关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照文

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照

计算机专业论文，怎么给楼主？

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照文

Computer [By Kaiser3344]More than two hundred years ago， the invention of the steam engine，rumbled ushered in the industrial society; more than a hundred years ago，lamps， electrical world presents a multicoloured to humans; sixty years ago，computer generated， the human with the highly development track， the earth has become a Computer is gradually becoming the master of human production and The use of computer to improve the production efficiency is very From the spacecraft to the research of nanotechnology， production from nuclear explosions to the pipeline， human production aspects are due to the use of computer and enhance production USA ala Moss National Laboratory， a few big basketball court with a computer， can be used to simulate nuclear test， it a second operation of hundreds of millions of times，a few days to finish ourselves never finish the Even in ordinarycomputer industry， also plays an important For example， in the field of education， a teacher want to count a grade exam results， calculate theaverage， with the computer， a few seconds on the line， if calculated by hand， to a few Computer to computer and Internet as the carrier， promote rapid economic The Internet enables people to obtain information more convenient，so as to make the investment， production， sales and other aspects of thespeed， so that rapid development of the USA former president Clinton proposed in 1992 to increase Internet information transmission speed of the "information superhighway" plan， make America stable economic growth， rapid Computer is increasingly affecting the human way of The emergence of the Internet to eliminate regional disparities， so far apart from each otherpeople can get together and Remain within doors， tour the Thousands of miles away， cleaning the house， Arabian Nights type ideashave been realized with the help of Of course， computer has many benefits at the same time， there are manyhidden So some people think that computer can do more harm than good， and hindered the development of This view is Computer especially the emergence of Internet time is very short， it takes a long time to perfect and Moreover， every thing has not onlyadvantages without Nuclear energy can give great energy for human beings， but also in the human head enveloped nuclear explosion shadow;cloning is human scientific breakthrough， but human cloning is againsthuman Computer and Internet is becoming more and more important， how should we do? A survey shows that， the great Russian Internet users only about three million， this makes us more profound understanding of why she In fact， the computer and the Internet is not popular， resulting ininformation， information due to occlusion of production is backward，backward in production led to the strength of the The economyhas just taken off Chinese if don't want to lag behind， we must pay attention to the popularization of computer and Fortunately， our country has"legend"， "square"， "Sina"， "Sohu" and so on his computer and networkcompany， although far from their independent Computer and Internet whirlwind blowing up， are you ready?好评

第一篇：如何创造一个成功的Web 0业务|Creating A Successful Web 第二篇：2009年搜索引擎优化（SEO）趋势 |SEO Trends for 2009 更多文章：请参见网站左侧的标签“网络”和“网站”及其“科技”。祝您找到你所要的文章

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照图

Computer [By Kaiser3344]More than two hundred years ago， the invention of the steam engine，rumbled ushered in the industrial society; more than a hundred years ago，lamps， electrical world presents a multicoloured to humans; sixty years ago，computer generated， the human with the highly development track， the earth has become a Computer is gradually becoming the master of human production and The use of computer to improve the production efficiency is very From the spacecraft to the research of nanotechnology， production from nuclear explosions to the pipeline， human production aspects are due to the use of computer and enhance production USA ala Moss National Laboratory， a few big basketball court with a computer， can be used to simulate nuclear test， it a second operation of hundreds of millions of times，a few days to finish ourselves never finish the Even in ordinarycomputer industry， also plays an important For example， in the field of education， a teacher want to count a grade exam results， calculate theaverage， with the computer， a few seconds on the line， if calculated by hand， to a few Computer to computer and Internet as the carrier， promote rapid economic The Internet enables people to obtain information more convenient，so as to make the investment， production， sales and other aspects of thespeed， so that rapid development of the USA former president Clinton proposed in 1992 to increase Internet information transmission speed of the "information superhighway" plan， make America stable economic growth， rapid Computer is increasingly affecting the human way of The emergence of the Internet to eliminate regional disparities， so far apart from each otherpeople can get together and Remain within doors， tour the Thousands of miles away， cleaning the house， Arabian Nights type ideashave been realized with the help of Of course， computer has many benefits at the same time， there are manyhidden So some people think that computer can do more harm than good， and hindered the development of This view is Computer especially the emergence of Internet time is very short， it takes a long time to perfect and Moreover， every thing has not onlyadvantages without Nuclear energy can give great energy for human beings， but also in the human head enveloped nuclear explosion shadow;cloning is human scientific breakthrough， but human cloning is againsthuman Computer and Internet is becoming more and more important， how should we do? A survey shows that， the great Russian Internet users only about three million， this makes us more profound understanding of why she In fact， the computer and the Internet is not popular， resulting ininformation， information due to occlusion of production is backward，backward in production led to the strength of the The economyhas just taken off Chinese if don't want to lag behind， we must pay attention to the popularization of computer and Fortunately， our country has"legend"， "square"， "Sina"， "Sohu" and so on his computer and networkcompany， although far from their independent Computer and Internet whirlwind blowing up， are you ready?好评

