测绘专业英语论文外文翻译格式要求

测绘专业英语论文外文翻译格式要求

翻译格式：（1）外文（附被翻译外文资料原件的复印件）；（2）翻译成中文格式：①标题 ②署名 ③翻译正文 ④外文著录正文主体 由于涉及的学科、选题、研究方法、工作进程、结果表达方式等有很大差异，对正文主体很难作统一的规定，但一般包括绪论（前言）、正文和结论三部分。一级标题为三号黑体字，二、三级标题为四号黑体字，内容为小四号宋体，首行缩进二字符。

测绘工程产品价格　　项目：地图编制单位：元　　产品名称计量　　单位价格主要工作内容说明　　ⅠⅡⅢ　　四、地图编制　　（一）地形图　　1、编绘　　1∶1000000　　1∶500000　　1∶250000　　1∶100000　　1∶50000　　1∶25000　　1∶10000　　1∶5000　　1∶2000　　1∶1000　　2、清绘（刻绘）　　1∶1000000　　1∶500000　　1∶250000　　1∶100000　　1∶50000　　1∶25000　　1∶10000　　1∶5000　　1∶2000　　1∶1000　　1∶500　　3、连编带绘（刻）　　1∶1000000　　1∶500000　　1∶250000　　1∶100000　　1∶50000　　1∶25000　　1∶10000　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　幅　　88　　55　　48　　08　　86　　56　　38　　97　　28　　66　　08　　65　　14　　79　　59　　38　　28　　13　　44　　40　　73　　40　　93　　09　　47　　05　　86　　66　　67　　73　　43　　12　　55　　64　　98　　62　　59　　87　　31　　39　　91　　45　　25　　04　　89　　54　　18　　13　　06　　63　　47　　11　　93　　11　　28　　33　　81　　50　　96　　97　　28　　84　　46　　12　　99　　87　　81　　61　　93　　35　　80　　54　　32　　00　　89　　87　　78　　08　　52　　88　　13　　14　　46　　96　　熟悉编辑指示，制定编图计划，编写图幅编绘说明，基本资料加工，增补现势资料，展绘图廓、坐标网、控制点，兰图拚帖，编制图例及各要素指标图，编绘各要素，书写注记，抄接边，图廓外整饰，填写图历簿，检查，修改。　　熟悉编辑指示，准备工作，编注记表，分版或一版清（刻）绘各要素，剪贴注记，抄接边，作分色样图，填写图历簿，检查，修改。　　熟悉编辑指示，制订编图计划，编写图幅技术说明，增补现势资料，展绘图廓、坐标网、控制点，兰图拚贴，编制图例及各要素指标图，做各要素草图，连编带绘（刻）各要素，编注记表，剪贴注记，抄接边，做分色样图（或做撕膜版），填写图历簿，检查，修改。　　（二）普通地理图　　1、全国图、世界图　　编绘　　清绘　　2、省、市、自治区图　　编绘　　清绘　　3、地、县、乡图　　编绘　　清绘　　平方分米　　平方分米　　平方分米　　平方分米　　平方分米　　平方分米　　54　　03　　29　　35　　76　　04　　72　　07　　00　　97　　12　　89　　45　　08　　43　　03　　75　　97　　编制：熟悉编辑指示，收集、整理、分析、增补制图资料，基本资料加工，展绘图廓、坐标网，拚贴兰图，编绘地图各要素，书写注记，绘制图例，整饰，填写图历簿，检查，修改。　　清绘：与地形图清绘（刻绘）相同。　　计量单位为图上面积；　　图集图册编绘加15%；　　连编带绘（刻）按编绘价格的120%计。　　（三）数字制图　　1、普通地理图　　2、地形图　　1∶5000　　1∶2000　　1∶1000　　平方分米　　幅　　幅　　幅　　31　　34　　14　　93　　14　　92　　49　　11　　77　　50　　84　　28　　原稿准备（不含原稿编篡），扫描，图形处理，分层矢量化，符号化，编辑整理，回放校对，检查修改，输出印刷胶片。　　下面有个文件下载~~你可以去看看

毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范：一、要求 1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。2、两篇文献。二、基本格式 1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。 3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。 4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文） 5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。  三、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求 外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）题（篇）名[J]刊名（版本），出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次。原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者书名[M]版本出版地：出版者，出版年起止页次。原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者篇名[A]编著者论文集名[C] 出版地：出版者，出版年起止页次。   要求有外文原文复印件。扩展资料：文献翻译要求1、翻译要注重专业、准确文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科，每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如，从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握，这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。2、翻译要注重知识更新文献翻译涉及到各种学科，这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此，译员也要与时俱进，随时掌握最新的知识，这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。3、翻译要注重本地化无论是将国外的文献翻译进来，还是将国内的文献介绍出去，翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化，符合目标语言的习惯。4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学，逻辑的连贯严密，另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此，这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。参考资料：百度百科-文献翻译

同样也是摘要【abstract】和关键词【key words】另外一定要注解清楚 什么地方用到了引用的话【quotation】以及明确的出处

测绘专业英语论文外文翻译要求多少

买本武汉大学的测绘专业英语书，写的很详细的

M我吧~~Q522296338

翻译一整篇。一般各个学校论文外文翻译都有相应的规定，如果只有翻译字数要求但是没有说明是翻译一篇还是翻译选取段落的情况下，翻译一整篇是最保险的。在选取时，要选取与论文相关的外文，还要选取字数符合规定的外文。扩展资料：论文外文翻译注意事项1、专业词汇翻译。专业词汇的本意和专业汉语词汇可能不一样，所以翻译时，英文专业词汇一定要翻译成汉语的专业术语。2、翻译语序。英文的语序习惯和汉语是不一样的，在翻译时，要将语序调整成汉语的习惯，使翻译后的文章语序通顺。

