英国文化论文2000字中文翻译版

英国文化论文2000字中文翻译版

The Snow What a big snow I have never seen! What a beautiful snow I have never When I went out for school from home， I was doomed to get a Everything seemed unlucky to I left the umbrella at home; I couldn’t unlock my bike and a big truck held up the traffic， which took me above 5 minutes to pass the At last I met Charlie and we were both late for the maths If it happened the day before， we would go to our seats without saying But today we were forced to stand outside in the cold wind because of the head teacher’s bad I didn’t want to say It was So I began to stand with C After a short while， we both felt so cold that we couldn’t speak a The world seemed very I suddenly found there was a lot of thin ice dropping from the “Ice!” I shouted to Charlie who soon became excited the same as We expected for the snow but nothing The ice turned white and turned to snow We were immersed in it without any From little to big， the snow changed out of my With the wind blowing heavily， the snow beat on my face， hair and covered all over my We couldn’t help shaking in the We opened our mouths to taste the icy snow， stood still in the snow， and enjoyed the wonderful scene I did believe the snow was not only a scene but a great wonder as It bought me much more than it It was too great and too beautiful that I couldn’t How fantastic it was! With the snow dropping on my body， I didn’t want to move though it was so If you lived in the north， you might think it was But the following thing was more A bird， a beautiful parrot， like an angel， flew from the sky onto Charlie’s shoulder and then flew to my I didn’t know how to express my feelings， only enjoying The parrot didn’t seem to How fantastic， I The snow became smaller and smaller after Maybe we lost something， but we got something， I didn’t know what it I only wished to believe it would bring me good I would never forget that 这是我见过的最大的雪！也是我享受过的最漂亮的雪！ 当我走出校园的时候，我被这景象怔住了。每件事似乎都对我很不幸运，我把伞忘在了家里。我不能骑我的车，交通很拥堵，它花了我5分钟过马路。最后我遇到了查理，我们都误了数学课。如果这发生在前一天，我们就可以不说任何话回到座位上。但是今天因为老师的坏心情而被迫站在外面的寒风里。我什么都不想说。那是无用的。所以我开始和查理一起罚站。 过了一会儿，我们都发现我们冷得不能说一句话。世界似乎很安静。我突然发现有薄冰片从空中落下。“冰！”我朝着和我一样激动的查理大叫。我们期待着雪的落下但是什么都没发生。 冰安静的慢慢变白成了雪。我们沉浸其中不说话。慢慢变大，雪大得超出了我的想像。风越刮越大，雪吹到我的脸上、头发上、覆盖了我身体的每个角落。我们在雪里不能动弹，我们张开嘴尝尝冰雪，依然站在雪里，自我陶醉在美妙的雪景里。我相信这不止是雪景，它是极为美好的。它带给了我更多。它是如此的美好以至于让我不能想象。太美好了！雪下在我身上，尽管我很冷但我不想移动。 如果你住在北方，什么也没有。但自然更真实。一只鸟，一只漂亮的鹦鹉，就像天使一样飞过天空停在查理的肩膀上，又停在我的肩膀上，我不知道如何来表达我的感受，只是陶醉其中。鹦鹉没有走的意思。这是多么美好啊！我想着。 下课后雪越来越小了。可能我们失去了什么，但我们也得到了什么。我不知道它意味着什么。我只是祝愿它能给我带来好运。我永远也不会忘记那一天。