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第一篇：如何创造一个成功的Web 0业务|Creating A Successful Web 第二篇：2009年搜索引擎优化（SEO）趋势 |SEO Trends for 2009 更多文章：请参见网站左侧的标签“网络”和“网站”及其“科技”。祝您找到你所要的文章

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照怎么写

电脑的学名为电子计算机，是由早期的电动计算器发展而来的。1946年，世界上出现了第一台电子数字计算机“ENIAC”，用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电工学院制造的，但它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近100千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。1956年，晶体管电子计算机诞生了，这是第二代电子计算机。只要几个大一点的柜子就可将它容下，运算速度也大大地提高了。1959年出现的是第三代集成电路计算机。最初的计算机由约翰·冯·诺依曼发明(那时电脑的计算能力相当于现在的计算器)，有三间库房那么大，后逐步发展。 从20世纪70年代开始，这是电脑发展的最新阶段。到1970年，由大规模集成电路和超大规模集成电路制成的“克雷一号”，使电脑进入了第四代。超大规模集成电路的发明，使电子计算机不断向着 小型化、微型化、低功耗、智能化、系统化的方向更新换代。20世纪90年代，电脑向“智能”方向发展，制造出与人脑相似的电脑，可以进行思维、学习、记忆、网络通信等工作。 进入21世纪，电脑更是笔记本化、微型化和专业化，每秒运算速度超过100万次，不但操作简易、价格便宜，而且可以代替人们的部分脑力劳动，甚至在某些方面扩展了人的智能。于是，今天的微型电子计算机就被形象地称做电脑了。世界上第一台个人电脑由IBM于1981年推出。IBM推出以英特尔的x86为硬体架构，以微软公司的MS-DOS为操作系统的个人电脑，并制定以PC/AT为PC的规格。之后，由英特尔推出的微处理器以及微软推出的操作系统的发展几乎等同于个人电脑的发展历史。Wintel架构全面取代了IBM在个人电脑世界的主导地位。 通常说到“世界公认的第一台电子数字计算机”大多数人都认为是1946年面世的“ENIAC”，它主要是用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电气工程学院制造的，它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近150千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。这个说法被计算机基础教科书上普遍采用，事实上在1973年根据美国最高法院的裁定，最早的电子数字计算机，应该是美国爱荷华州立大学的物理系副教授约翰·阿坦那索夫和其研究生助手克利夫·贝瑞(Clifford E Berry ，1918-1963）于1939年10月制造的"ABC"(Atanasoff- Berry-Computer）。之所以会有这样的误会，是因为“ENIAC”的研究小组中的一个叫莫克利的人于1941年剽窃了约翰·阿坦那索夫的研究成果，并在1946年时，申请了专利。由于种种原因直到1973年这个错误才被扭转过来。（具体情况参阅百度百科----“约翰·阿坦那索夫”词条，希望大家记住ABC和约翰·阿坦那索夫，希望以后的教科书能够修改这个错误）。后来为了表彰和纪念约翰·阿坦那索夫在计算机领域内作出的伟大贡献，1990年美国前总统布什授予约翰·阿坦那索夫全美最高科技奖项----“国家科技奖”。 中国电脑 中国的算盘是最早的运算工具。在人类文明发展的历史上中国曾经在早期计算工具的发明创造方面写过光辉的一页。远在商代，中国就创造了十进制记数方法，领先于世界千余年。到了周代，发明了当时最先进的计算工具——算筹。这是一种用竹、木或骨制成的颜色不同的小棍。计算每一个数学问题时，通常编出一套歌诀形式的算法，一边计算，一边不断地重新布棍。中国古代数学家祖冲之，就是用算筹计算出圆周率在1415926和1415927之间。这一结果比西方早一千年。 珠算盘是中国的又一独创，也是计算工具发展史上的第一项重大发明。这种轻巧灵活、携带方便、与人民生活关系密切的计算工具，最初大约出现于汉朝，到元朝时渐趋成熟。珠算盘不仅对中国经济的发展起过有益的作用，而且传到日本、朝鲜、东南亚等地区，经受了历史的考验，至今仍在使用。 中国发明创造指南车、水运浑象仪、记里鼓车、提花机等，不仅对自动控制机械的发展有卓越的贡献，而且对计算工具的演进产生了直接或间接的影响。例如，张衡制作的水运浑象仪，可以自动地与地球运转同步，后经唐、宋两代的改进，遂成为世界上最早的天文钟。 记里鼓车则是世界上最早的自动计数装置。提花机原理与计算机程序控制的发展有过间接的影响。中国古代用阳、阴两爻构成八卦，也对计算技术的发展有过直接的影响。莱布尼兹写过研究八卦的论文，系统地提出了二进制算术运算法则。他认为，世界上最早的二进制表示法就是中国的八卦。 经过漫长的沉寂，新中国成立后，中国计算技术迈入了新的发展时期，先后建立了研究机构，在高等院校建立了计算技术与装置专业和计算数学专业，并且着手创建中国计算机制造业。 中国是在1956年研制成功国产计算机的。1958年和1959年中国先后自主研制成功国产小型和大型电子管计算机。60年代中期，中国研制成功一批晶体管计算机，并配制了ALGOL等语言的编译程序和其他系统软件。60年代后期，中国开始研究集成电路计算机。70年代，中国已批量生产小型集成电路计算机。80年代以后，中国开始重点研制微型计算机系统并推广应用；在大型计算机、特别是巨型计算机技术方面也取得了重要进展；建立了计算机服务业，逐步健全了计算机产业结构。 在计算机科学与技术的研究方面，中国在有限元计算方法、数学定理的机器证明、汉字信息处理、计算机系统结构和软件等方面都有所建树。在计算机应用方面，中国在科学计算与工程设计领域取得了显著成就。在有关经营管理和过程控制等方面，计算机应用研究和实践也日益活跃。The scientific name for electronic computer by early computer， is developed from electric In 1946， the world appeared the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC"， used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania electrician college manufacturing， Moore， the huge volume， but it occupies an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters， weight is about 30 tons， consumption by nearly 100 kilowatts of Obviously， this computer cost is high， difficult to In 1956， transistor electronic computer was born， this is the second generation