欧洲文化论文2000字中文翻译版

欧洲文化论文2000字中文翻译版

我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问

1 十八、十九世纪奥斯曼帝国与欧洲文化交往研究 西北大学 2009 2 欧洲体育文化研究 北京体育大学 2006 3 论阿拉伯伊斯兰文化对欧洲文化的影响 上海外国语大学 2007 4 跨文化旅游视角下的赴藏区欧洲游客消费行为研究 西北师范大学 2009 5 欧洲一体化进程中的文化认同 上海师范大学 2009 6 欧洲一体化进程中政治文化因素的影响研究 西北大学 2010 7 跨文化视野下出境旅游行为研究 四川师范大学 2008 8 近现代文化艺术思潮影响下的欧洲城市景观艺术设计 江南大学 2007 9 浅析欧洲一体化进程中的欧洲文化认同 吉林大学 2008 10 论欧洲一体化进程中的政治文化认同 上海外国语大学 2007 ……东西农家，提供国内外论文、专利、电子图书检索服务。

具有了千年悠久历史的西方文化，和中国文化一样，显得博大精深，蕴含着极为丰富的内容。其中的以人为本，倡导理性、天职观念、公平竞争、注重法治、信守合同、现代管理等等思想，不仅对西方资本主义的市场经济形成、发展起到了重大的影响与积极的作用，而对中国社会主义市场经济的建立也不乏借鉴意义。在西方传统文化中，人本主义是首要的和受到人们首肯的价值观念。西方人普遍认为，个人利益是至高无上的，一切价值、权利和义务都来自个人，它强调个人的能动性、独立性，强调个人行动和个人利益。作为个人，应该具有独立性、责任心和自尊心，只有这样，个人才会受到关注和尊重。西方极端的个人主义与中国传统文化是格格不入的，也是今天我们在社会主义市场经济建设中应当防止的思潮，但西方文化中突出人在宇宙中的主体地位，强调人作为主体所具有尊严和价值。这种人本主义观念在反对封建专制、宗教蒙昧、个人崇拜和近代资本主义的发展中起过重要的历史作用，其中的一些思想因素对我们大有启迪意义。市场经济是以平等交换为基础的交换经济。参与交换活动的各方必须是具有主体地位的自由的个人和团体。西方人本主义价值观念中的自由、自尊、能动创造、超越现实等等，正是市场经济的思想前提，市场经济要求人的主体性，表现在他享有独立自主、自由抉择的权利。企业或个人生产什么、生产多少、何时生产，都以市场为导向，不依靠政府的计划和指标。这样，自由竞争局面才有可能出现，企业和个人的劳动积极性才能调动起来。西方人本主义主张自我奋斗、自我创新。西方人把通过个人的奋斗取得成就，看作是一种美德。个人奋斗意味着不依赖他人，自己掌握自己的命运。西方的青年人崇尚自立自强，长大以后就离开家庭，自立门户，走自我奋斗的道路。市场经济就需要一种自强、创新的精神。无论是新产品的开发，抑或新思路的形成，都需要个人的创新精神。一个处处依赖社会、父母、他人的人绝对成不了市场经济的弄潮儿。西方素以理性为传统。理性主义是西方文化的基本精神之一，它指的是强调理性、强调科学、强调逻辑推理与分析。西方伦理传统中，注重理性对情感的控制。市场经济与理性原则密切相连，它是以理性为基础的。西方经济学的预设前提，就是“人都是理性的”。建立在理性文化精神基础之上的西方企业管理，具有两个方面基本特征:一是依靠严格的规章制度，二是依靠严密的组织机构，强调对人、财、物的数量分析。这个科学管理思路正好可以弥补中国传统管理思想之不足。