英国文化，额、也有论证的

不给100没人给你写

5分就来求3000字论文，和1000字论文论证啊！！！哥，这是论文，，不是写流水日记。

英国文化论文2000字中文翻译

祝你好好学习 天天向上 想想爸爸妈妈给你付出的学费和心血 随便拿出面镜子鉴赏一下自己吧: 好吃懒做， 投机倒把， 不学无术， 不肖子孙

那就要看你要什么类型的文学了！

朋友，我其实极其同意2楼童鞋的说法，做人还是脚踏实地为好啊

英国百年婚礼习俗有旧有新有借有蓝--百年婚礼习俗“有旧、有新、有借、有蓝”的婚礼习俗已经有好几百年的历史了。许多新娘在她们举行婚礼的当天都曾被问到是否已经备好了那些“有旧、有新、有借、有蓝”的服饰，以穿戴它们缓缓走过教堂内的通道。穿戴这每一件服饰的传统据说各有其独特的涵义，但都能够给新婚夫妇带来吉祥和财富。你曾想过这种说法到底是什么意思吗？是如何起源的？每件服饰各有何涵义？最初的说法源自维多利亚时代，原文是：“有旧，有新，有借，有蓝；在一只鞋里放一枚六便士的银币。”有旧新娘可以穿着或佩戴一样旧衣物来象征她和她娘家及过去生活之间的历史纽带。许多新娘佩戴一件家传的珠宝饰品作为“有旧”的选择。有些新娘穿着她们母亲或祖母穿过的结婚礼服。实际上，旧的东西同时也可以是借来的东西。有新穿戴一样新衣物是要象征新娘在新生活和婚姻中拥有成功和希望。如果新娘置办的是新的结婚礼服，那它就可以是她的“有新”，但是任何别的新服饰也是可以的。“有新”常常是最容易做到的。有借借来的服饰应该是从一位已幸福地结了婚的朋友那里借来的。据说他们的幸福会惠及于你，给你的婚姻带来长久的美满。有些新娘会去借来一种衣着用品、一件首饰、一块手帕或者一个饰以珠子的手袋。有蓝穿戴一件蓝色服饰源自《圣经》时代，当时蓝色结婚礼服代表着纯洁、忠诚和爱情。随着时间的推移，这一传统已从穿蓝色结婚礼服，演变成后来的在新娘的结婚礼服下摆处缝上一圈蓝色的镶边，再演变到现代的普遍做法——新娘用蓝色的吊袜带。六便士银币在新娘的左脚鞋子里放一枚六便士银币据说是财富的象征。它不仅代表财产上的富有，还代表婚姻生活的幸福与快乐。由于今天许多新娘恐怕连一枚六便士是什么样子都不知道，传统习俗的这一部分在现代婚礼中已经不常被遵守。但是，如果新娘想要在她的婚礼中包括这一项目，她可以从许多出售如吊袜带和请柬等婚礼用品的公司里买到六便士银币。有些较为传统的新娘或许会花很多心思选择每一件服饰。传统的做法是：同一家族的女性佩戴同一件首饰。而有些新娘不太为传统所束缚，但在别人的请求下也会遵循这一传统。如果她们不想面面俱到，她们可以就携带一个小小的珠子手袋，里面装有两块手帕——她们可以买一块新的白色手帕，然后从家人那里借一块蓝色手帕，这样她们就“有新”——白色手帕，还“有旧、有借、有蓝”——蓝色手帕。手帕在婚礼中正好可以派上用唱—擦拭喜悦的泪水！The wedding tradition of“something old， something new， something borrowed， something blue” has been around for hundreds of Many brides have been asked on their respective wedding days if they have gathered something old， new， borrowed and blue to carry with them as they walk down the The tradition of carrying or wearing one of each item is said to bring luck and fortune to the newly married Have you ever stopped to think what the saying really means？ What is its origin and what does each item represent？The original saying dates back to the Victoria times and states，“Something old， something new， something borrowed， something blue and a silver sixpence in your ” Something A bride may wear or carry something old to represent her continued ties to her family and her old Many brides wear a piece of family jewelry as their old Some brides wear the wedding dress worn by their mother or In many cases， something old may also be something Something Wearing something new is supposed to represent success and hope in the bride’s new life and in her If the bride purchased her wedding dress new， it may represent her new item， but any item that is new may be Something“new” is usually the easiest category1 to Something The borrowed item should be something borrowed from a friend that is happily It is suggested that their happiness will rub off on2 you and bring lasting happiness to your Some brides borrow an item of clothing， a piece of jewelry， a handkerchief or perhaps a beaded Something Wearing something blue dates back to biblical3 times when a blue wedding dress was worn to represent purity， fidelity4 and Over time this has changed from wearing a blue dress to wearing just a blue band around the bottom of the bride’s wedding dress to modern times?? where it is commonplace for the bride to wear a blue Silver Placing a silver sixpence in the bride’s left shoe is said to be a symbol of This not only refers to financial wealth， but also a wealth of happiness and joy throughout her married Since most brides probably don’t even know what a sixpence is， this part of the tradition is not used very often in modern However， if a bride would like to include it in her wedding， she can purchase a silver sixpence from many companies that sell bridal supplies such as garters and Some brides are more traditional than other and may take a great deal of care in selecting one item for each It may be traditional for the women in their families to wear the same piece of Other brides aren’t bound by tradition but still may choose to carry out the custom at someone else’s If they don’t want to carry numerous items， they may simply carry two handkerchiefs in a small beaded bag--hey may choose to buy a new， white handkerchief and borrow a blue one from a family That would provide them with something new--the white handkerchief， as well as something that is old， borrowed and blue--the blue The handkerchief just may come in handy6 during the wedding for drying their joyful ?