributing and manufacturing foods because it has led to an increased amount of trade (increasing exports and minimizing imports) The parties that have benefited most from organically produced foods are farmers and agricultural businesses in other But a negative impact would be increased competition among This represents a rational point of Competitors are only concerned with their own wealth and The company and its well-being is their self Their primary goal is Businesses expect other businesses, along with the customers, to show Companies, individuals and countries alike all view the perspective of the rational The economy as a whole is Groups such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) are using their hierarchy of power to benefit The WTO has enforced it's own laws on the opening of trade They made the decision that it's legal to import bovine somatotropin meat (organically produced meat) from the USA As stated by Tom Wheeler in "The World is Not for Sale", a Panel of the WTO ultimately decides what's good for both the countries and the consumers of these produced This provides no opportunity to consult or anyone's right to () There is one farmer who disagreed with these His name is Jose B He is a farmer in France who led the revolt against McDonald's because they were serving organically produced Bove represents the emotional He is concerned about the well-being of the consumers of their products, as well as the animals being He also shows compassion towards Bove states that the danger of these genetically altered materials will have long-term lasting effects on the As managers, we should distinguish the rational perspective from the emotional perspective and incorporate them both into a positive solution to the It is important for us to achieve a balance between the monetary and humanitarian interests in this Because rational views heavily outweigh emotional views wherever the WTO is involved, incorporating some compassion and surrender is the only way we can correct this unbalanced In order to minimize our opportunity costs, we must shift a bit away from wealth and distinction and towards cooperation and As managers we need to change the way the World Trade Organization deals with the many issues concerning trade such as the problems for the farmers, like Jose Bove and the foreign trade impact on the American We can do so by establishing, joining, and supporting groups such as the Global Trade Watch, which is working hard to correct the errors being made by the WTO and by the international trade industry in We must try to enforce different laws for importing bovine somatotropin meat and reexamine international trade policies as a

国际贸易相关论文3000字开头英文缩写

CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价 D/P(document against payment)付款交单 CO (certificate of origin)一般原产地证 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元 PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等 GW(gross weight)毛重 C/D (customs declaration)报关单 W (with)具有 FAC(facsimile)传真 EXP(export)出口 MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度 M/V(merchant vessel)商船 MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨 INT(international)国际的 INV (invoice)发票 REF (reference)参考、查价 STL(style)式样、款式、类型 RMB(renminbi)人民币 PR或PRC(price) 价格 S/C(sales contract)销售确认书 B/L (bill of lading)提单 CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、保险加运费价 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单 GSP(generalized system of preferences)普惠制 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打 WT(weight)重量 NW(net weight)净重 EA(each)每个,各 w/o(without)没有 IMP(import)进口 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的 M 或MED (medium)中等,中级的 SS(steamship)船运 DOC (document)文件、单据 P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表 PCT (percent)百分比 EMS (express mail special)特快传递 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传 S/M (shipping marks)装船标记 PUR (purchase)购买、购货 L/C (letter of credit)信用证 交货delivery    轮船steamship(缩写SS) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery  定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment   定期租船time charter托运人(一般指出口商)shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner   驳船lighter舱位shipping space       油轮tanker报关clearance of goods   陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill     正本提单original B//L选择港(任意港)optional port      选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers/' account一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment一月底装船 shipment not later than J或shipment on or before J一/二月份装船 shipment during J/F或 J/F shipment在(时间)分两批装船 shipment in two lots在(时间)平均分两批装船 shipment in two equal lots分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments分三个月,每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments立即装运 immediate shipments即期装运 prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable

【国际贸易中常见的英文缩写】交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写SS) 装运、装船 shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery  定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment   定期租船time charter  托运人(一般指出口商)shipper,consignor  收货人consignee   班轮regular shipping liner 驳船lighter   舱位shipping space   油轮tanker   报关clearance of goods   陆运收据cargo receipt   提货to take delivery of goods   空运提单airway bill     正本提单original B//L   选择港(任意港)optional port         选港费optional charges   选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers/' account   一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment   一月底装船 shipment not later than J或shipment on or before J  一/仲春份装船 shipment during J/F或 J/F shipment   在(时间)分两批装船 shipment in two lots  在(时间)均匀分两批装船 shipment in two equal lots  分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments   分三个月装运 in three equal monthly shipments   立即装运 immediate shipments  即期装运 prompt shipments   收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C   答应分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable   CFR(cost and freight)本钱加运费价   D/P(document against payment)付款交单   CO (certificate of origin)一般原产地证   CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱   DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元   PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等   GW(gross weight)毛重   C/D (customs declaration)报关单   W (with)具有   FAC(facsimile)传真   EXP(export)出口   MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度   M/V(merchant vessel)商船   MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨   INT(international)国际的   INV (invoice)发票   REF (reference)参考  STL(style)式样、款式、类型   RMB(renminbi)人民币   PR或PRC(price) 价格   S/C(sales contract)销售确认书   B/L (bill of lading)提单   CIF (cost,insurance&freight)本钱、保险加运费价   T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇   D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单   GSP(generalized system of preferences)普惠制   PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等   DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打   WT(weight)重量   NW(net weight)净重   EA(each)每个,各   w/o(without)没有   IMP(import)进口   MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的   M 或MED (medium)中等,中级的   SS(steamship)船运   DOC (document)文件、单据   P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表   PCT (percent)百分比   EMS (express mail special)特快传递   T或LTX或TX(telex)电传   S/M (shipping marks)装船标记   PUR (purchase)购买、购货   L/C (letter of credit)信用证