此外，在我国目前的市场经济建设中，吸收西方理性主义文化的因素，可以有效地促成经济个体寻求达到经济目标（利润最大化）的最佳手段，找到解决经济个体之间矛盾冲突的有效方式。西方的道德理性还能成为市场经济海洋中个体自我肯定、自我发展、自我完善的基本前提，有助于克服中国流行的经济短期行为。道德理性的主要特点，就在于它内在的创造性和超越性。它要求人不能仅仅满足于从外界索取现成的价值物和现有的生存状态，而且要不断地创造新事物，超越现状。道德理性在市场经济中分析个体和社会经济行为的合理性，抑制个体私欲的极度膨胀，协调个体与他人的社会关系。和中国古代一样，西方曾在古代中世纪很长的一段时期里，重农轻商思想占据主导地位。直到16世纪的宗教改革运动，教会对商业活动看法的改变和新教伦理的面世，为西方提供了一种大大有利于资本主义发展的伦理和经济气氛，西方资本主义才茁壮成长起来。宗教改革运动的发韧者马丁·路德在翻译《圣经》时，把《圣经》中“神的召唤”概念改造为“职业”概念，认为职业就是神的召唤，是上帝为人安排的终生任务。这种概念要求个人履行他在今生今世应完成的义务，即承担所谓的“天职”。它把世俗事务看成是个人从事的最崇高的道德活动，从而使世俗工作神圣化。每个人从事的职业都是神的召唤，所有职业是正当的。这样一来，人们对生活的目的有了一种全新的理解。人们不再消极地等待最后审判的来临，而是努力于自己所从事的职业。同时，它还要求人们抛弃人间的淫荡乐趣，通过辛勤工作，并取得事业的成功，为上帝争光。只有拼命工作的人， 才能取得上帝的恩典。上帝只帮助自助者。这就培养了人们爱岗敬业的踏实工作精神。宗教改革运动的另一代表人物加尔文认为，人的命运早已为上帝所注定，现世人的宝贵与贫贱，就是上帝的“选民”与“弃民”的标志。因此，他鼓励人们在现世生活中积极活动、发财致富，用成功的事实证明自己被上帝所“选中”。可见，加尔文主义并不是一种消极的宿命哲学，它在于倡导一种新行为道德。只有顽强奋斗、不畏艰苦与挫折，最终取得成功的人，才是上帝选中的人。这套理论为资产阶级所致力于的追求财富事业提供了一个强有力的理论根据。从此，人们才普遍地改变了对商业活动的看法，才真正赋予商业活动以道德意义。发财致富也不再是一种罪恶，而是被上帝“选中”的标志。到17世纪中后期，追求合理赢利已完全成为新教伦理的一项内容。合理赚钱成了经济、道义上的美德。在虔诚、严肃、勤俭、诚实等原则基础上，新教经济伦理逐渐形成。新经济伦理的确立，极大地推动了西方经济的发展。公正原则在西方有着悠久的历史。西方思想家十分强调公正，认为政府有义务扮演“分正使者”的角色。在目前中国发展社会主义市场经济条件下，中国已基本上摆脱了长期困扰人们的平均主义阴影。但面对着官倒、官员经商、部门垄断、脑体倒挂等等不公正现象，国民一再强烈呼吁政府创造出一个公平竞争的环境。公正原则成为中国人所关注的一个热点。因此吸取西方文化中的公正公平原则是十分必要和有益的。市场经济的正常运转必须条例公正原则。它既是判定市场经济能否存在的标准，也是从道德上维系市场中各利益关系的必不可少的纽带。其次，在市场机制下，贯彻公正原则，还有助于提高人们的积极性和生产效益，促进社会的稳定。公正原则既保证生产者得其应得，又拒绝官员的贪污腐败，将个人所得与其对社会的实际贡献相对应，做到奖勤罚懒，端掉“大锅饭”。另外，公正原则所体现出的优惠弱者思想，对于缩小目前已趋临界的贫富分化也有一定的积极意义。公正更是治疗“红眼病”的有效药剂。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