英国酒吧的礼仪介绍 mazingly for the British， who love queues， there is no formal line-up——the bar staff are skilled at knowing whose turn it You are permitted to try to attract attention， but there are rules about how to do Do not call out tap coins on the counter， snap your finger or wave like a drowning Do not scowl or sigh or roll your And whatever you do， do not ring the bell hanging behind the counter——this is used by the landlord to signal closing The key thing is to catch the bar worker's You could also hold an empty glass or some money， but do not wave them Do adopt an expectant， hopeful， even slightly anxious facial If you 1ook too contented and complacent， the bar staff may assume you are already being 就爱排队的英国人而言，酒吧里看不到正式的排队，这令人感到惊讶。酒保有本领知道该轮到谁了。你可以做些动作引起酒保的注意，但有规可循。不要大声嚷嚷，不要在吧台面上敲击钱币，不要叭叭地弹手指，不要像快淹死的人那样挥动手臂，不要绷着脸，不要唉声叹气，不要翻动眼珠。在不该干的事当中还绝对不要摇晃挂在吧台后面的铃，那是酒吧老板用的，表示关门时间到了。关键是你要让酒保看见你。你可以举起空杯子或钱，可不要摇晃。你脸上可以流露等待、期望，甚至略带焦急的表情。你如果显得太心满意足的样子，酒保会认为他们已经为你提供服务了。 Always say "please" and try to remember some of the British bar staffs pet They do not like people to keep others waiting while they make up their They don't like people standing idly against the bar when there are a lot of customers wanting for And they do not like people who wait until the end of the order before asking for such drinks as Guinness stout which take considerably longer to pour than other 要把"请"字挂在嘴边，要尽量记住一些英国酒保最厌恶的事。他们不喜欢酒客拿不定主意而让他们等着；不喜欢好多客人等着买酒而有人却靠着吧台站着；也不喜欢有人等到最后才说要喝像爱尔兰烈性黑啤酒那样的酒，因为比起别的酒来，准备这种酒的时间要长得多。 One Dutch tourist who spent six months visiting 800 of Britain's 61，000 pubs and interviewing 50 publicans and bar workers and more than 1，000 customers said :" I cannot understand how the British ever manage to buy themselves a " But they do， and if you follow these tips you should be able to do so， 一个曾花了半年时间，去了英国61000家酒吧中的800个，访谈50位酒吧老板和酒保以及1000多个酒客的荷兰旅游者说："我不明白英国人是怎么给自已买到酒的。"可事实上他们就能。如果你按着本文所说的忠告去做，你也能如愿以偿地买到酒。 Speaking of tips， you should never offer the bar staff a cash The correct behaviour is to offer them a Pubs pride themselves on their egalitarian A tip in cash would be a reminder of their service role， whereas the offer of a drink is a friendly 说到"小费"，你可千万别给酒保现金以表示谢意。正确的做法是请酒保喝一盅。酒吧为自己的平等气氛感到自豪。现金小费会使人想到酒保是伺候人的，而请喝一杯则是友好的表示英国饮食习惯中英文对照 Eating habits As a nation we are becoming more aware of the food we and our children are The recent campaign to improve school dinners by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver has helped raise awareness of our fast food Healthy eaters or just trendy? Are there certain things that you do and don’t eat and why? With so many food programmes and books telling you what you should and shouldn’t eat to be healthy it’s hard to keep Some people are vegetarians for moral reasons， some don’t like the taste of meat and there are one or two people who do it because it’s Likewise， it can be trendy to follow the latest celebrity diet because it’s what the famous are Eating out People are eating out more frequently now， not just on special occasions as in the The choice of restaurants has also diversified over the last few Italian， Chinese and Indian restaurants have been around for years but have now been joined by Mongolian， Japanese， Mexican and Turkish amongst Bars and pubs are still popular for food and often promote English cuisine made with local For the Queen’s recent 80th birthday celebrations， top UK chefs battled it out to create the Great British Menu to serve at a birthday ‘We enjoy eating out a couple times and month whether with friends or just as a We like trying new things so go to different ’ Craig， 25， County D Eating on the go From chocolate bars to sandwiches and wraps more people are eating on the go - on the street， in cars or on buses and While our parents and grandparents may frown at this behaviour， considering it to be bad manners， people eat on the go because they are rushing from one place to And in the home the number of people sitting down at a dining table for their evening meal is on the decrease as meal times become more ‘If I’m running late for work I don’t think twice about eating toast in the car or on the bus but I know my mum wouldn’t ’ Stacey， 24， L Whilst we may be trying to eat more healthily it seems we still have some bad Lucy September 2006