GPS technology in the application of modern measurement Source: China Geo-Network Authors: Gao Published: 22 GPS performance， high precision， is by far the best navigation and positioning GPS measurement technology in measuring point no pass as required， to facilitate the choice of site can be a significant reduction in the construction of a high standard to save the cost of building standard， can be full-time observation， observation time is short， data-processing speed and high precision results， the full completed and development of surveying and mapping industry will lead to a profound technological GPS can be used to establish a high-precision geodetic control points and project control GPS using L-band， with the two carrier frequencies: L1 center frequency of 1 42 MHz， L2 of the center frequency of 1 6 MH There are many types of receivers， according to the required accuracy can be divided into single-frequency code rough precision dual-frequency code receiver and the receiver， the use of coarse code receiver in real-time positioning accuracy of about 25 m， precise real-time code receiver positioning accuracy better than 10 m， the use of phase receivers， data processing by the relative position (three-dimensional determination of the baseline) or parts per million accuracy， the baseline length of several kilometers from the 1 000 km， a typical baseline of 15 km of three coordinates with centimeter-level difference， the measurement time by up to several 1 in urban Measurement With the acceleration of urbanization process， urban development has been greatly measurement， measurement of the outcome of the city， into a map is urban planning， construction and management of an important foundation for the necessary information， and other geodetic survey and mapping work is the basis for geodetic measurement system for a variety of topographic maps and to provide high-grade construction control points， but also for the geophysical basis to provide accurate Control of the city combined with measurements (or geodetic) the actual use of GPS control network technology for the establishment of cities， the expansion of great At present， many cities such as Guangzhou， Shenzhen， Beijing， Shanghai and other places to explore in this area， better results are 2005， 4 to 8 months， I led in Jiangmen City， Jiangmen area control network GPS-C / D-class networks (1) Instrument and Equipment Company 5700 United States Trimble dual-frequency receivers 4 with a small disc antenna， equipment for a nominal accuracy of slant range (10 +2 × 10-6 mm) D， as long on the receiver， short baseline test， and compared with the standard baseline testing and other items to be seized， are up to a nominal accuracy (2) application of the operation from the beginning of April， in Jiangmen City， Xinhui， Heshan， Taishan， Kaiping， Enping six county-level cities， such as to carry out GPS measurements CITYNET more than a total of 280 Urban fabric of the network principle is based on the old network to expand coverage and improve the accuracy of Field measurement programs and data processing， according to the specific circumstances and requirements of the city by making arrangements for GPS operation Station， such as the number of connections to expand and， if necessary， the choice of coincidence Technical basis for operations， "Global Positioning System measurements norms" (GB/T18314-2001) and technical design Through the region based on satellite time， the development of operational plans， choose the best satellite group， in order to secure work as far as possible during the day， two hours a day observation， observation of at least six satellites can be tracked， PDOP ≤ 6 (Position Dilution of Precision Position Accuracy strong and weak degrees)， each station at least two points， when the long-control in 30 to 60 minutes， while even-type expansion of the use of redundant measurements (3) outside the industry and the results of the baseline pre-treatment field to choose to carry a portable computer 1， data on daily pre-treatment baseline in time， where the baseline test-retest， closed-loop overrun or ambiguity is no solution of the re - The reasons are the following aspects: 1) Instrument instability， may be related to weather conditions， and have a receiver has been repaired after the 1st day where the use of the equipment can not be used on the baseline all-round and continue to improve operations; 2) the temperature is too high affect the accuracy of the results， such as a place up to a temperature of 36 ~ 38 ℃ when the outcome could not be accessed， adjusted after the observation time to resolve; 3) Lightning storm over， the phenomenon occurred many times down; 4) inaccurate measurement of antenna impact of high baseline Several cities through the application of results and comparison with the old coordinates， GPS positioning technology for urban control network and engineering network， with a precision， high speed， high efficiency， low cost， the results of the accuracy of the advantages of uniform and 2 in the topography， cadastral and real estate Measurement The photo shows the city terrain measurement， the mining area， as well as a variety of projects on different scales of topographic maps in order to meet a variety of urban planning and economic development Cadastral surveying and real estate ownership of land is the precise determination of the location of boundary points， while surveying and mapping for land and property management departments of large-scale cadastral plan and property map， and count the amount of land and housing GPS there can be high-precision and rapid determination of the coordinates of control points at all In particular the application of RTK (Real Time Kinematic real-time dynamic measurement) of new technologies， or even not at all control points laid only a certain number of benchmarks based on control points， will be able to measure high-precision and fast boundary points， topographic point， feature the coordinates of points， the use of mapping software can be a mapping in the field into an electronic map， and then through the computer and plotter， printer output maps of various Application of RTK positioning technology for base station receiver when the request to real-time observation data (such as the pseudo-range or phase observations) and the known data (such as coordinates of the base site) real-time transmission to the mobile GPS receivers， mobile rapid solution of the whole week ambiguity in the observation that the six satellites (at least 4) after solving a real-time centimeter-level position of the mobile This GPS static， rapid static positioning need to be processed later， the efficiency would be greatly enhanced It is a RTK emerging technology， and its application in the measurement of immediate (1) RTK technology for measuring a variety of control Measurement of conventional control， such as triangulation， traversing， to claim， as the inter-pass， time-consuming and labor， and the accuracy of non-uniform， outside the industry do not know the accuracy of measurement GPS static， rapid static measurements do not point relative positioning between the pass， as can a variety of high-precision control and measurement， data