欧洲文化论文2000字中文翻译

European culture

1 十八、十九世纪奥斯曼帝国与欧洲文化交往研究 西北大学 2009 2 欧洲体育文化研究 北京体育大学 2006 3 论阿拉伯伊斯兰文化对欧洲文化的影响 上海外国语大学 2007 4 跨文化旅游视角下的赴藏区欧洲游客消费行为研究 西北师范大学 2009 5 欧洲一体化进程中的文化认同 上海师范大学 2009 6 欧洲一体化进程中政治文化因素的影响研究 西北大学 2010 7 跨文化视野下出境旅游行为研究 四川师范大学 2008 8 近现代文化艺术思潮影响下的欧洲城市景观艺术设计 江南大学 2007 9 浅析欧洲一体化进程中的欧洲文化认同 吉林大学 2008 10 论欧洲一体化进程中的政治文化认同 上海外国语大学 2007 ……东西农家，提供国内外论文、专利、电子图书检索服务。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

欧洲文化论文2000字中文翻译汇总

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

具有了千年悠久历史的西方文化，和中国文化一样，显得博大精深，蕴含着极为丰富的内容。其中的以人为本，倡导理性、天职观念、公平竞争、注重法治、信守合同、现代管理等等思想，不仅对西方资本主义的市场经济形成、发展起到了重大的影响与积极的作用，而对中国社会主义市场经济的建立也不乏借鉴意义。在西方传统文化中，人本主义是首要的和受到人们首肯的价值观念。西方人普遍认为，个人利益是至高无上的，一切价值、权利和义务都来自个人，它强调个人的能动性、独立性，强调个人行动和个人利益。作为个人，应该具有独立性、责任心和自尊心，只有这样，个人才会受到关注和尊重。西方极端的个人主义与中国传统文化是格格不入的，也是今天我们在社会主义市场经济建设中应当防止的思潮，但西方文化中突出人在宇宙中的主体地位，强调人作为主体所具有尊严和价值。这种人本主义观念在反对封建专制、宗教蒙昧、个人崇拜和近代资本主义的发展中起过重要的历史作用，其中的一些思想因素对我们大有启迪意义。市场经济是以平等交换为基础的交换经济。参与交换活动的各方必须是具有主体地位的自由的个人和团体。西方人本主义价值观念中的自由、自尊、能动创造、超越现实等等，正是市场经济的思想前提，市场经济要求人的主体性，表现在他享有独立自主、自由抉择的权利。企业或个人生产什么、生产多少、何时生产，都以市场为导向，不依靠政府的计划和指标。这样，自由竞争局面才有可能出现，企业和个人的劳动积极性才能调动起来。西方人本主义主张自我奋斗、自我创新。西方人把通过个人的奋斗取得成就，看作是一种美德。个人奋斗意味着不依赖他人，自己掌握自己的命运。西方的青年人崇尚自立自强，长大以后就离开家庭，自立门户，走自我奋斗的道路。市场经济就需要一种自强、创新的精神。无论是新产品的开发，抑或新思路的形成，都需要个人的创新精神。一个处处依赖社会、父母、他人的人绝对成不了市场经济的弄潮儿。西方素以理性为传统。理性主义是西方文化的基本精神之一，它指的是强调理性、强调科学、强调逻辑推理与分析。西方伦理传统中，注重理性对情感的控制。市场经济与理性原则密切相连，它是以理性为基础的。西方经济学的预设前提，就是“人都是理性的”。建立在理性文化精神基础之上的西方企业管理，具有两个方面基本特征:一是依靠严格的规章制度，二是依靠严密的组织机构，强调对人、财、物的数量分析。