中国文化论文2000字英文翻译

Grow pu happily and healthily is the theme of people pursuring all the For children，it means playing games happily and do not come into contact with the danger，studying hard and have a health For adults，it means facing and dispoing of the difficulties Everything has the other It is valuable to held the optimistic attithde to the Then how can we do this? Keep studying and improving yourself Not only the rigid contents in the books，but also the great people or things around It is necessary go outside to As the saying gose，a health body is the basic of For example，taking part in the comminity aactivities，fostering the

1 是孔子吧2 来中国呗

我这边有一个专门讲传统文化的网站，挺不错，你可以编辑剪切下来上面的文章，添加、修改、润色下，然后，用百度在线翻译，弄成英文，多棒啊~要多少有多少，我就是天才，哇咔咔！

，世代相传。“博大”是说中国传统文化的广度---丰富多彩，“精深”是说中国传统文化的深度---高深莫测。有五千年的历史。 3，历史悠久，民族特色。中国的传统文化是中国特有的，与世界上其他民族文化不同，总的来说变化不大。 2。中国的传统文化在某些短暂的历史时期内有所中断，在不同的历史时期或多或少的有所改变，但是大体上没有中断过。 4，博大精深s one culture without Generally speaking， it has not changed National CMore or less，it has changed in different historical China'Extensive and P“Extensive” refers to Chinese traditional cultur's traditional culture )From Generation to G China'试译如下；“Profound”means Chinese traditional cultur's depth—unfathomable，but on the whole it'参考资料2;s breadth—rich and colorful;s traditional culture is unique to China，which is different from other nations'A Long HIt has 5000 years of 4，仅供参考：Chinese traditional culture（or China's traditional culture has been interrupted in some short historical periodsand continue from generation to "And"， said the Chinese traditional culture is the breadth - rich and 2 and national Chinese traditional culture is unique to China， and other ethnic cultures in the 3， has a long Five thousand years of 4 and China's traditional culture in some brief period in history has interrupt， in different historical periods of more or less change， but generally without interruption， overall， "intensive& Passing on from generation to Chinese traditional culture may be interruppted in certain transient period，more or less changed during different historical periods， but on the whole， China maintained its cultural tradition without letup or obvious National Chinese traditional culture is unique， different from other cultures in the A long With five thousand years of Extensive and Extensive is the breadth of Chinese culture---rich and varied， profound is the depth of Chinese culture---unfathomable统文化的广度