processing and time-consuming but not real-time positioning accuracy of positioning and that they know， and found within the industry to deal with non-precision measurements require Using RTK technology for control of measurement results of both real-time position to know as well as real-time positioning accuracy to know， so that operational efficiency can be greatly RTK technology for real-time applications can achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy， therefore， in addition to the control of high-precision measurement is static relative positioning using GPS technology， mapping the terrain of the control survey， cadastral and real estate measurement measurement and boundary control little bit of measurement can be used RTK Mapping using RTK technology， only one person carrying instruments to measure in the Department of the broken point of observation on the importation of 1，2 seconds and at the same time the characteristics of coding， electronic hand-book or a portable computer records， in points in line with the requirements of accuracy Under a regional point of the terrain and surface features measured returned indoors or in the wild， by a professional surveying and mapping software can be requested by the output of the topographic RTK technology used does not require the determination of points between points Visibility， only one person operation， can be completed mapping work has greatly enhanced the efficiency of (2) RTK technology in the real estate cadastre and Measurement Cadastral surveying and real estate measured in RTK applications each boundary point of land ownership and cadastral mapping and real estate maps， topographic maps with the above mapping， as in real-time determination of the boundary points and a number of feature points and required to achieve centimeter-level GPS data will be treated to obtain direct entry GPS， can be accurate and timely access to land and real estate However， the impact of GPS satellite signal reception area of the shelter， you should use Total Station， range finder， theodolite and other surveying tools， the use of analytical method or graphical method for measurement Determined by the geological survey in the construction industry measurement， RTK technology in real-time determination of the location of boundary markers to determine the scope of land-use boundaries， the calculation RTK surveying the use of technology is bound coordinates directly lofting lofting and building a community determined by the geological survey in the area of measuring and calculation， in fact， by the GPS software features direct calculation of area and To avoid the conventional analytical method of the complexity of setting out to simplify the determination of the construction sector with the geological survey work 3 in engineering applications in deformation monitoring GPS since the mid-20th century into the 80's post-Civil， has been widely available in navigation， positioning and other applications in various fields， particularly in the measurement control surveying profession played a landmark It is precisely because of its relative positioning in a static high precision and high efficiency， all-weather， do not pass， as people generally used to gradually replace the conventional triangle， triangular， corner and so on， and in theory， the practice has been gratifying However， in precision engineering deformation monitoring applications are also rare， is still in the theoretical study and practice are I will be following in GPS (works) of the base deformation monitoring design， graphic design of structural strength， the design of observing time， monitoring of the design cycle for an analysis to explore the use of GPS technology to carry out the works of new ideas for observing the 1 reference design Deformation monitoring in the project， the reference design (including location-scale internal and external benchmarks and reference design) is a related to monitoring the reliability of the results accurately reflect the deformation of the deformation of body work， with conventional means， of a building ( conformation) for deformation monitoring Buildings， as the apparatus and many other factors， makes the reference point network can not leave too much monitoring of regional deformation， but also by their proximity to the effects of deformation， deformation can not accurately reflect the value， Therefore， the more GPS technology as a result of the continuous improvement of the available high-precision instruments (1 +5 × 10-6 mm)， to solve this problem easier， the benchmark can click in the deformation zone， in order to ensure the data can be 2 Graphic design of structural strength Graphic design refers to the strength between the deformation and deformation between the reference point with the geometry configuration， the baseline number of independent network connections and First of all， the selection process in the graphics， it is essential to take into account the reference point for the effective control of the deformation point， at the same time between the baseline calibration but also to each Secondly， in the model identification and parameter identification of the design will be able to guarantee the deformation model of the real and the real factors that caused the deformation in order to analyze the deformation caused by real factors and take appropriate (1) model to identify the design of model reference network in the design， it should be able to effectively network to detect any instability point; in the design of the relative network should be able to correct the deformation from several possible models of detection and separation deformation model of the Deformation in order to ensure the results of the analysis is correct， GPS monitoring network also need to have good gross error detection and positioning Studies have shown that when the GPS baseline vector of each point in the network issued a number of baseline for at least three， the network has good (2) the design of model parameter identification， we can see from the above， as long as the index can be divided to meet the requirements， must meet the requirements of sensitivity， but the best deformation model parameters are often also need more precise 3 Observation of the design cycle time and For the observation period and the cycle can be engineering and project the nature of deformation (such as dramatic changes， for rapid changes in the slow long-term changes， ) combined with analysis， to make a favorable outcome for the analysis and monitoring to achieve the intention of the best observation cycle， and can be combined with the current distribution of the sky satellite， satellite state of health， for the length of time during the day， night， weather and external factors such as the various analysis， the observation period to draw the 4 for a long time observation， data processing sub-epoch - to describe the deformation displacement (horizontal) A new method of data processing Usually carried out by the relative static positioning method is the use of observation in a particular period of time (synchronous) data， such as the use of differential means， obtained with the vector between the coordinates; and for even