这个科学管理思路正好可以弥补中国传统管理思想之不足。此外，在我国目前的市场经济建设中，吸收西方理性主义文化的因素，可以有效地促成经济个体寻求达到经济目标（利润最大化）的最佳手段，找到解决经济个体之间矛盾冲突的有效方式。西方的道德理性还能成为市场经济海洋中个体自我肯定、自我发展、自我完善的基本前提，有助于克服中国流行的经济短期行为。道德理性的主要特点，就在于它内在的创造性和超越性。它要求人不能仅仅满足于从外界索取现成的价值物和现有的生存状态，而且要不断地创造新事物，超越现状。道德理性在市场经济中分析个体和社会经济行为的合理性，抑制个体私欲的极度膨胀，协调个体与他人的社会关系。和中国古代一样，西方曾在古代中世纪很长的一段时期里，重农轻商思想占据主导地位。直到16世纪的宗教改革运动，教会对商业活动看法的改变和新教伦理的面世，为西方提供了一种大大有利于资本主义发展的伦理和经济气氛，西方资本主义才茁壮成长起来。宗教改革运动的发韧者马丁·路德在翻译《圣经》时，把《圣经》中“神的召唤”概念改造为“职业”概念，认为职业就是神的召唤，是上帝为人安排的终生任务。这种概念要求个人履行他在今生今世应完成的义务，即承担所谓的“天职”。它把世俗事务看成是个人从事的最崇高的道德活动，从而使世俗工作神圣化。每个人从事的职业都是神的召唤，所有职业是正当的。这样一来，人们对生活的目的有了一种全新的理解。人们不再消极地等待最后审判的来临，而是努力于自己所从事的职业。同时，它还要求人们抛弃人间的淫荡乐趣，通过辛勤工作，并取得事业的成功，为上帝争光。只有拼命工作的人， 才能取得上帝的恩典。上帝只帮助自助者。这就培养了人们爱岗敬业的踏实工作精神。宗教改革运动的另一代表人物加尔文认为，人的命运早已为上帝所注定，现世人的宝贵与贫贱，就是上帝的“选民”与“弃民”的标志。因此，他鼓励人们在现世生活中积极活动、发财致富，用成功的事实证明自己被上帝所“选中”。可见，加尔文主义并不是一种消极的宿命哲学，它在于倡导一种新行为道德。只有顽强奋斗、不畏艰苦与挫折，最终取得成功的人，才是上帝选中的人。这套理论为资产阶级所致力于的追求财富事业提供了一个强有力的理论根据。从此，人们才普遍地改变了对商业活动的看法，才真正赋予商业活动以道德意义。发财致富也不再是一种罪恶，而是被上帝“选中”的标志。到17世纪中后期，追求合理赢利已完全成为新教伦理的一项内容。合理赚钱成了经济、道义上的美德。在虔诚、严肃、勤俭、诚实等原则基础上，新教经济伦理逐渐形成。新经济伦理的确立，极大地推动了西方经济的发展。公正原则在西方有着悠久的历史。西方思想家十分强调公正，认为政府有义务扮演“分正使者”的角色。在目前中国发展社会主义市场经济条件下，中国已基本上摆脱了长期困扰人们的平均主义阴影。但面对着官倒、官员经商、部门垄断、脑体倒挂等等不公正现象，国民一再强烈呼吁政府创造出一个公平竞争的环境。公正原则成为中国人所关注的一个热点。因此吸取西方文化中的公正公平原则是十分必要和有益的。市场经济的正常运转必须条例公正原则。它既是判定市场经济能否存在的标准，也是从道德上维系市场中各利益关系的必不可少的纽带。其次，在市场机制下，贯彻公正原则，还有助于提高人们的积极性和生产效益，促进社会的稳定。公正原则既保证生产者得其应得，又拒绝官员的贪污腐败，将个人所得与其对社会的实际贡献相对应，做到奖勤罚懒，端掉“大锅饭”。另外，公正原则所体现出的优惠弱者思想，对于缩小目前已趋临界的贫富分化也有一定的积极意义。公正更是治疗“红眼病”的有效药剂。