英国文化论文2000字中文翻译及译文

英国百年婚礼习俗有旧有新有借有蓝--百年婚礼习俗“有旧、有新、有借、有蓝”的婚礼习俗已经有好几百年的历史了。许多新娘在她们举行婚礼的当天都曾被问到是否已经备好了那些“有旧、有新、有借、有蓝”的服饰，以穿戴它们缓缓走过教堂内的通道。穿戴这每一件服饰的传统据说各有其独特的涵义，但都能够给新婚夫妇带来吉祥和财富。你曾想过这种说法到底是什么意思吗？是如何起源的？每件服饰各有何涵义？最初的说法源自维多利亚时代，原文是：“有旧，有新，有借，有蓝；在一只鞋里放一枚六便士的银币。”有旧新娘可以穿着或佩戴一样旧衣物来象征她和她娘家及过去生活之间的历史纽带。许多新娘佩戴一件家传的珠宝饰品作为“有旧”的选择。有些新娘穿着她们母亲或祖母穿过的结婚礼服。实际上，旧的东西同时也可以是借来的东西。有新穿戴一样新衣物是要象征新娘在新生活和婚姻中拥有成功和希望。如果新娘置办的是新的结婚礼服，那它就可以是她的“有新”，但是任何别的新服饰也是可以的。“有新”常常是最容易做到的。有借借来的服饰应该是从一位已幸福地结了婚的朋友那里借来的。据说他们的幸福会惠及于你，给你的婚姻带来长久的美满。有些新娘会去借来一种衣着用品、一件首饰、一块手帕或者一个饰以珠子的手袋。有蓝穿戴一件蓝色服饰源自《圣经》时代，当时蓝色结婚礼服代表着纯洁、忠诚和爱情。随着时间的推移，这一传统已从穿蓝色结婚礼服，演变成后来的在新娘的结婚礼服下摆处缝上一圈蓝色的镶边，再演变到现代的普遍做法——新娘用蓝色的吊袜带。六便士银币在新娘的左脚鞋子里放一枚六便士银币据说是财富的象征。它不仅代表财产上的富有，还代表婚姻生活的幸福与快乐。由于今天许多新娘恐怕连一枚六便士是什么样子都不知道，传统习俗的这一部分在现代婚礼中已经不常被遵守。但是，如果新娘想要在她的婚礼中包括这一项目，她可以从许多出售如吊袜带和请柬等婚礼用品的公司里买到六便士银币。有些较为传统的新娘或许会花很多心思选择每一件服饰。传统的做法是：同一家族的女性佩戴同一件首饰。而有些新娘不太为传统所束缚，但在别人的请求下也会遵循这一传统。如果她们不想面面俱到，她们可以就携带一个小小的珠子手袋，里面装有两块手帕——她们可以买一块新的白色手帕，然后从家人那里借一块蓝色手帕，这样她们就“有新”——白色手帕，还“有旧、有借、有蓝”——蓝色手帕。手帕在婚礼中正好可以派上用唱—擦拭喜悦的泪水！The wedding tradition of“something old， something new， something borrowed， something blue” has been around for hundreds of Many brides have been asked on their respective wedding days if they have gathered something old， new， borrowed and blue to carry with them as they walk down the The tradition of carrying or wearing one of each item is said to bring luck and fortune to the newly married Have you ever stopped to think what the saying really means？ What is its origin and what does each item represent？The original saying dates back to the Victoria times and states，“Something old， something new， something borrowed， something blue and a silver sixpence in your ” Something A bride may wear or carry something old to represent her continued ties to her family and her old Many brides wear a piece of family jewelry as their old Some brides wear the wedding dress worn by their mother or In many cases， something old may also be something Something Wearing something new is supposed to represent success and hope in the bride’s new life and in her If the bride purchased her wedding dress new， it may represent her new item， but any item that is new may be Something“new” is usually the easiest category1 to Something The borrowed item should be something borrowed from a friend that is happily It is suggested that their happiness will rub off on2 you and bring lasting happiness to your Some brides borrow an item of clothing， a piece of jewelry， a handkerchief or perhaps a beaded Something Wearing something blue dates back to biblical3 times when a blue wedding dress was worn to represent purity， fidelity4 and Over time this has changed from wearing a blue dress to wearing just a blue band around the bottom of the bride’s wedding dress to modern times?? where it is commonplace for the bride to wear a blue Silver Placing a silver sixpence in the bride’s left shoe is said to be a symbol of This not only refers to financial wealth， but also a wealth of happiness and joy throughout her married Since most brides probably don’t even know what a sixpence is， this part of the tradition is not used very often in modern However， if a bride would like to include it in her wedding， she can purchase a silver sixpence from many companies that sell bridal supplies such as garters and Some brides are more traditional than other and may take a great deal of care in selecting one item for each It may be traditional for the women in their families to wear the same piece of Other brides aren’t bound by tradition but still may choose to carry out the custom at someone else’s If they don’t want to carry numerous items， they may simply carry two handkerchiefs in a small beaded bag--hey may choose to buy a new， white handkerchief and borrow a blue one from a family That would provide them with something new--the white handkerchief， as well as something that is old， borrowed and blue--the blue The handkerchief just may come in handy6 during the wedding for drying their joyful ?英国酒吧的礼仪介绍 mazingly for the British， who love queues， there is no formal line-up——the bar staff are skilled at knowing whose turn it You are permitted to try to attract attention， but there are rules about how to do Do not call out tap coins on the counter， snap your finger or wave like a drowning Do not scowl or sigh or roll your And whatever you do， do not ring the bell hanging behind the counter——this is used by the landlord to signal closing The key thing is to catch the bar worker's You could also hold an empty glass or some money， but do not wave them Do adopt an expectant， hopeful， even slightly anxious facial If you 1ook too contented and complacent， the bar staff may assume you are already being 就爱排队的英国人而言，酒吧里看不到正式的排队，这令人感到惊讶。酒保有本领知道该轮到谁了。你可以做些动作引起酒保的注意，但有规可循。不要大声嚷嚷，不要在吧台面上敲击钱币，不要叭叭地弹手指，不要像快淹死的人那样挥动手臂，不要绷着脸，不要唉声叹气，不要翻动眼珠。在不该干的事当中还绝对不要摇晃挂在吧台后面的铃，那是酒吧老板用的，表示关门时间到了。关键是你要让酒保看见你。你可以举起空杯子或钱，可不要摇晃。你脸上可以流露等待、期望，甚至略带焦急的表情。你如果显得太心满意足的样子，酒保会认为他们已经为你提供服务了。 Always say "please" and try to remember some of the British bar staffs pet They do not like people to keep others waiting while they make up their They don't like people standing idly against the bar when there are a lot of customers wanting for And they do not like people who wait until the end of the order before asking for such drinks as Guinness stout which take considerably longer to pour than other 要把"请"字挂在嘴边，要尽量记住一些英国酒保最厌恶的事。他们不喜欢酒客拿不定主意而让他们等着；不喜欢好多客人等着买酒而有人却靠着吧台站着；也不喜欢有人等到最后才说要喝像爱尔兰烈性黑啤酒那样的酒，因为比起别的酒来，准备这种酒的时间要长得多。 One Dutch tourist who spent six months visiting 800 of Britain's 61，000 pubs and interviewing 50 publicans and bar workers and more than 1，000 customers said :" I cannot understand how the British ever manage to buy themselves a " But they do， and if you follow these tips you should be able to do so， 一个曾花了半年时间，去了英国61000家酒吧中的800个，访谈50位酒吧老板和酒保以及1000多个酒客的荷兰旅游者说："我不明白英国人是怎么给自已买到酒的。"可事实上他们就能。如果你按着本文所说的忠告去做，你也能如愿以偿地买到酒。 Speaking of tips， you should never offer the bar staff a cash The correct behaviour is to offer them a Pubs pride themselves on their egalitarian A tip in cash would be a reminder of their service role， whereas the offer of a drink is a friendly 说到"小费"，你可千万别给酒保现金以表示谢意。正确的做法是请酒保喝一盅。酒吧为自己的平等气氛感到自豪。现金小费会使人想到酒保是伺候人的，而请喝一杯则是友好的表示英国饮食习惯中英文对照 Eating habits As a nation we are becoming more aware of the food we and our children are The recent campaign to improve school dinners by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver has helped raise awareness of our fast food Healthy eaters or just trendy? Are there certain things that you do and don’t eat and why? With so many food programmes and books telling you what you should and shouldn’t eat to be healthy it’s hard to keep Some people are vegetarians for moral reasons， some don’t like the taste of meat and there are one or two people who do it because it’s Likewise， it can be trendy to follow the latest celebrity diet because it’s what the famous are Eating out People are eating out more frequently now， not just on special occasions as in the The choice of restaurants has also diversified over the last few Italian， Chinese and Indian restaurants have been around for years but have now been joined by Mongolian， Japanese， Mexican and Turkish amongst Bars and pubs are still popular for food and often promote English cuisine made with local For the Queen’s recent 80th birthday celebrations， top UK chefs battled it out to create the Great British Menu to serve at a birthday ‘We enjoy eating out a couple times and month whether with friends or just as a We like trying new things so go to different ’ Craig， 25， County D Eating on the go From chocolate bars to sandwiches and wraps more people are eating on the go - on the street， in cars or on buses and While our parents and grandparents may frown at this behaviour， considering it to be bad manners， people eat on the go because they are rushing from one place to And in the home the number of people sitting down at a dining table for their evening meal is on the decrease as meal times become more ‘If I’m running late for work I don’t think twice about eating toast in the car or on the bus but I know my mum wouldn’t ’ Stacey， 24， L Whilst we may be trying to eat more healthily it seems we still have some bad Lucy September 2006

