关于汽车的论文5000字开头英文怎么写

关于汽车的论文5000字开头英文怎么写

-- Scott Perl， Albuquerque， NM A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature， air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers， we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using Skeptics question the practice， noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen， especially in everyday Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake， Westminster， C A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal， and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as， 5W-30)， would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say， 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz， Potomac， M A: Probably But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know Auto makers， however， say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight， and using the wrong oil， even in small amounts， can hurt an engine's performance and even cause Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J Jaffe， Germantown， T A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third)， instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker Shifting is usually done through levers， buttons or The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris， Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions， except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one， The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus， or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car， one that does not use so much

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关于汽车的论文5000字开头英文

My View on Developing the Car IndustryWith the development of modern industry，more and more families are able to have their own But，seeing the problems like air pollution and the reduction of resources，some people appeal for the reduction of private Still，I think there is every reason for the even faster development of the car Thanks to the development of the car industry， we do not have to cram in the buses， but can enjoy free travel in own cars， we can go to more places in a leisure Transportation becomes comfortable and But there are those who worry that too many cars may cause more traffic problems， serious:air pollution and the exhaustion ofresources， While these problems may be true， they can be solved and some are being For example， we can invent cars that: can save fuel or use other types of energy so that cars can still ＇be used even though resources run To reduce pollution， people have manufactured many cars without We can relieve the traffic pressure by building more and more roads or-adopt computer-monitored automated For all the contemporary problems cars bring， no one can deny the convenience cars bring us and ignore the effort We make to solve these Therefore，the development of the car industry is necessary， and it should develop as quickly as

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关于汽车的论文5000字开头怎么写

汽车ABS技术的发展趋势研究 在汽车防抱死制动系统出现之前，汽车所用的都是开环制动系统。其特点是制动器制动力矩的大小仅与驾驶员的操纵力、制动力的分配调节以及制动器的尺寸和型式有关。由于没有车轮运动状态的反馈信号，无法测知制动过程中车轮的速度和抱死情况，汽车就不可能据此调节轮缸或气室制动压力的大小。因此在紧急制动时，不可避免地出现车轮在地面上抱死拖滑的现象。当车轮抱死时，地面的侧向附着性能很差，所能提供的侧向附着力很小，汽车在受到任何微小外力的作用下就会出现方向失稳问题，极易发生交通事故。在潮湿路面或冰雪路面上制动时，这种方向失稳的现象会更加严重。汽车防抱死制动系统（Anti-lock Braking System简称ABS）的出现从根本上解决了汽车在制动过程中的车轮抱死问题。它的基本功能就是通过传感器感知车轮每一瞬时的运动状态，并根据其运动状态相应地调节制动器制动力矩的大小以避免出现车轮的抱死现象，因而是一个闭环制动系统。 它是电子控制技术在汽车上最有成就的应用项目之一，汽车制动防抱死系统可使汽车在制动时维持方向稳定性和缩短制动距离，有效提高行车的安全性。 一、ABS的工作原理 汽车制动时由于车轮速度与汽车速度之间存在着差异，因而会导致车轮与路面之间产生滑移，当车轮以纯滚动方式与路面接触时，其滑移率为零；当车轮抱死时其滑移率为100％。当滑移率在8％～35％之间时，能传递最大的制动力。制动防抱死的基本原理就是依据上述的研究成果，通过控制调节制动力，使制动过程中车轮滑移率控制在合适的范围内，以取得最佳的制动效果。ABS系统硬件构成主要由传感器（包括轮速传感器、减速度传感器和车速传感器）、电子控制装置、制动压力调节器三大部分组成，形成一个以滑移率为目标的自动控制系统。传感器测量车轮转速并将这一数据传送至电子控制装置上，控制装置是一个微处理器，它根据车轮转速传感器信号来计算车速。在制动过程中，车轮转速可与控制装置中预先编制的理想减速度的特性曲线相比较。如果控制装置判断出车轮减速度太快和车轮即将抱死时，它就发出信号给液压调节器，液压调节器可根据来自控制装置的信号对制动器的卡钳或轮泵的油压进行控制（作用、保持、释放、重新作用）。这一动作，每秒钟能出现10次以上。 二、ABS技术的发展及应用现状 基于制动防抱理论的制动系统首先是应用于火车和飞机上。1936年，德国博世公司（BOSCH）申请一项电液控制的ABS装置专利，促进了ABS技术在汽车上的应用。汽车上开始使用ABS始于1950年代中期福特汽车公司，1954年福特汽车公司在林肯车上装用法国航空公司的ABS装置，这种ABS装置控制部分采用机械式，结构复杂，功能相对单一，只有在特定车辆和工况下防抱死才有效，因此制动效果并不理想。机械结构复杂使ABS装置的可靠性差、控制精度低、价格偏高。ABS技术在汽车上的推广应用举步艰难。直到70年代后期，由于电子技术迅猛发展，为ABS技术在汽车上应用提供了可靠的技术支持。ABS控制部分采用了电子控制，其反应速度、控制精度和可靠性都显著提高，制动效果也明显改善，同时其体积逐步变小，质量逐步减轻，控制与诊断功能不断增强，价格也逐渐降低。这段时期许多家公司都相继研制了形式多样的ABS装置。 进入90年代后，ABS技术不断发展成熟，控制精度、控制功能不断完善。现在发达国家已广泛采用ABS技术，ABS装置已成为汽车的必要装备。北美和西欧的各类客车和轻型货车ABS的装备率已达90％以上，轿车ABS的装备率在60％左右，运送危险品的货车ABS的装备率为100％。ABS装置制造商主要有：德国博世公司（BOSCH），欧、美、日、韩国车采用最多；美国德科公司（DELCO），美国通用及韩国大宇汽车采用；美国本迪克斯公司（BENDIX），美国克莱斯勒汽车采用；还有德国戴维斯公司（TEVES）、德国瓦布科（WABCO）、美国凯尔西海斯公（KELSEYHAYES）等，这些公司的ABS产品都在广泛地应用，而且还在不断发展、更新和换代。 近年来，ABS技术在我国也正在推广和应用，1999年我国制定的国家强制性标准GB12676-1999《汽车制动系统结构、性能和试验方法》中已把装用ABS作为强制性法规。此后一汽大众、二汽富康、上海大众、重庆长安、上海通用等均开始采用ABS技术，但这些ABS装置我国均没有自主的知识产权。 国内研究ABS主要有东风汽车公司、交通部重庆公路研究所、济南捷特汽车电子研究所、清华大学、西安交通大学、吉林大学、华南理工大学、合肥工业大学等单位，虽然起步较晚，也取得了一些成果。在气压ABS方面，国内企业包括东风电子科技股份有限公司、重庆聚能、广东科密等都已形成了一定的生产规模。液压ABS由于技术难度大，国外技术封锁严密，国内企业暂时不能独立生产，但在液压ABS方面也在做自主研发，力图突破国外跨国公司的技术壁垒，已经取得了一些新的进展和突破。如清华大学和浙江亚太等承担的汽车液压防抱死制动系统（ABS）“九五”国家科技攻关课题，在ABS控制理论与方法、电子控制单元、液压控制单元、开发装置和匹配方法等关键技术方面均取得了重大成果。采用的耗散功率理论，避免了传统的逻辑门限值研究方法的局限性，取得了理论上的突破，研发ABS成功且进入产业化、批量生产阶段。其试样在南京IVECO轻型客车上匹配使用全面达到了国家标准GB12676-1999和欧洲法规EECR13的要求。这对振兴我国汽车工业与汽车零部件业具有划时代意义，标志着我国汽车液压ABS国产化已迈出坚实的一步。同时合肥工业大学也研制出国内具有自主知识产权的液压制动电子防抱系统，率先在HF6700轻型汽车上匹配使用获得成功。国内液压ABS技术含量与国外虽有一定的差距，但在政府的大力支持和国内丰富的人力资源配合下，相信国内可以在较短的时间内在ABS技术某些领域赶超国际水平