我给你发了一篇，你看行不行

European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent， "Europa，" a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m， give priority to with plain terrain， the south， stands a series of mountains， the floorboard of the Alps， including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters， mont blanc is the French territory， become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated， plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river， is 3690 kilometers long， and the second is the Danube river， 2850 kilometers， is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state， at the same time， frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also， so mild climate， precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate， also have a Mediterranean climate， temperate continental climate， polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic 　　　Remember to give points ， thank U

欧洲法律评论文章大全中文翻译版

吴睿鸫：年收入30万免个税与法律相悖：应当说，广东省对服务业高端人才渴求的心情可以理解，但笔者觉得，省政协所提议对高级人才特殊的个税优惠政策，无异是将个税政策当作了奖品，随意发放，此举实在让人难以苟同。一方面，与现行法律相悖。按照人大常委会最新修订的《个人所得税法》，从今年3月份起，全国个税的起征点为2000元，也就是月免征额度为2000元。而广东省作为一级政府，当然没有权力擅自提高免征额度，出台与国家法律不符的政策。二、淮北市法律援助工作成绩斐然取得良好社会效益 法律援助是政府为民服务的“民心工程”，为夯实法律援助工作的基础，在市、县(区)健全法律援助的基础上，全市27个乡镇全部建立了法律援助工作站，80%的社区(村)设立了法律援助点，基本形成了由市、县(区)、乡镇、社区(村)四级法律援助纵向网络，并下发规范性文件，明确各援助工作站工作职责，制定工作站工作流程，使困难群众能及时就近申请法律援助。三、法律社会 家庭培养 教育机制：该如何直面刘海洋 ：在涉及肇事者法律责任的讨论中，有观点认为，应依据刑法第341条，将肇事者的行为认定为非法狩猎或者杀害野生动物罪，但该法律保护的是国家野生动物资源，目的是惩处那些破坏野生动物的行为，保护人类的生存环境。而在“伤熊事件”中，当事人伤害的并非一般意义上的动物，更不属于国家保护的野生动物。刘海洋所伤害的那5只熊是动物园花数万元买回来的，为了饲养这些动物，动物园又投入了大量人力、物力来修建场地、配置设备、购买饲料等；并且动物园还利用这些动物来招揽游人参观获取营业收入。这表明，虽然这5只熊仍具有作为野生动物的生理特征，但事实上已被赋予了社会属性即财产属性。刘所侵犯的客体是国家法律所保护的公共财产，应依据“故意毁坏公私财产罪”定罪量刑。 刑法第275条规定：“故意毁坏公私财物、数额较大或者有其他严重情节的，处3年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者罚金；数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处3年以上7年以下有期徒刑。”在移交司法机关处理的过程中，应对当事人进行司法精神鉴定，然后在此前提下考虑对他的定罪量刑事宜。如果刘海洋不具有排除刑事责任的合法理由，其行为就符合故意毁坏财物罪。