raise the bonus plz for such a big

希望这篇Bonfire的文章能帮到你。Bonfire Night - November 5thThis popular British rhyme is often spoken on Bonfire Night， in memory of the Gunpowder Plot:Remember， remember the 5th of NovemberGunpowder， treason and I see no reason that gunpowder treasonShould ever be The smell of gunpowder smoke and the snap and crackle of bonfires will fill the capital in the run up to Bonfire N Thousands of revellers will line London's parks to "ooh" and "aah" as the city explodes into colour， in remberance of Guy Fawkes (Guido Fawkes) and his foiled plot to blow up Parliament and the King in Guy Fawkes was born in Yorkshire in A convert to the Catholic faith， Fawkes had been a soldier who had spent several years fighting in I It was during this period that he adopted the name Guido (Italian for Guy) perhaps to impress the ladies! 'Guy Fawkes Day' also known as 'Bonfire Night' or 'Fireworks Night' by some， marks the date， November 5， 1605， when Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to kill King James I and the Members of Parliament and to blow up the Houses of PThis conspiracy arose as a reaction to the persecution of Catholics under the rule of King James， a P Infuriated by the failure of King James， the son of the passionately Catholic Mary Queen of Scots， to grant more toleration to C Four other Catholics joined with Fawkes in his plans including Robert C Catesby made a fatal error and invited other Catholics to join the plot until there were 60 plotters in all， you try keeping a secret when 60 people know about Thomas Percy rented a cellar beneath the Palace of Westminster and 36 barrels of gunpowder were placed in the cellars of the Houses of P But Francis Tresham betrayed the conspiracy in a letter to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle， warning him not to attend Monteagle told the government and Fawkes was caught red handed in the cellars under Parliament， with a box of matches in his pocket and a guilty expression on his face! His fellow conspirators fled but many were killed or arrested and 9 members of the 60+ plotters， including Fawkes， were hung， drawn and quartered in January Comedians down the ages have said that he was "The only man ever to have entered Parliament with honest "In London， bonfires were lit to celebrate the discovery of the plot soon after Fawkes was discovered and In 1606 Parliament agreed to make 5th November a day of public thanksgiving and ever since then the day has been celebrated with fireworks and However， it is not a public November 5 and any other day appointed for church bells to be rung is also called Ringing D On this day bells are rung by order of Parliament to mark the deliverance of the King and his government at the exposure of the Gunpowder P It is customary to give the ringers money and Children used to make stuffed figures with masks as effigies of Guy F They would call these figures guys and display them in the streets， using the traditional formula of "A penny for the guy" when asking passersby for money (which was spent on fireworks or wood for the bonfire) The guys then became the centre-piece of bonfires on the night of November 5 when fireworks light up the sky over most of B But this practice has died out in recent The fear of strangers， the fact that children are not allowed to buy fireworks and the negative association with begging， have all but put and end to Many people still hold bonfire parties and BBQs (even though it is usually really cold) and invite their friends to gather around the fire with However， because of the rising number of accidents that occur every year many communities hold professionally organised public Some of the venues for these public bonfires are in parks， fields， and on Some of the traditional food eaten at this time of year includes:-Sausages (called bangers)， a good hearty soup， baked potatoes， bonfire toffee， toffee apples and parkin - a sweet， sticky New laws were introduced to control the use of fireworks in 2004 with an £80 on-the-spot fine for anyone caught breaking They include:- * It is an offence for any person under the age of 18 to possess adult fireworks in a public place (all fireworks except sparklers and party poppers) * It is an offence to possess category 4 fireworks (professional display fireworks) unless you are a licenced pyrotechnics * It is an offence to supply fireworks to anyone under the age of * It is an offence to use fireworks between 11 pm and 7 am apart from: - November 5th – until 12 midnight; - New Years Eve – until 1 am; - Chinese New Year – until 1 am; - Diwali night – until 1 * It is an offence for any person to throw， cast or fire any firework into any highway， street， thoroughfare or public One of the largest organised events in the UK is the Bridgwater Carnival in Bridgwater， Somerset dating back to the 1605 gunpowder The procession is held each year on the Thursday nearest to November It is an illuminated procession that takes about two hours to pass with over 130 entries made by various local carnival After the carnival， an annual squibbing display is held along the Bridgwater High Street when over 100 squibs (small fireworks) are set off Another famous event is held in Lewes (see above)， but even though it's the town's most famous event people from outside the area are actively discouraged from attending because it is so To mark the demise of 17 protestant martyrs， who were burnt at the stake in front of the Star Inn， now the Town Hall; 17 burning crosses are carried through the town， and a wreath-laying ceremony occurs at the War Memorial in the centre of Ladies' and men's races which involve pulling flaming tar barrels "the barrel run"， take place along Cliffe High Street at the start of the A flaming tar barrel is also thrown into the river Ouse; which is said to symbolise the throwing of the magistrates into the river after they read the Riot Act to the bonfire boys in The festivities culminate in five separate bonfire displays， where the effigies are destroyed by firework and Up to 80，000 people have been known to attend this local spectacle， coming from all over the South and sometimes further