测绘专业英语论文外文翻译要求高吗

摘要:分析测绘专业英语教学改革的必要性，在指出测绘专业英语教学中存在的弊端和不足的基础上，有针对性地提出了一系列改革的建议和措施。 关键词:测绘工程;专业英语;教学改革 一、测绘专业英语教学改革的必要性 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济跨区域交流合作的日益增多，社会对人才的要求也不断提高，具备英语和计算机能力成为了基本要求。 在测绘领域，一些进口的先进仪器设备如三维激光扫描仪、GPS接收机等都只配有英文说明书;高精度GPS数据处理软件GAMIT和BERNESE也是全英文版，不仅如此，其系统也是英文界面。当前，中国与东盟、非洲等世界各地的往来不断加强，每年均有不少测绘专业毕业生出国进修或工作，英语成为了他们日常交流用语。因此，没有过硬的专业英语能力，就无法在第一时间掌握前沿的知识和技术，无法完成跨区域合作项目的本职工作。 我国高校的测绘类专业大都设置了测绘专业英语这门课程，它既是基础英语教学的延伸，又是基础英语与专业教学的结合，对学生的全面素质教育具有十分重要的作用。然而测绘专业英语教学普遍存在“费时较多，收效较低”的问题。学生在毕业走上工作岗位后或者继续深造的过程中，面对英语的听、说、读、写依然感觉非常吃力。所以，为了进一步提高测绘专业英语的教学质量，以培养出合格的、能适应社会发展并与国际接轨的高级专门技术人才，有必要对测绘专业英语课程进行必要的改革。 二、测绘专业英语教学现状及存在的问题 教学发展不平衡。在我国，测绘专业英语的教学存在地区差异性大，不同地区、不同高校对这门课的重视程度和投入水平差距较大等问题。另外，学生对学习专业英语的期望差异也较大。特别是近几年学生的大量扩招，使得学生的英语水平良莠不齐。总体来说，由于这门课程的定位是专业考查课，学校、老师、学生对其重视程度都不够，学生的学习积极性不高，所以，实际教学效果不是很理想。 教学模式单一，教学手段落后。目前，测绘专业英语在各高校普遍采用的教学模式主要是“语言分析+阅读+翻译”。由老师逐句对课文内容进行翻译，对课文中涉及到的专业词汇进行重点讲解，对较复杂的句子进行单独分析。这种模式的教学有助于学生掌握一定语言知识和翻译技能，提高学生专业文献阅读的能力。但在实际教学过程中，该教学模式沿用传统的以教师为中心的语法翻译教学法，教师主宰整个课堂，学生是被动的知识接受者，学生学习兴趣不高，未能达到培养和提高学生实际运用英语语言能力的目的。教学中很少应用现代教育技术，对有助于提高教学质量的录音、录像、网络及多媒体课件等的使用和推广力度不够，影响综合能力的培养和提高。 教学师资不足，教师能力有限。教师能力问题也是制约测绘专业英语发展的一个重要因素。现有的测绘专业英语的教师，除个别有条件的学校聘请外教，绝大部分都是专业课教师兼任。专业课教师的专业知识较强，但未经过专门的英语教学训练和口语训练，缺乏用英语授课的能力，并且其教学水平参差不齐，在很大程度上影响了教学质量。而学校对教师进修的政策不够宽松，资金帮助少，教师缺少进修和提高的机会，这在一定程度上影响了专业英语的教学和科研的质量。 教材陈旧。目前，测绘工程专业英语使用的教材主要是尹晖编著的2005年武汉大学出版社出版的《测绘工程专业英语》和曲建光编著的1996年测绘出版社出版的《测绘工程专业英语》。教材内容不能与同时进行的专业课学习内容同步，不能跟踪世界前沿领域的动态。现在数字化测图已经得到普及，GPS已得到广泛应用，而教材还在教授经纬仪平板测量、圆水准器整平原理等知识，这显然无法激发学生的学习兴趣，也达不到课程设置的目的。另外，随着测绘科技的飞速发展，与国际接轨的脚步日益加快，测绘领域产生了许多新的术语，比如“Grid GIS”“INSAR”“CORS”等，需要学生有所了解，但是由于教材的陈旧，大多数学生无法知道这些术语的含义。再者，教材还在一定程度上存在知识面狭窄的情况，仅仅局限在测量学以及工程测量方面，没有扩大到整个测绘类学科，这对学生开阔专业视野不利。 三、测绘专业英语教学方法改革建议 针对测绘专业英语教学存在的问题，高等院校需要采取有效手段和措施，进行必要的改革。对此，笔者进行了广泛的调研，并结合自身的教学经验，在测绘专业英语教学改革方面给出以下几点建议: 变更教学模式。改变传统的以教师为中心“阅读+翻译”的模式，突出学生在教学实践活动中的主体地位。教师重在启发、引导，让学生由被动的接受转为主动的学习，为学生创造足够多的语言实践、交流的空间和时间。 采用双语教学。教师在课堂上要尽可能采用双语教学。根据段落、句子的难易程度和学生的接受能力，采用双语教学可以达到更好的教学和学习效果。如在讲解翻译的技巧、分析句子成分、讨论同一词在专业英语和普通英语中的区别和联系时，尽量使用英语，以提高学生的听力水平、运用英语思维的能力和理解能力。 改进教学内容。由于目前测绘专业英语的课本过于陈旧，无法跟上现代测绘的步伐，亟待选用新的教材。然而，目前还没有比较新的、与测绘技术发展同步的教材。因此，笔者建议教师在讲解教材内容的基础上，下载测绘领域的前沿资料给学生讲解，以激发学生的兴趣并拓宽他们的视野和知识面。另外，考虑到学生将来工作和继续深造的需要，教师要讲解一些论文摘要及内容的翻译及写作技巧和注意事项等，并教会学生查阅、记录和使用英文文献的方法。 设计专题讨论，学以致用。为活跃课堂气氛、充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，教师要设计一些能与学生形成良好互动的课堂环节，如:开展专题讨论，教师根据授课内容并结合当前测绘技术的发展现状，提出几个讨论专题，让学生根据自己的兴趣进行咨询和选题，查阅相关的英文文献，形成研究报告，并将自己所查阅和研究的专题的主要内容制成PowerPoint进行交流，展开讨论，教师做最终的小结和点评，对比较出色的学生进行适当的物质和精神奖励。这样既能提高学生自主学习和实践创新的能力，又锻炼了他们语言组织和表达的能力，同时还能达到使学生拥有理论联系实际、学以致用等能力的效果。经过笔者亲身的教学实践体会，效果良好。 利用多媒体教学。教师在授课过程中要充分利用多媒体和现代化的教育技术，以提高测绘专业英语的教学质量。如:配合授课内容，给学生播放一些与之相关的英文视频片段，并让学生讲解翻译视频资料中的内容。这样可以一并锻炼学生的听、说、译等能力。 改革考核方式。测绘专业英语的课程性质是考查课，笔者认为其考核方式应突出能力测评，以学生的语言综合应用能力为出发点，建立多元化评价体系。如:除了对重点的专业词汇、表达方式进行测验以外，平时课堂表现应该占相当一部分比重，在课程结束之际，教师可以选择合适的外文文章若干，让学生翻译，译文质量高低也占考核成绩的一部分。教师根据学生以上三部分的综合表现评定最终成绩。 三、结束语 为了培养和提高学生的专业英语综合应用能力，特别是听、说、译的能力，使他们在今后走上工作岗位时或继续深造的过程中，能有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，以适应测绘技术的发展和国际交流合作的需要，本文指出了目前测绘专业英语教学中存在的一些问题和不足，并有针对性地提出了一些改革的建议，希望能对同行有所帮助。由于笔者知识和经验有限，文中观点有片面和不妥之处，恳请广大师生与业界人士批评指正。