你可以到我所填写论文网站去搜索你所需要的容！！！ 自1975年中欧建立外交关系以来，欧盟对华政策的演变总体上对发展中欧经贸关系是越来越有利的。1978年中国和欧共体签署了第一个贸易协定，相互给予最惠国待遇，同时成立了中欧经济贸易混合委员会，并于1985年5月在原贸易协定的基础上又签订了《中欧贸易和经济合作协定》，双方同意在工业、农业、科技、能源、交通运输、环保、发展援助等领域开展合作，对合作生产、合资经营、合作开发、技术转让、金融合作、技术援助、人员培训与交流等各种合作提供便利和促进。欧盟随后所有的对华经贸政策都是在1985年文件的基础上发展和深化的，虽然在这个过程中也经历了一些曲折。 1989年之后的几年，欧共体单方面中断与中国的高层往来、军事合作、政府贷款和合作项目，使得中欧经贸关系的发展受到严重的影响和阻碍，但自1992年起，由于中欧政治关系大体恢复，中欧经贸关系也开始了新一轮的发展。1995年7月，欧盟委员会提出了《中欧关系长期政策》，强调要同中国全面发展政治、经济和贸易关系，明确表示欧盟与中国应建立长期合作关系以保证自实现双方共同的目标。这是欧盟有史以来制定的第一个对华关系长期发展战略，它不仅是对1985年协定的深化，更重要的是它表明欧盟对华战略性政策框架初步形成，对中欧经贸关系发展具有重要的历史意义。1996年11月，欧盟委员会又公布了《欧盟对华合作新战略》，将欧盟对华长期政策进一步具体化，再次强调欧盟对华政策的全面性、独立性和长期性，表示要进一步促进双方在经贸、科技、发展援助等领域内的交流与合作。1998年3月25日，欧盟委员会公布了《与中国建立全面伙伴关系》文件，要求把中欧双边政治经济关系提高到欧美、欧日的同等水平上；支持中国尽早加入世贸组织等，并于2000年9月发表了关于执行1998年文件的报告。 为了使欧盟更加卓有成效地执行1998年确定的对华政策和追求欧盟与中国关系长远目标的实现，欧盟委员会在2000年报告的基础上又于2001年5月提交了《欧盟对华战略：1998年文件执行情况和促进欧盟政策更为有效的未来步骤》文件，制订了具体务实的中短期目标：在国际社会中与中国进一步接触，其中关于政治和全球性问题的对话格外重要；支持中国在法治和尊重人权的基础上转变为开放的社会，这是欧盟与中国关系的核心；使中国融入世界经济，这对中国继续改革开放具有重大意义，也是全面深化欧盟与中国的关系的关键；更好地利用欧洲现有资源支持与中国的交往；正确利用现代技术，扩大欧盟在中国的影响力。2002年3月，欧盟发表《国家战略报告：中国》，继续强调1998年和2001年欧盟对华文件所确定的对华政策目标，并进一步明确了对华合作的三个重点领域。第一，通过机构强化与能力建设、人力资源开发与构建稳健的商业法规框架以及促进私人部门的知识诀窍与技术的转移来确保中国经济与社会改革进程的可持续性；第二，通过提供知识和专业技能来促进可持续发展，协助中国谋求环境保护、社会发展与经济增长之间更好的平衡；第三，鼓励良好治理，促进法治、民主与经济、社会、政治与公民权利的履行以及强化构成市民社会网络的结构与进程。 一、利益诉求 与任何国家的对外经贸政策一样，欧盟对华经贸政策的变迁也反映了欧盟对发展中欧经贸关系的利益诉求以及这种利益诉求的动态变化，此外，欧盟1995年后的对华经贸政策中的一个重大变化是欧盟试图促进中国与欧盟的制度趋同，这在发展政策中体现得极为明显；另一个显著特点是欧盟对华总体政策越来越积极，而指导经贸实践的具体政策措施则越来越苛刻。 （1）出于欧盟经济利益需求 从既得的经贸利益来看，欧盟对华经贸政策与经贸关系实绩形成了相互促动的良性循环。1985年中欧贸易协定之后，欧盟与中国的贸易突飞猛进，1984年- 2000年间，中欧贸易额增长了近12倍。据中国海关统计，2001年，中欧贸易额达766亿美元，比2000年增长11%，其中欧盟进口409亿美元，同比增长1%，欧盟对华出口357亿美元，同比增长8%按照中方统计，2001年，中欧占我外贸总值15%，欧盟是居日本、美国之后的我国第三大贸易伙伴。欧盟对华直接投资自1985年以来也取得了极大的进展。