关于汽车的论文5000字开头英文怎么说

Society into the information network era， the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport， but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope， in the car like in their own office and home work and At the same time， the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor With computer technology， communication technology， the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument， equipment， a large number of applications， red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of， the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved， cars have begun to enter the Internet A In the last decade， the users of motor vehicles for the comfort， safety and environmental requirements such as performance In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically， making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly In addition， a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more To address these problems， many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network In this paper， computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle， the introduction of the internal network， introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network， focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices， including the engine， chassis and body electronic One is car-car electronic devices， including motor vehicle information systems， navigation systems， car audio and video entertainment systems， automotive communications systems， Internet

Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes， based on road conditions， speed， loading， Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems， EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular [1][2] Typically， the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a [3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking， vehicle wheels may lock- The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines， rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock- During heavy braking， preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel， enabling different braking pressure on different road For example， less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice， during an emergency stop， ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels， helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle How EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking To do so， the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking， and the components of the ABS are EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal "EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right) If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create， the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended For example， if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake， which will help turn the car The sensors are so sensitive， and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one， The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus， or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car， one that does not use so much 美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are One out of six Americans works at making cars， driving trucks， building roads or filling up Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a However， some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without But to build a clean car is easier said than Progress in this field is Another way is to replace car engines with something Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for To prevent the world from being polluted by cars， we have to make some changes in our Americans， for example， have to cut down on the number of their total They are encouraged to use bicycles， which are thought to help keep the air But this change does not come A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of Although cars have led us to a better life， they have also brought us new 汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。

With the entry of informative network times is comimg， people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement， but to expect it can be closely related life to work， just as we work in the office or at home while we take the Meanwhile， Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto Followed the rapid development of comupter， telecommunication and integrated circuit technology， the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used， and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link， the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before， so that Auto gradually enters internet In reccent decade， customers have higher quality on comfort， security， eco-friendliness of A To meet these increasing demands， many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto， as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto， especially in Besides， the quantity of electronic line point shows Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto， refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in A While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area According to driving performance， auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices， including engine， chassis and body electronic The other is car electronic devices， including motor vehicle information systems， navigation systems， car audio and video entertainment systems， automotive communications systems， internet equipment

关于汽车的论文5000字开头怎么写的

汽车经纪人联盟NO:1 93637379 汽车经纪人联盟NO:2 72554607 高级群汽车经纪人联盟NO:3 93700584 汽车经纪人联盟NO:4 65582720

可以从汽车为什幺贴膜这类角度去写 汽车贴膜的主要原因是为了加强汽车的安全性，其次是控光隔热性，因为汽车玻璃是汽车最薄弱的环节，飞溅物、抛掷物、散落物击裂、贯穿汽车前档玻璃的事件时有发生，据统计每年会有一千万片汽车前档破损更换，所以贴膜的最主要原因是为了提升汽车玻璃的强度，加强防护，另外除了防止意外贯穿事件，防止不法分子砸击侧挡玻璃实施盗窃，也是汽车贴膜的另一个原因，所以汽车贴膜非常重要，是能够保证车内人员人身和财产安全的最直接的方式。这类汽车贴膜的名字叫安全膜，好的安全膜具有的是单向防护性，对外能够提供保护的同时，不必担心遇到紧急事故影响对外逃生。 所以汽车贴膜非常重要，贴膜市场前景也会不错，从这些方面讨论就可以啦。