大学最好过了4，6级，要深造的话英语很重要，尤其是考研或者是出国，希望你前途光明啊……

无所谓，一般摘要翻译翻译，正文不是外语专业的用中文足矣

是的 算和论文相关 大胆的使用

测绘专业英语论文外文翻译格式怎么写

同样也是摘要【abstract】和关键词【key words】另外一定要注解清楚 什么地方用到了引用的话【quotation】以及明确的出处

你这篇中国知网也好，万方数据也好都有例子！甚至百度文库都有！英文原文最好用谷歌学术搜索！==================论文写作方法===========================论文网上没有免费的，与其花人民币，还不如自己写，万一碰到骗人的，就不上算了。写作论文的简单方法，首先大概确定自己的选题，然后在网上查找几份类似的文章，通读一遍，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！参照论文的格式，列出提纲，补充内容，实在不会，把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后，网上就查不到了，祝你顺利完成论文!

翻译格式：（1）外文（附被翻译外文资料原件的复印件）；（2）翻译成中文格式：①标题 ②署名 ③翻译正文 ④外文著录正文主体 由于涉及的学科、选题、研究方法、工作进程、结果表达方式等有很大差异，对正文主体很难作统一的规定，但一般包括绪论（前言）、正文和结论三部分。一级标题为三号黑体字，二、三级标题为四号黑体字，内容为小四号宋体，首行缩进二字符。