特别进入20世纪90年代，欧盟已成为中国吸引外资的主要对象，欧盟企业对华投资稳步增长。2001年，欧盟来华直接投资项目数为1217个，实际投入40亿美元。到2001年底，欧盟来华投资项目数达12583个，实际投入303亿美元。欧盟对华投资的增长快于我国全部直接投资的平均水平。1986年- 2000年期间，欧盟对华直接投资项目、合同金额和实际投资金额的年均增长速度分别达到0%、9%和9%，均高于我国全部外商直接投资的年均增长水平；欧盟对华投资的资金密集程度明显高于其他国家/地区的对华投资，2000年欧盟投资合同的项目平均规模超过800万美元，远远高于全部外商直接投资280万美元的平均水平。在技术出口方面，欧盟国家是中国引进先进技术与设备的最大供应者。2000年- 2001年，欧盟成员国向中国出口技术分别为2317项与1050项，合同总金额为130亿美元。截至2001年底，中国从欧盟成员国引进技术共13495项，合同总金额约672亿美元，占我国引进技术总额的一半左右。良好的中欧经贸关系实绩为欧盟对外经贸关系的促进与平衡提供了坚实基础，完全符合欧盟的经济利益需求，这促使欧盟在总体政策上重视中国，加强中欧经贸关系。 从潜在的经贸利益看，欧盟将继续在政策上支持中欧经贸关系的发展。2001年，中国GDP位列世界第6位，而欧盟2001年文件认为，“按照购买力平价理论”，中国的经济实力总体上已经与日本持平，仅次于美国。而且，中国已成为电信、运输、能源和环保等行业的全球生力军和重要市场；据估计，到2005年，中国还将拥有3亿互联网用户，而同期美国的用户数量为2亿。2001年中国对外贸易已经突破5000亿美元，为世界上第七大贸易国；中国所吸引的外国直接投资迅速上升，仅低于美国而跃居世界第二，已连续9年成为吸引外资最多的发展中国家。而欧洲由于正在建构一个全新的市场结构与政策结构使企业与消费者预期谨慎，从而对欧盟经济增长产生了暂时的不利影响，经济活动难具活力。欧盟1961年- 1970年国内生产总值平均增长9%，1971年– 1980年降为0%，1981年-1990年再降为4%，1991年- 2000年更降至0%，同期美国则分别为2%、2%、2%和4%；而且，与美国和日本不同的是，欧洲的外贸依存度更高。与此同时，我国对欧盟出口仅占其自盟外进口总额的5%左右，欧盟对华投资占其对盟外投资的比重还不到2%，双方合作潜力依然巨大。加速发展中欧经贸关系将为欧盟获得廉价优质的资源与商品（服务）、存量与增量庞大的出口市场以及稳定与高回报的投资场所，有利于促进欧盟的经济增长。因此，为中欧经贸关系提供政策保障显然符合欧盟的经济利益需求。 （2）出于欧盟国际政治利益需求 2000年欧盟葡萄牙首脑会议所确定的未来五年战略性目标明示了欧盟不仅要在欧洲成为领袖，而且要在世界上树立领袖风范。这种愿望是由欧盟的经济实力所激发，也将由经济实力来保证。按人口、GDP、资本输出以及对外贸易等指标（根据OECD统计）来衡量，欧盟的经济实力超过美国居世界第一。而随着欧盟的扩大，欧盟的经济实力将进一步加强，尤其重要的是，欧盟不仅因为新加入国家正处于经济起飞阶段而拥有更大的市场规模与市场容量，而且欧盟作为世界上最大的资本输出国和商品与服务出口国，再加上欧盟相对宽容的对外技术交流与发展合作政策，对世界其他地区的经济发展特别是包括中国在内的发展中国家至关重要。欧盟是经济“巨人”，但欧盟并不甘心仅仅如此，因而，欧盟正在谋求并且正在逐步成为与美国模式大不相同的重要政治力量。欧洲的目标不仅是要制定世界贸易规则，为了保证外部经济对欧洲的稳定性和确定性，欧洲也将要求参与乃至直接制定国际货币规则，欧元是谋求这个权力的起点。欧洲将会凭借强大的统一货币来参与国际货币体系规则的制定，遏制美元霸权，伸张欧洲货币利益。由于经济实力的支持和欧洲各国货币在世界货币体系中的实际地位决定了欧元的崛起和强大是不可避免的。 但是欧盟的国际权力需求采取了完全不同于美国单边主义的“温和模式”——欧盟尤其重视在国与国之间通过接触、对话与合作来扩大共识和解决分歧，不搞硬性对抗；在处理国际事务中十分重视并寄希望于“多边主义”，强调共同利益、权力分享和遵守有约束力的共同游戏规则等。