国际贸易相关论文3000字开头英文怎么说

研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。国际贸易的发展及趋势 发布时间: 2003-7-21 作者:安和芬 研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。在东盟经济部长第26届年会上,一致同意把建成东盟自由贸易区的时间,从原定15年缩短为10年,决定在2003年1月1日,把东盟内部工业品、农产品的关税降到0.5%。目前,亚太地区的“成长三角”,作为次区域经济合作的一种补充模式进展比较顺利。为了推动亚太经济合作的发展,1995年2月16日,亚太经合组织举行高级官员“特别”会议,讨论地区贸易和投资的远景,并为今年11月在大阪召开部长级会议和第三届领导人会议准备议事日程,同时起草在2020年以前实现亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化“行动计划”。参加会议的官员一致认为议事日程应由贸易和投资自由化,以及经济和技术合作两部分组成。会议同意成立一个私营企业协调组。(四)科学技术进步的加速90年代是以微电子、生物技术、信息技术和新材料等领域为中心的高新技术、继续加速发展、而且日趋走向实用化、产业化的时代,随着高新技术的推广应用,国际化分工的深化,产品质量性能的不断提高,产品种类、规格的不断变化,产品的生产同期将大为缩短。由于产品的不断升级换代,必将促使各国的产业结构和经济结构向更高层次发展,使国际间的相互依赖和渗透进一步加深,从而推动国际商品范围和贸易量的不断扩大。使商品生产的内容、形式以及组织等方面都将发生变革。国际贸易的发展也越来越多地和新技术联在一起,使国际商品生产和贸易的原材料密度和粗放程度大为减少,而技术、知识密集度却大大提高。由于社会消费需求向多样化发展,通过商品交换,促进行业内部贸易的发展。(五)跨国公司的蓬勃发展进入90年代后,跨国公司发展尤为迅速,并正在不断改变着世界商品生产和流通的格局。目前,全球跨国公司约有1.2万家,控制着世界出口贸易总额的2/3,跨国公司内部贸易已占国际贸易的40%。随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司将在更大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动。制成品贸易,特别是高技术贸易和资本货物贸易在跨国公司内占的比重也将越来越大,在发达国家的制成品贸易中,由于规模经济的作用,使同一行业内部的双向性国际商品流动发展很快,并成为贸易效益的主要来源,据1992年有关部门的调查,发达国家的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的60%,新加坡、韩国、印度尼西亚等国的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的45%。随着世界经济区域集团化的发展和新贸易保护主义的盛行,企业进入国外市场更为困难。为了绕过东道国的贸易壁垒,为了有利于降低研究、试制、生产成本,扩大市场,实现优势互补,从80年代起,一些大型跨国公司已开始走向无国界化,但是直到近几年,大企业间缔结国际战略联盟的工作才得到迅速发展。跨国公司联盟可以利用自身和他国的不同优势,通过生产要素的国际流动,在世界范围内实现资源的合理配置,共同获取最大的经济效益,推动国际贸易的发展。三、国际贸易结构发生重大变化(一)国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起进入80年代后,服务贸易正以高于商品贸易的速度增长,国际服务贸易额从1982年的4050亿美元增加到1987年的9600亿美元,1992年又增加到10200亿美元,10年间增长1.5倍,同期,世界商品贸易额只增长1倍。1993年,世界商品贸易额比上年减少2%,而国际服务贸易额却增长3%。在国际服务贸易构成中,运输和旅游服务贸易所占的比重相对下降,通讯、保险、广告、技术、租赁、管理等服务贸易所占的比重在不断提高,尤其是高技术产品中的附加值的不断增加,其商品也越来越趋向于服务密集型。发达国家的经济越来越“服务化”,在国际服务贸易中,发达国家约占3/4的份额。美国是世界最大的服务贸易出口国,在电信、数据处理、银行、保险等新兴服务项目中具有明显优势。世界许多国家出于自身的经济安全考虑,对服务贸易实行保护主义政策,普遍构筑了贸易壁垒,对美国服务贸易的扩大构成强大的威胁,因此,几年前,美国就向关贸总协定提出要求解决服务贸易的问题。乌拉圭回合经过多年的谈判,终于达成服务贸易多边框架协定,规定缔约方所承担的一般义务与纪律,包括最惠国待遇、透明度、国民待遇、发展中国家的逐步参与、市场准入、解决争议等条款。服务贸易多边框架的制定,是关贸总协定在推动国际贸易自由化发展问题上的一个重大突破,它将使缔约方对服务市场的保护与多边谈判,加强人员交往与信息流通,特别是知识产权、技术转让、数据处理、咨询、广告等服务行业的贸易逐步自由化,有利于加速国际贸易的发展。(二)环保产品风靡全球1992年,联合国“环境与发展会议”,大大增强了世界人民的环保意识,对人类健康无害的绿色食品、绿色冰箱、绿色空调、绿色电脑、绿色汽车等绿色产品的需求量明显上升,从而推动了电器、能源、建筑、石化等工业部门的变革,防治污染、节能、信息服务等将形成一个新兴的庞大产业。北美、西欧的环保技术已占据国际市场的60%,据西方7个工业国的调查,抵制非环保产品的人数约占总人数的79%,这表明绿色商品在国际市场上已占主导地位,而且市场前景非常广阔。为了解决与贸易有关的环境问题,1993年12月15日,在乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判委员会议上,通过一项“关于贸易与环境”的决议,决定起草一份贸易与环境的工作方案,并制定有关贸易与环境措施之间增强相互作用的规则,监督用于环境目的的贸易措施,以及与贸易有关的环保措施。随着国际社会环保意识的增强,在国际援助和国际投资中,环保工程倍受重视。当前,许多国家不仅陆续推出严格的环保法规,而且在进出口贸易中,无论是工业国家还是“新兴工业国家”,大都制定“环保产品优先”的原则,美国克林顿总统明确提出:对环保产品要制定出口优惠政策;欧洲联盟已制定“绿色输入”政策;东盟国家决定对环保产品征收低关税;这对国际贸易的发展将产生深远的影响。