测绘专业英语论文外文翻译要求多少字

论文中的外文翻译难道不就是翻译你自己写的东西么？又不是让你直接拿外文写作。而且写论文急什么急？

GPS technology in the application of modern measurement Source: China Geo-Network Authors: Gao Published: 22 GPS performance， high precision， is by far the best navigation and positioning GPS measurement technology in measuring point no pass as required， to facilitate the choice of site can be a significant reduction in the construction of a high standard to save the cost of building standard， can be full-time observation， observation time is short， data-processing speed and high precision results， the full completed and development of surveying and mapping industry will lead to a profound technological GPS can be used to establish a high-precision geodetic control points and project control GPS using L-band， with the two carrier frequencies: L1 center frequency of 1 42 MHz， L2 of the center frequency of 1 6 MH There are many types of receivers， according to the required accuracy can be divided into single-frequency code rough precision dual-frequency code receiver and the receiver， the use of coarse code receiver in real-time positioning accuracy of about 25 m， precise real-time code receiver positioning accuracy better than 10 m， the use of phase receivers， data processing by the relative position (three-dimensional determination of the baseline) or parts per million accuracy， the baseline length of several kilometers from the 1 000 km， a typical baseline of 15 km of three coordinates with centimeter-level difference， the measurement time by up to several 1 in urban Measurement With the acceleration of urbanization process， urban development has been greatly measurement， measurement of the outcome of the city， into a map is urban planning， construction and management of an important foundation for the necessary information， and other geodetic survey and mapping work is the basis for geodetic measurement system for a variety of topographic maps and to provide high-grade construction control points， but also for the geophysical basis to provide accurate Control of the city combined with measurements (or geodetic) the actual use of GPS control network technology for the establishment of cities， the expansion of great At present， many cities such as Guangzhou， Shenzhen， Beijing， Shanghai and other places to explore in this area， better results are 2005， 4 to 8 months， I led in Jiangmen City， Jiangmen area control network GPS-C / D-class networks (1) Instrument and Equipment Company 5700 United States Trimble dual-frequency receivers 4 with a small disc antenna， equipment for a nominal accuracy of slant range (10 +2 × 10-6 mm) D， as long on the receiver， short baseline test， and compared with the standard baseline testing and other items to be seized， are up to a nominal accuracy (2) application of the operation from the beginning of April， in Jiangmen City， Xinhui， Heshan， Taishan， Kaiping， Enping six county-level cities， such as to carry out GPS measurements CITYNET more than a total of 280 Urban fabric of the network principle is based on the old network to expand coverage and improve the accuracy of Field measurement programs and data processing， according to the specific circumstances and requirements of the city by making arrangements for GPS operation Station， such as the number of connections to expand and， if necessary， the choice of coincidence Technical basis for operations， "Global Positioning System measurements norms" (GB/T18314-2001) and technical design Through the region based on satellite time， the development of operational plans， choose the best satellite group， in order to secure work as far as possible during the day， two hours a day observation， observation of at least six satellites can be tracked， PDOP ≤ 6 (Position Dilution of Precision Position Accuracy strong and weak degrees)， each station at least two points， when the long-control in 30 to 60 minutes， while even-type expansion of the use of redundant measurements (3) outside the industry and the results of the baseline pre-treatment field to choose to carry a portable computer 1， data on daily pre-treatment baseline in time， where the baseline test-retest， closed-loop overrun or ambiguity is no solution of the re - The reasons are the following aspects: 1) Instrument instability， may be related to weather conditions， and have a receiver has been repaired after the 1st day where the use of the equipment can not be used on the baseline all-round and continue to improve operations; 2) the temperature is too high affect the accuracy of the results， such as a place up to a temperature of 36 ~ 38 ℃ when the outcome could not be accessed， adjusted after the observation time to resolve; 3) Lightning storm over， the phenomenon occurred many times down; 4) inaccurate measurement of antenna impact of high baseline Several cities through the application of results and comparison with the old coordinates， GPS positioning technology for urban control network and engineering network， with a precision， high speed， high efficiency， low cost， the results of the accuracy of the advantages of uniform and 2 in the topography， cadastral and real estate Measurement The photo shows the city terrain measurement， the mining area， as well as a variety of projects on different scales of topographic maps in order to meet a variety of urban planning and economic development Cadastral surveying and real estate ownership of land is the precise determination of the location of boundary points， while surveying and mapping for land and property management departments of large-scale cadastral plan and property map， and count the amount of land and housing GPS there can be high-precision and rapid determination of the coordinates of control points at all In particular the application of RTK (Real Time Kinematic real-time dynamic measurement) of new technologies， or even not at all control points laid only a certain number of benchmarks based on control points， will be able to measure high-precision and fast boundary points， topographic point， feature the coordinates of points， the use of mapping software can be a mapping in the field into an electronic map， and then through the computer and plotter， printer output maps of various Application of RTK positioning technology for base station receiver when the request to real-time observation data (such as the pseudo-range or phase observations) and the known data (such as coordinates of the base site) real-time transmission to the mobile GPS receivers， mobile rapid solution of the whole week ambiguity in the observation that the six satellites (at least 4) after solving a real-time centimeter-level position of the mobile This GPS static， rapid static positioning need to be processed later， the efficiency would be greatly enhanced It is a RTK emerging technology， and its application in the measurement of immediate (1) RTK technology for measuring a variety of control Measurement of conventional control， such as triangulation， traversing， to claim， as the inter-pass， time-consuming and labor， and the accuracy of non-uniform， outside the industry do not know the accuracy of measurement GPS static， rapid static measurements do not point relative positioning between the pass， as can a variety of high-precision