of Only a few bigger cabinet can will it hold， speed also greatly 1959 appeared in the third generation integrated circuit Early computer by John and von neumann invention (then the computing power of computer now， there are three calculators) is so large， warehouse after between gradual From 20th century since the 1970s， this is the latest stage of computer To 1970， by large scale integrated circuit and vlsi circuits made of "1"， make the computer clay into the fourth The invention of vlsi， make the electronic computer constantly toward miniaturization， miniaturization， low power consumption， intelligent， systematic direction During the 1990s， the computer to "smart" direction development， produce and the brain computer， can undertake similar thinking， learning and memory， network communication， Entering the 21st century， the computer is notebook change， miniaturization and specialization， gigabits per second operation speed over 100 million times， not only operate simple， cheap， and can replace people part mental work， even in some ways expanded the human's So， today's microcomputer is what has been aptly called The world's first personal computers launched by IBM in Introduction to Intel's x86 IBM for hardware structure， with Microsoft's ms-dos for the personal computer operating system and formulated to PC/AT for PC Later， launched by Intel microprocessor and Microsoft introduced the development of the operating system almost as fast as the development history of personal Wintel architecture comprehensive replaced in the PC world of IBM's Usually said "the world recognized as the first electronic digital computer" most people think that is available in 1946， "it" ENIAC is mainly used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania is made of electrical engineering college Mohr， its huge volume， covers an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters， weight is about 30 tons， costs nearly 150 kilowatts of Obviously， this computer cost is high， difficult to This statement is widely used Computer basic textbooks in 1973， in fact， according to the United States Supreme Court ruled that the earliest digital electronic computers， should is the Iowa state university physics department associate professor John o SuoFu and its Tampa that graduate assistant cliff Berry (Clifford Berry ， 1918-1963) in October 1939 manufacturing "ABC" (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer) Have this misunderstanding， because "ENIAC" one of the research team at Cleveland， called mo 1941， o John plagiarism SuoFu research achievements of the Tampa in 1946， and apply for a Due to various reasons until 1973 this error is turn them (particular case refer to baidu - "John o wikipedia entries and SuoFu" Tampa that hope everyone remember ABC and John o SuoFu， hoped later tantra that can modify this error of Later in order to commend and commemorative John o SuoFu in computer field tantra it within a great contribution in 1990， former US President bush awarded Tampa SuoFu John o across the highest technology awards - "the state" eeffect "Chinese computer Chinese abacus is the earliest computing In the history of the development of human civilization in China was once early computing tools invention aspects wrote a