四、国际贸易方式正处在变革中(一)无纸贸易逐步盛行无纸贸易(简称EDI),是利用电子数据交换代替传统的纸面单据进行贸易活动,将标准的经济信息通过通讯网络,在商业伙伴的计算机之间进行传输和处理,以实现买卖双方交易的目的。在国际贸易活动中利用EDI,可以大量减少甚至消除在传统贸易过程中的各种纸面文件和单据,避免数据的重复输入,简化工作程序,这不仅能加快信息的反馈速度,可及时得到大量的商业信息,减少差错,降低成本,提高效率,便于管理,在激烈的市场竞争中,还可提供更有利于企业的贸易机会和条件。无纸贸易始于60年代,但到80年代才逐步扩展到国际贸易领域。从1992年开始,美国的进出口贸易报关都采用EDI;日本结合EDI的应用开发了“战略信息系统(SIS)”;韩国也建立了EDI服务系统——韩国贸易网(KT—NET);我国政府已成立“中国促进EDI应用协调委员会”,负责推动EDI的应用工作;联合国也提出了应用EDI的贸易服务促进项目——ET2000年,联合国国际贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL)正在制定有关EDI应用的国际法,为EDI在全球范围内普及使用创造条件。(二)管理贸易发展迅速管理贸易具体讲是指一国政府从国家的宏观经济利益和国内外政策需要出发,对外贸活动进行的行政管理和干预。对国际经济组织来讲就是对国际经济的协调管理。进入90年代后,由于国际市场竞争激烈,工业国家争夺市场份额的斗争越来越尖锐,对资本主义世界经济体系形成强烈的冲击,有关国家出于经济利益的相关性,都认识到加强国际经济协调十分必要。发展中国家通过产业结构和经济结构的调整,以及实施改革开放政策,有力地促进经济的发展,韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾等新兴工业化国家和地区的汽车、家电、服装、电子等商品,已开始与发达国家争夺国际市场份额,发达国家为了保护传统产业的发展,采取了不少的管理贸易措施;随着世界经济区域集团化趋势的进一步加强,各区域经济集团为了保护区内市场,在逐步拆除妨碍商品和生产要素自由流动的各种障碍的同时,对外实行排斥,使新贸易保护主义抬头,各集团之间的非公平垄断竞争和矛盾加剧,非成员国也感到自己的贸易空间在不断缩小,为了扩大出口,保护市场,需要加强对贸易的单边管理和与集团之间的贸易协调管理;随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司既需要采取自由贸易,消除对外经济扩张的一切限制,同时也需要借助国家干预外贸来提高竞争力,以保护某些产业免遭外国垄断组织的侵害,因此,90年代管理贸易将得到迅速发展。五、发展对外贸易的几点思考90年代,国际贸易发展的总趋势,对我国出口贸易的发展是机遇和挑战并存。其机遇主要是:1.有利于扩大出口。国际贸易的持续增长,标志着国际市场需求的稳步扩大,为我国出口贸易的发展,提供一个比较有利的国际环境,有利于扩大出口。2.有利于调整出口商品结构。在国际贸易中,制成品特别是资本货物(电器、非电气的机械及运输设备)和高新技术、信息、智能等“软件贸易”占的比重将不断上升,这有利于我国调整出口商品结构,加快发展制成品的出口。其挑战主要表现在:1.增加了我国出口贸易的障碍,而且出口的劳动密集型产品,将面临着更激烈的国际市场竞争。2.增加了我国引进外资和先进技术的难度,独联体和东欧国家在不久的将来,可能成为我国的竞争对手。为使机遇变成现实,充分利用国际环境中的有利因素,我国应采取下列措施:1.实行全球性的信息战略。建立健全全球性的行销网络。在世界各地寻求市场机遇,推动外贸活动的开展。2.根据国际市场需求,调整产业结构。特别要对无污染、附加值高、轻型化、多功能等市场发展潜力大的产品加以扶植,并作为经济发展的策略工业对待。3.积极开展跨国经营。我国企业应跳出传统行业的单一产品生产框架,踊跃涉足其他新的领域,开展多种经营,积极参加跨行业的竞争。企业在开拓国际市场时,为了绕过对方的贸易壁垒,可以输出劳务,承包工程,以资本输出代替商品输出,开展跨国、跨地区经营,采取在东道国(地区)投资建厂、合资办厂、收买股份、兼并等手段,就地生产,就地销售。要鼓励有条件的大型企业发展跨国战略联盟。4.进一步扩大市场开放度,加强法制,改善投资环境。

Investment liberalization and international trade Abstract This paper estimates the cross-price elasticity of exports with respect to investment costs for bilateral relations between 36 We show that the effect of reducing foreign direct investment costs on exports depends on country characteristics and trade costs as predicted by the [Markusen, 1997 and Markusen, 2002] When countries differ in relative factor endowments and trade costs are low, investment liberalization stimulates exports, whereas when countries are similar in terms of relative factor endowments and size, and trade costs are moderate to high, investment liberalization reduces Author Keywords: Exports; Foreign direct investment; International trade; Investment costs; Investment liberalization ----------- 是一个PDF,你看看摘要,觉得可以我传你还有很多,反正就是关于international

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