control and measurement， data processing and time-consuming but not real-time positioning accuracy of positioning and that they know， and found within the industry to deal with non-precision measurements require Using RTK technology for control of measurement results of both real-time position to know as well as real-time positioning accuracy to know， so that operational efficiency can be greatly RTK technology for real-time applications can achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy， therefore， in addition to the control of high-precision measurement is static relative positioning using GPS technology， mapping the terrain of the control survey， cadastral and real estate measurement measurement and boundary control little bit of measurement can be used RTK Mapping using RTK technology， only one person carrying instruments to measure in the Department of the broken point of observation on the importation of 1，2 seconds and at the same time the characteristics of coding， electronic hand-book or a portable computer records， in points in line with the requirements of accuracy Under a regional point of the terrain and surface features measured returned indoors or in the wild， by a professional surveying and mapping software can be requested by the output of the topographic RTK technology used does not require the determination of points between points Visibility， only one person operation， can be completed mapping work has greatly enhanced the efficiency of (2) RTK technology in the real estate cadastre and Measurement Cadastral surveying and real estate measured in RTK applications each boundary point of land ownership and cadastral mapping and real estate maps， topographic maps with the above mapping， as in real-time determination of the boundary points and a number of feature points and required to achieve centimeter-level GPS data will be treated to obtain direct entry GPS， can be accurate and timely access to land and real estate However， the impact of GPS satellite signal reception area of the shelter， you should use Total Station， range finder， theodolite and other surveying tools， the use of analytical method or graphical method for measurement Determined by the geological survey in the construction industry measurement， RTK technology in real-time determination of the location of boundary markers to determine the scope of land-use boundaries， the calculation RTK surveying the use of technology is bound coordinates directly lofting lofting and building a community determined by the geological survey in the area of measuring and calculation， in fact， by the GPS software features direct calculation of area and To avoid the conventional analytical method of the complexity of setting out to simplify the determination of the construction sector with the geological survey work 3 in engineering applications in deformation monitoring GPS since the mid-20th century into the 80's post-Civil， has been widely available in navigation， positioning and other applications in various fields， particularly in the measurement control surveying profession played a landmark It is precisely because of its relative positioning in a static high precision and high efficiency， all-weather， do not pass， as people generally used to gradually replace the conventional triangle， triangular， corner and so on， and in theory， the practice has been gratifying However， in precision engineering deformation monitoring applications are also rare， is still in the theoretical study and practice are I will be following in GPS (works) of the base deformation monitoring design， graphic design of structural strength， the design of observing time， monitoring of the design cycle for an analysis to explore the use of GPS technology to carry out the works of new ideas for observing the 1 reference design Deformation monitoring in the project， the reference design (including location-scale internal and external benchmarks and reference design) is a related to monitoring the reliability of the results accurately reflect the deformation of the deformation of body work， with conventional means， of a building ( conformation) for deformation monitoring Buildings， as the apparatus and many other factors， makes the reference point network can not leave too much monitoring of regional deformation， but also by their proximity to the effects of deformation， deformation can not accurately reflect the value， Therefore， the more GPS technology as a result of the continuous improvement of the available high-precision instruments (1 +5 × 10-6 mm)， to solve this problem easier， the benchmark can click in the deformation zone， in order to ensure the data can be 2 Graphic design of structural strength Graphic design refers to the strength between the deformation and deformation between the reference point with the geometry configuration， the baseline number of independent network connections and First of all， the selection process in the graphics， it is essential to take into account the reference point for the effective control of the deformation point， at the same time between the baseline calibration but also to each Secondly， in the model identification and parameter identification of the design will be able to guarantee the deformation model of the real and the real factors that caused the deformation in order to analyze the deformation caused by real factors and take appropriate (1) model to identify the design of model reference network in the design， it should be able to effectively network to detect any instability point; in the design of the relative network should be able to correct the deformation from several possible models of detection and separation deformation model of the Deformation in order to ensure the results of the analysis is correct， GPS monitoring network also need to have good gross error detection and positioning Studies have shown that when the GPS baseline vector of each point in the network issued a number of baseline for at least three， the network has good (2) the design of model parameter identification， we can see from the above， as long as the index can be divided to meet the requirements， must meet the requirements of sensitivity， but the best deformation model parameters are often also need more precise 3 Observation of the design cycle time and For the observation period and the cycle can be engineering and project the nature of deformation (such as dramatic changes， for rapid changes in the slow long-term changes， ) combined with analysis， to make a favorable outcome for the analysis and monitoring to achieve the intention of the best observation cycle， and can be combined with the current distribution of the sky satellite， satellite state of health， for the length of time during the day， night， weather and external factors such as the various analysis， the observation period to draw the 4 for a long time observation， data processing sub-epoch - to describe the deformation displacement (horizontal) A new method of data processing Usually carried out by the relative static positioning method is the use of observation in a particular period of time (synchronous) data， such as the use of differential means， obtained with the vector between the coordinates; and for even