glorious Shang， China will have created a decimal numeration method， leading in more than 1，000 To the zhou dynasty， invented the most advanced computing tools - count This is a kind of bamboo， wood or bone of different colors made of small Computing every math problems， usually make up a set of GeJue forms of algorithm， side calculation， side constantly to cloth Ancient Chinese mathematician zu chongzhi， is calculated by numerical raised in 1415927 1415926 and between of PI The results earlier than the west for a thousand Abacus plate is another original Chinese， but also in the history of computing tools in the first major This light and flexible， convenient to carry， and people's living close calculation tool， first emerged when YuHanChao maturity， to the yuan Abacus in Chinese economy not only dish played beneficial effects of the development， and spread to Japan， Korea， southeast Asia and other regions， withstand the test of the history， are still in Chinese inventions， it was the direction-guiding cart in waterway written instrument， such as car， jacquard machine drums， not only to the development of automatic control machines have outstanding contributions to computing tools， and the evolution produced direct or indirect For example， it was made of zhang heng waterway， can automatically instrument with earth in moving synchronization， by the tang， song after two generations of improvement， thus became the world's first The car is written in the world drum， the earliest automatic counting Jacquard machine principle and the development of the computer program control have indirect Ancient Chinese Yao with Yang， Yin constitutes a gossip， and two of the development of computing technology have direct Leibnitz wrote research papers， systematically tabloid forward binary arithmetic He thinks， the world's first binary representation is China's After a long silence， after the founding of new China， Chinese computing entered the new developing period， has established a research organization， in universities and colleges to establish computing technology and device professional and computational mathematics， and hands to create China professional computer China is developed successfully in 1956 in home In 1958 and 1959 China has successfully developed independently domestic small and large tube In the mid 60， China has successfully developed computer， and configuration of the transistor such language ALGOL compiler and other system In the late 1960's， China began to study computer integrated In the 1970s， China has batch production small integrated circuit In the 1980s， China began after key development microcomputer system and popularized; In large computer， especially huge computer technology has also made important progress; Established computer services， and gradually improve the computer industry In computer science and technology research， China in finite element calculation method， mathematical theorems machine proof， Chinese information processing， computer system structure and software all aspects In computer applications， in Chinese scientific computing and engineering design fields have achieved remarkable In the related management and process control， computer application research and practice is increasingly

REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTERS Studies of the execution behavior of high-level language programs have provided guidance in designing a new type of processor architecture：the reduced instruction set computer（RISC）．Assignment statements predominate，suggesting that the simple movement of data should be optimized．There are also many IF and LOOP instructions，which suggest that the underlying sequence control mechanism needs to be optimized to permit efficient pipelining．Studies of operand reference patterns suggest that it should be possible to enhance performance by keeping a moderate number of operands in registers． These studies have motivated the key characteristics of RISC machines：（1）a limited instruction set with a fixed format．（2）a large number of registers or the use of a compiler that optimizes register usage，and（3）an emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline． The simple instruction set of a RISC lends itself to efficient pipelining because there are fewer and more predictable operations performed per instruction．[1] A RISC instruction set architecture also lends itself to the delayed branch technique，in which branch instructions are rearranged with other instructions to improve pipeline efficiency． Although RISC systems have been defined and designed in a variety of ways by different groups，the key elements shared by most designs are these： ．A large number of general-purpose registers，or the use of compiler technology to optimize register usage ．A limited and simple instruction set ．An emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline Table 2-1 compares several RISC and non-RISC 1．Instruction Execution Characteristics To understand the line of reasoning of the RISC advocates，we begin with a brief review of instruction execution characteristics．The aspects of computation of interest are as follows： • Operations performed：These determine the functions to be performed by the processor and its interaction with memory． • Operands used：The types of operands and the frequency of their use determine the memory organization for storing them and the addressing modes for accessing them． • Execution sequencing：This determines the control and pipeline organization． 2．The Use of A Large Register File [2] The reason that register storage is indicated is that it is the fastest available storage device，faster than both main memory and cache．The register file is physically small，generally on the same chip as the ALU and control unit，and employs much shorter addresses than addresses for cache and memory．Thus，a strategy is needed that will allow the most frequently accessed operands to be kept in registers and to minimize register-memory operations． Two basic approaches are possible，one based on software and the other on hardware．The software approach is to rely on the compiler to maximize register usage．The compiler will attempt to allocate registers to those variables that will be used the most in a given time period．This approach requires the use of sophisticated programanalysis algorithms．The hardware approach is simply to use more registers so that more variables can be held in registers for longer periods of time． 3．Characteristics of Reduced Instruction Set Architectures Although a variety of different approaches to reduced instruction set architecture have been taken，certain characteristics are common to all of them．These characteristics are listed in Table 2．1 and described here． The first characteristic listed in Table 2．1 is that there is one machine instruction per machine cycle．A machine cycle is defined to be the time it takes to fetch two operands from registers，perform an ALU operation，and store the result in a register．Thus，RISC machine instructions should be no more complicated than，and execute about as fast as，microinxtructions on CISC machines．