浅谈中英文化差异新教学大纲规定，九年义务教育初中英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语进行交际的初步能力。英语考试也逐渐向这个方向靠拢。每种语言都背负着其民族的历史、文化。要谈到英语教学就不能回避中英文化的差异问题。（一）中英文化存在的一些差异一、从词汇的文化负载中看差异词汇中往往负载着许多文化内涵。如在中国虎代表的是百兽之王，词汇中常常出现将门虎子、虎踞龙蟠、虎虎生威等词语。但在英语中虎的地位被狮子所代替。如英国的别称以及前段时间播映的动画片《狮子王》。又如狗在中文中多含贬义：狗腿子、狗奴才等；而在英国文化中狗是人类最忠实的朋友。再如力大如牛（译成：as strong as horse）、a busybody并非大忙人而是“好管闲事的人”、black tea并非黑茶而是红茶、黄色书刊不是yellow book而是dirty book……；因而如果根据字面直译就会闹出大笑话。二、从姓名及称谓中看差异1、结构形式上的差异我们知道，姓名由姓（Family name）与名（Given name）组成。英国人的排列方式是名（Given name）＋姓（Family name）而中国人的却与之相反是姓（Family name）＋名（Given name）。为什么会存在着这种差异呢？这与两个国家人民的价值观念有关。由于相较而言英国封建制度存在的时间较短，资本主义发展得较早，尤其是文艺复兴时期宣扬个人主义至上的思想，崇尚以个人为中心深深地影响了英国人。因此这个国家的国民具有强烈的个体本位主义，反映在名字上就出现了名在前的形式。而我们中国具有漫长的封建历史，儒家思想根深蒂固。强调中庸之道，反对个人主义。最重视的是家族的传承，体现的是一种群体本位主义。由此出现了将家族标识－姓放在前面而代表个人的名放在后的形式。2、姓氏使用的差异由于我国早在远古姓氏出于图腾，进入封建社会后常以出生地、封地、官职、封号等作为姓氏的来源，将姓作为一种荣誉。因此在姓氏的选择和使用上显得极为谨慎和谦恭。而英国人却在姓名的使用上充分显示了其自我、自由的特征。有人以职业为名，如：Cook库克（厨师）；有人以家庭关系为名，如：Johnson约翰逊Jackson杰克逊；有人以天气、季节为名：Snow斯诺（雪）Frost梅弗罗斯特（霜）、Summer萨默（夏天）；有人以圣经人物为名：Bible拜布尔（圣经）；以长相为名：Strong斯特朗（强壮的）、Longfellow朗费罗（大个子）；以神话人物为名：Apllo阿波罗（太阳神）、Hymen海门（婚姻之神）、Mars马尔斯（战神）；以动、植物名称为名：Bull布尔（公牛）、Wolf沃尔夫（狼）Rose罗斯（玫瑰花）；有的以日期为名：May梅（五月）、Sunday森迪（星期日）；以物体名称为名：Stone斯通（石头）、House豪斯（房屋）等林林总总，形形色色，不论美丑。有姓驼背的、有姓坏蛋的、有姓胖、姓瘦的、有叫教堂，有叫灌木（Bush）的……因而我们在翻译英国人姓名时往往用音译而不用直译法。而在取名时又存在着一个更大的差异，那就是在中国社会中子孙及其他位卑者要避尊者讳，不能直呼长辈及位尊者的名讳。例如：唐太宗名李世民，结果观世音菩萨也被改名为观音菩萨；唐朝诗人白居易一生不咏海棠只是因为他的母亲名为海棠。而在英语国家长辈则以子孙使用自己的名字为荣，于是出现了类似查理一世、查理二世的称谓，以及爷孙同名的事来。3、称呼上的差异在非正式场合、平辈人中英两国人都喜欢相互以名字来称呼以示亲密。但在上下辈中的称呼上，就存在着较大的差异。在中国人中需要严守上下辈分的差别，对长辈要用尊称不能直呼其名；在英语国家中则不一定严格照此实行，在非正式场合中或双方关系较为密切的情况下，则常以名字来相互称呼，对父母、师长、领导、长辈等均是如此。常常出现对父母直呼其名的情况。在对亲戚的称呼中，中国人分得很细而英语国家则是较为粗略。例如：uncle一词的中文含义就有伯伯、叔叔、舅舅既有有血缘关系的也有无血缘关系的，是个统称。这与两个国家人民的家族观念有着很深的关系。此外，中国人喜欢以职务和身份来称呼，如王老师、老王等；而英语国家则不会如此，如王老师－M/Miss/Mrs Wang 而不叫Teacher Wang（但在我们初中人教版教材中就曾出现这种错误）。语言是一种工具，由于社会的发展必然出现一些新的词汇，而留心身边日常生活中出现的英语词汇是十分必要的。如：E-mail(电子邮件) teletext(图文电视)homepage(主页) mobile telephone(移动电话)……三、日常交谈规则习惯由于我们日常对语言的听说能力注重得还是不够，尤其是对某些词句在具体语境中如何运用仍没有引起足够的重视。故而在实际运用中常常出现使用了一些句子无论是从语法角度来说还是从语言角度来说并没什么问题的句子但却与英语国家的风俗习惯不相符或是想当然地套用一些母语的语言形式即通常所说的Chinese English，犯一些令人啼笑皆非的错误来。举几个例子来说明。例如：1、对赞扬和感谢的反应就存在着有趣的差异。中国人将自谦当作一种美德，因而在遇到外国人的赞扬与感谢时，外国人说：You did so 中国人的第一反应就是：Oh，或是Well，just so 而这一反应将引来赞美者的不快。正确的回答应是：Thank 2、电话的开场白上的差异Hello， this is May Is that Mary?这是英语中一个简单的电话开场白。中文意义为：您好，我是梅。你是玛丽吗？这里就不能简单地运用中文想当然地用上I am和Are you的句式。3、其他差异对于中国人来说纯粹属于自己的隐私似乎没有，而英国人却极为重视个人隐私。中国人见面喜欢问的年龄、收入、婚姻家庭状况等问题在英国人看来是让人极其恼火的事情。对于这种问题的答案往往是：It’s none of your (这不关你的事。)还有一些习惯用法。如：圣诞快乐应为Merry Christmas而不是Happy Christmas同样是快乐不能通用仅仅是因为习惯而已（初中英语沿海版教材中就曾出现这一错误）。当然，作为分析性语言的中文与作为综合性语言的英语在语法上还存在着相当大的差别。在这里就不详细说明了。（二）如何在教学中解决这些问题浅谈中英文化的差异的意义在于：由于存在差异，我们的母语－中文势必对我们学习英语产生一些负迁移作用，如何通过了解差异，在教学中 避免母语产生的负面影响提高学习效率？主要做好以下两点工作：首先，在搞好英语日常教学的基础上，有目的地在教学中渗透一些交际文化背景。可以让学生进行一些辅助性的课外阅读，或组织英语原声电影、录像、VCD的观看，运用网络，通过一些有声的无声的，有形的无形的，字面的形象的社会文化内涵渗透到学生心中，让学生尽可能地触摸到最原汁原味的英语世界。其次，为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会。在课堂上用纯英语教学，创造一些英语听说氛围。通过创造模拟情景，鼓励学生大胆开口实践，使学生身临其境反复练习，形成良好的英语语感，增强学生在实践中的应对能力。总之，在英语教学中忽视中英文化差异的教学将会直接影响到教学质量，影响学生交际应用能力的提高。唯有注重提高学生对语言背后所蕴含的文化背景、社会知识的了解，才能真正让学生在语言学习运用中立于不败之地。最终达到学习的目的。