摘要:分析测绘专业英语教学改革的必要性，在指出测绘专业英语教学中存在的弊端和不足的基础上，有针对性地提出了一系列改革的建议和措施。 关键词:测绘工程;专业英语;教学改革 一、测绘专业英语教学改革的必要性 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济跨区域交流合作的日益增多，社会对人才的要求也不断提高，具备英语和计算机能力成为了基本要求。 在测绘领域，一些进口的先进仪器设备如三维激光扫描仪、GPS接收机等都只配有英文说明书;高精度GPS数据处理软件GAMIT和BERNESE也是全英文版，不仅如此，其系统也是英文界面。当前，中国与东盟、非洲等世界各地的往来不断加强，每年均有不少测绘专业毕业生出国进修或工作，英语成为了他们日常交流用语。因此，没有过硬的专业英语能力，就无法在第一时间掌握前沿的知识和技术，无法完成跨区域合作项目的本职工作。 我国高校的测绘类专业大都设置了测绘专业英语这门课程，它既是基础英语教学的延伸，又是基础英语与专业教学的结合，对学生的全面素质教育具有十分重要的作用。然而测绘专业英语教学普遍存在“费时较多，收效较低”的问题。学生在毕业走上工作岗位后或者继续深造的过程中，面对英语的听、说、读、写依然感觉非常吃力。所以，为了进一步提高测绘专业英语的教学质量，以培养出合格的、能适应社会发展并与国际接轨的高级专门技术人才，有必要对测绘专业英语课程进行必要的改革。 二、测绘专业英语教学现状及存在的问题 教学发展不平衡。在我国，测绘专业英语的教学存在地区差异性大，不同地区、不同高校对这门课的重视程度和投入水平差距较大等问题。另外，学生对学习专业英语的期望差异也较大。特别是近几年学生的大量扩招，使得学生的英语水平良莠不齐。总体来说，由于这门课程的定位是专业考查课，学校、老师、学生对其重视程度都不够，学生的学习积极性不高，所以，实际教学效果不是很理想。 教学模式单一，教学手段落后。目前，测绘专业英语在各高校普遍采用的教学模式主要是“语言分析+阅读+翻译”。由老师逐句对课文内容进行翻译，对课文中涉及到的专业词汇进行重点讲解，对较复杂的句子进行单独分析。这种模式的教学有助于学生掌握一定语言知识和翻译技能，提高学生专业文献阅读的能力。但在实际教学过程中，该教学模式沿用传统的以教师为中心的语法翻译教学法，教师主宰整个课堂，学生是被动的知识接受者，学生学习兴趣不高，未能达到培养和提高学生实际运用英语语言能力的目的。教学中很少应用现代教育技术，对有助于提高教学质量的录音、录像、网络及多媒体课件等的使用和推广力度不够，影响综合能力的培养和提高。 教学师资不足，教师能力有限。教师能力问题也是制约测绘专业英语发展的一个重要因素。现有的测绘专业英语的教师，除个别有条件的学校聘请外教，绝大部分都是专业课教师兼任。专业课教师的专业知识较强，但未经过专门的英语教学训练和口语训练，缺乏用英语授课的能力，并且其教学水平参差不齐，在很大程度上影响了教学质量。而学校对教师进修的政策不够宽松，资金帮助少，教师缺少进修和提高的机会，这在一定程度上影响了专业英语的教学和科研的质量。 教材陈旧。目前，测绘工程专业英语使用的教材主要是尹晖编著的2005年武汉大学出版社出版的《测绘工程专业英语》和曲建光编著的1996年测绘出版社出版的《测绘工程专业英语》。教材内容不能与同时进行的专业课学习内容同步，不能跟踪世界前沿领域的动态。现在数字化测图已经得到普及，GPS已得到广泛应用，而教材还在教授经纬仪平板测量、圆水准器整平原理等知识，这显然无法激发学生的学习兴趣，也达不到课程设置的目的。另外，随着测绘科技的飞速发展，与国际接轨的脚步日益加快，测绘领域产生了许多新的术语，比如“Grid GIS”“INSAR”“CORS”等，需要学生有所了解，但是由于教材的陈旧，大多数学生无法知道这些术语的含义。再者，教材还在一定程度上存在知识面狭窄的情况，仅仅局限在测量学以及工程测量方面，没有扩大到整个测绘类学科，这对学生开阔专业视野不利。 三、测绘专业英语教学方法改革建议 针对测绘专业英语教学存在的问题，高等院校需要采取有效手段和措施，进行必要的改革。对此，笔者进行了广泛的调研，并结合自身的教学经验，在测绘专业英语教学改革方面给出以下几点建议: 变更教学模式。改变传统的以教师为中心“阅读+翻译”的模式，突出学生在教学实践活动中的主体地位。教师重在启发、引导，让学生由被动的接受转为主动的学习，为学生创造足够多的语言实践、交流的空间和时间。 采用双语教学。教师在课堂上要尽可能采用双语教学。根据段落、句子的难易程度和学生的接受能力，采用双语教学可以达到更好的教学和学习效果。如在讲解翻译的技巧、分析句子成分、讨论同一词在专业英语和普通英语中的区别和联系时，尽量使用英语，以提高学生的听力水平、运用英语思维的能力和理解能力。 改进教学内容。由于目前测绘专业英语的课本过于陈旧，无法跟上现代测绘的步伐，亟待选用新的教材。然而，目前还没有比较新的、与测绘技术发展同步的教材。因此，笔者建议教师在讲解教材内容的基础上，下载测绘领域的前沿资料给学生讲解，以激发学生的兴趣并拓宽他们的视野和知识面。另外，考虑到学生将来工作和继续深造的需要，教师要讲解一些论文摘要及内容的翻译及写作技巧和注意事项等，并教会学生查阅、记录和使用英文文献的方法。 设计专题讨论，学以致用。为活跃课堂气氛、充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，教师要设计一些能与学生形成良好互动的课堂环节，如:开展专题讨论，教师根据授课内容并结合当前测绘技术的发展现状，提出几个讨论专题，让学生根据自己的兴趣进行咨询和选题，查阅相关的英文文献，形成研究报告，并将自己所查阅和研究的专题的主要内容制成PowerPoint进行交流，展开讨论，教师做最终的小结和点评，对比较出色的学生进行适当的物质和精神奖励。这样既能提高学生自主学习和实践创新的能力，又锻炼了他们语言组织和表达的能力，同时还能达到使学生拥有理论联系实际、学以致用等能力的效果。经过笔者亲身的教学实践体会，效果良好。 利用多媒体教学。教师在授课过程中要充分利用多媒体和现代化的教育技术，以提高测绘专业英语的教学质量。如:配合授课内容，给学生播放一些与之相关的英文视频片段，并让学生讲解翻译视频资料中的内容。这样可以一并锻炼学生的听、说、译等能力。 改革考核方式。测绘专业英语的课程性质是考查课，笔者认为其考核方式应突出能力测评，以学生的语言综合应用能力为出发点，建立多元化评价体系。如:除了对重点的专业词汇、表达方式进行测验以外，平时课堂表现应该占相当一部分比重，在课程结束之际，教师可以选择合适的外文文章若干，让学生翻译，译文质量高低也占考核成绩的一部分。教师根据学生以上三部分的综合表现评定最终成绩。 三、结束语 为了培养和提高学生的专业英语综合应用能力，特别是听、说、译的能力，使他们在今后走上工作岗位时或继续深造的过程中，能有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，以适应测绘技术的发展和国际交流合作的需要，本文指出了目前测绘专业英语教学中存在的一些问题和不足，并有针对性地提出了一些改革的建议，希望能对同行有所帮助。由于笔者知识和经验有限，文中观点有片面和不妥之处，恳请广大师生与业界人士批评指正。