[3] With simple，one –cycle instructions，there is little or no need for microcode；the machine instructions can be hardwired[4]．Such instructions should execute faster than comparable machine instructions on other machines，since it is not necessary to access a microprogram control store during instruction execution． A second characteristic is that most operations should be register-to-register，with only simple LOAD and STORE operations accessing memory．This design feature simplifies the instruction set and therefore the control unit．For example，a RISC instruction set may include only one or two ADD instructions（ ，integer add，add with carry）；the VAX has 25 different ADD instructions．Another benefit is that such an architecture encourages the optimization of register use，so that frequently accessed operands remain in high-speed storage． Returning to Table 2-1，a third characteristic is the use of simple addressing modes．Almost all instructions use simple register addressing．Several additional modes，such as displacement and PC-relative，may be included．Other，more complex modes can be synthesized in software from the simple ones．Again，this design feature simplifies the instruction set and the control unit． A final common characteristic is the use of simple instruction formats．Generally，only one or a few formats are used．Instruction length is fixed and aligned on word boundaries．Field locations，especially the opcode，are fixed．This design feature has a number of benefits．With fixed fields，opcode decoding and register operand accessing can occur simultaneously．Simplified formats simplify the control unit．Instruction fetching is optimized since word-length units are fetched．This also means that a single instruction does not cross page boundaries． NOTES [1] lend itself to适合于… [2] register file寄存器组，作为数据或指令的临时存放处的一种多位寄存器组，有时称作栈。 [3] 此句为比较结构no than…，中间插入并列句将被比较对象隔开了。 [4] hardwired硬连线的，即机器指令是固化在硬件（芯片）上的。 KEYWORDS instruction set 指令系统，指令集 reduced instruction set computer（RISC） 精简指令系统计算机 pipeline 流水线 operand 操作数 register 寄存器 compiler 编译器，编译程序 branch instruction 转移指令，分支指令 Complex Instruction Set Computer（CISC） 复杂指令系统计算机 superscalar 超级标量 register file 寄存器组，栈 machine cycle 机器周期 microinstruction 微指令 microcode 微代码，微指令 nncroprogram 微程序 addressing 编址，寻址 精简指令系统计算机（RISC） 对高级语言程序执行性能的研究已经为设计新型处理器体系结构－一精简指令系统计算机提供了指南。赋值语句占据的优势表明应对单纯的数据传送进行优化。还有很多IF和LOOP指令存在，需要优化基本的顺序控制机构，以使流水线作业高效率。操作数引用模式的研究表明，在多个寄存器中保存适当数量的操作数，可以提高性能。 这些研究已经形成了RISC机的一些关键特性：（1）有限的固定格式的指令集；（2）使用大量的寄存器或使用编译器优化寄存器应用；（3）重点优化指令流水线。 因为每条指令完成少数的且多为可预测的操作，RISC的简单指令系统适合高效流水线作业。RISC指令系统体系结构也适合于延迟转移技术，在这种技术中，随同其他指令重新安排转移指令以提高流水线效率。 虽然RISC系统已经由不同的（企业）集团以各种方式进行了定义和设计，但大多数设计所提出的关键元素还是共同的。  用大量的通用寄存器（或使用编译器技术）来优化寄存器的使用；  有限的简单指令系统；  重点优化指令流水线作业。 表2-1比较了几种RISC和非RISC系统。 1．指令执行特性 为了解RISC倡导者们的推理思路，首先观察一下指令执行的一些特性。所要关心的计算特性如下所述。  所完成的操作：这些操作决定了处理器要完成的功能和处理器与存储器的交互  所用的操作数：操作数的类型和使用频度决定了存储操作数的存储机制和访问这些操作数的编址方式。  执行顺序：决定了控制和流水线的机制 2．大寄存器组的应用 使用寄存器存储的理由在于它是可用的最快的存储器件，比主存储器和高速缓存都快。寄存器组实际很小，通常与算术逻辑部件和控制器放在同一芯片上，而且使用比高速缓存和内存储器短很多的地址。因而需要一种允许最频繁访问的操作数保存在寄存器中并使寄存器-存储器操作降至最少的策略。 有两种可以采用的基本方法，一种基于软件，一种基于硬件。软件方法靠编译程序最大限度使用寄存器，编译程序力图将给定时间周期内最常用的那些变量分配到这些寄存器中。这一方法要求使用复杂的程序分析算法。硬件方法就是简单地使用更多的寄存器，使更多的变量保存在寄存器中供长时间使用。 3．精简指令系统体系结构的特性 尽管精简指令系统结构的可用方法有多种，但对它们而言有一些特性是共同的。这些特性列在表2-1中，下面进行解释。 表2-1中列出的第一个特性是每个机器周期有一条机器指令。一个机器周期定义为，机器从寄存器组中取出两个操作数，完成一种算术逻辑部件运算并将结果存入一个寄存器中所用的时间。RISC机器指令应该不比CISC机上的微指令复杂，并且执行起来也很快。因为简单，单周期指令仅需少量或不需要微代码；机器指令可以是硬连线的。这样指令执行起来比其他机器的类似机器指令要快，因为在指令执行期间它不必访问微程序控制存储器。 第二个特性是，大多数操作应该是寄存器对寄存器的，仅有简单的取（LOAD）和存（STORE）操作访问存储器。这种设计特点简化了指令系统，因而也简化了控制器。例如，一个RISC指令系统可以只包括一两种加法（ADD）指令〔例如整数加，进位加〕；VAX机则有25种不同的加法指令。另一好处是这种体系结构促进了对寄存器使用的优化，使得频繁访问的操作数保存在高速存储器中。 从表2-1还可看出第三个特性是采用简单的编址方式。几乎所有指令都采用简单的寄存器编址。几种附加的方式，如移位和与PC有关的方式可以包括进去。另外，更为复杂的方式可以用简单的方式在软件中合成。再次强调，这种设计特点简化了指令系统和控制器。 最后一个共同特性是采用简单的指令格式。一般来讲，只使用了一种或少数几种格式。指令长度是固定的并按字的边界调整。字段的位置，特别是操作码的位置是固定的。这种设计有很多优点，使用固定字段，操作码译码和寄存器操作数访问可同时进行。简化的格式简化了控制器；因为是按字长单位来读取的，所以，取指令也得到优化。这也表明一条指令不会跨页。