这必将为更多的国家所接受，同时也将为诸多的国际组织所欢迎。“11”事件不仅更加强化了欧盟的信念，而且也更加强化了国际社会对欧盟模式的认同。在欧盟看来，“11”事件是一个历史的转折点，它使得在国际社会中一些早已存在的问题凸现出来，在全球化的时代，局部的不稳定必然会带来全球性的后果，为此，欧盟强调在多边体系之中、通过有效的国际性的法律手段来对抗恐怖主义；欧盟希望“11”事件之后的国际秩序会有一个良性的发展，加强与包括阿拉伯国家在内的第三世界的关系，通过加强与这些国家的对话，通过更大程度地向这些国家开放市场来促进它们的发展，促进它们与欧洲各国的联系，进而稳定这些国家内脆弱的政治制度。在对外贸易方面，欧盟委员会主管贸易的委员巴斯卡尔·拉米9月17日在欧洲议会演讲时表示，未来贸易政策的首要目标是谋求稳定与安全，向第三世界国家更多地开放市场，通过WTO等多边贸易体系，在共同的法律框架之下，加强同第三世界国家的联系，这符合欧洲的利益。因此，考虑到中国的政治经济地位，不难理解，发展中欧经贸关系自然就成为欧盟谋求国际政治利益战略的一个重要组成部分。 同时，也要清醒地认识到欧盟对华政策的内在涵义。对外政策大体可以分为五类：信号性政策、试探性政策、条件性政策、分离性政策与实施性政策。信号性政策只是一种外交辞令、姿态与信号，既不存在责任问题，也不存在执行问题；试探性政策是谋求一种回应与反馈，可能成为下一步政策决策的基础；条件性政策是取决于一定条件才得以执行的政策；分离性政策在很大程度上表现为话语与行动存在背离现象，或至少利用话语的不完整性，最典型的例子是欧盟将中国从“非市场经济国家”名单上删除，但在实践中，主要还是按照非市场国家的标准来处理的；实施性政策一般都是技术性很强的政策，如关税政策、技术标准等。可以说，欧盟对华政策文件中这些涵义都得到了体现。对外政策含义的多重性为欧盟在处理中欧关系以及谋求中国对欧盟的支持方面准备了广阔的活动空间。 （3）欧盟对华经贸政策更为关注制度趋同 中欧双方在很多政治领域还存在着巨大的分歧，如人权、西藏、台湾等，中欧关系已经因此而遭遇过挫折。正如欧盟2001年发布的《欧盟对华战略：1998年文件执行情况和促进欧盟政策更为有效的未来步骤》文件所表明的，“跟中国建立伙伴关系不是一件轻而易举的事。中国的政治体制不同于欧盟与之保持密切联系的其他大多数主要国家，欧盟对人权等问题的关注间或导致双方关系紧张”。2001年文件是欧盟对华政策的最新立场和行动要点，它既表明了欧盟通过长期政策的制定希望保持良好的可持续的中欧经贸关系，也同时表明了欧盟的担忧，这种担忧既来自理解中国问题的困难，也来自中国对欧长期政策的不明朗与非法律化，还来自欧洲人认为的中国政治的不确定性。在2002年《国家战略报告：中国》对中国的形势分析中，欧盟的担忧再次得到体现。实际上，1995年之后，欧盟对华经贸政策的一个重大变化是欧盟不仅强调经贸关系的发展，而且更为关注经贸关系作为一种政治工具来谋求融入国际社会，谋求中国与欧盟的制度趋同，这在欧盟的“发展合作”领域体现得最为明显。

欧洲文化入门论文英文翻译

我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问

百度文库，入门课件很多，英语的话百度翻译一下，比较有权威的。

绝密资料_manage/upload/ppt

1 十八、十九世纪奥斯曼帝国与欧洲文化交往研究 西北大学 2009 2 欧洲体育文化研究 北京体育大学 2006 3 论阿拉伯伊斯兰文化对欧洲文化的影响 上海外国语大学 2007 4 跨文化旅游视角下的赴藏区欧洲游客消费行为研究 西北师范大学 2009 5 欧洲一体化进程中的文化认同 上海师范大学 2009 6 欧洲一体化进程中政治文化因素的影响研究 西北大学 2010 7 跨文化视野下出境旅游行为研究 四川师范大学 2008 8 近现代文化艺术思潮影响下的欧洲城市景观艺术设计 江南大学 2007 9 浅析欧洲一体化进程中的欧洲文化认同 吉林大学 2008 10 论欧洲一体化进程中的政治文化认同 上海外国语大学 2007 ……东西农家，提供国内外论文、专利、电子图书检索服务。