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

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Computer [By Kaiser3344]More than two hundred years ago， the invention of the steam engine，rumbled ushered in the industrial society; more than a hundred years ago，lamps， electrical world presents a multicoloured to humans; sixty years ago，computer generated， the human with the highly development track， the earth has become a Computer is gradually becoming the master of human production and The use of computer to improve the production efficiency is very From the spacecraft to the research of nanotechnology， production from nuclear explosions to the pipeline， human production aspects are due to the use of computer and enhance production USA ala Moss National Laboratory， a few big basketball court with a computer， can be used to simulate nuclear test， it a second operation of hundreds of millions of times，a few days to finish ourselves never finish the Even in ordinarycomputer industry， also plays an important For example， in the field of education， a teacher want to count a grade exam results， calculate theaverage， with the computer， a few seconds on the line， if calculated by hand， to a few Computer to computer and Internet as the carrier， promote rapid economic The Internet enables people to obtain information more convenient，so as to make the investment， production， sales and other aspects of thespeed， so that rapid development of the USA former president Clinton proposed in 1992 to increase Internet information transmission speed of the "information superhighway" plan， make America stable economic growth， rapid Computer is increasingly affecting the human way of The emergence of the Internet to eliminate regional disparities， so far apart from each otherpeople can get together and Remain within doors， tour the Thousands of miles away， cleaning the house， Arabian Nights type ideashave been realized with the help of Of course， computer has many benefits at the same time， there are manyhidden So some people think that computer can do more harm than good， and hindered the development of This view is Computer especially the emergence of Internet time is very short， it takes a long time to perfect and Moreover， every thing has not onlyadvantages without Nuclear energy can give great energy for human beings， but also in the human head enveloped nuclear explosion shadow;cloning is human scientific breakthrough， but human cloning is againsthuman Computer and Internet is becoming more and more important， how should we do? A survey shows that， the great Russian Internet users only about three million， this makes us more profound understanding of why she In fact， the computer and the Internet is not popular， resulting ininformation， information due to occlusion of production is backward，backward in production led to the strength of the The economyhas just taken off Chinese if don't want to lag behind， we must pay attention to the popularization of computer and Fortunately， our country has"legend"， "square"， "Sina"， "Sohu" and so on his computer and networkcompany， although far from their independent Computer and Internet whirlwind blowing up， are you ready?好评