欧洲文化论文2000字中文翻译版

我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问

1 十八、十九世纪奥斯曼帝国与欧洲文化交往研究 西北大学 2009 2 欧洲体育文化研究 北京体育大学 2006 3 论阿拉伯伊斯兰文化对欧洲文化的影响 上海外国语大学 2007 4 跨文化旅游视角下的赴藏区欧洲游客消费行为研究 西北师范大学 2009 5 欧洲一体化进程中的文化认同 上海师范大学 2009 6 欧洲一体化进程中政治文化因素的影响研究 西北大学 2010 7 跨文化视野下出境旅游行为研究 四川师范大学 2008 8 近现代文化艺术思潮影响下的欧洲城市景观艺术设计 江南大学 2007 9 浅析欧洲一体化进程中的欧洲文化认同 吉林大学 2008 10 论欧洲一体化进程中的政治文化认同 上海外国语大学 2007 ……东西农家，提供国内外论文、专利、电子图书检索服务。

具有了千年悠久历史的西方文化，和中国文化一样，显得博大精深，蕴含着极为丰富的内容。其中的以人为本，倡导理性、天职观念、公平竞争、注重法治、信守合同、现代管理等等思想，不仅对西方资本主义的市场经济形成、发展起到了重大的影响与积极的作用，而对中国社会主义市场经济的建立也不乏借鉴意义。在西方传统文化中，人本主义是首要的和受到人们首肯的价值观念。西方人普遍认为，个人利益是至高无上的，一切价值、权利和义务都来自个人，它强调个人的能动性、独立性，强调个人行动和个人利益。作为个人，应该具有独立性、责任心和自尊心，只有这样，个人才会受到关注和尊重。西方极端的个人主义与中国传统文化是格格不入的，也是今天我们在社会主义市场经济建设中应当防止的思潮，但西方文化中突出人在宇宙中的主体地位，强调人作为主体所具有尊严和价值。这种人本主义观念在反对封建专制、宗教蒙昧、个人崇拜和近代资本主义的发展中起过重要的历史作用，其中的一些思想因素对我们大有启迪意义。市场经济是以平等交换为基础的交换经济。参与交换活动的各方必须是具有主体地位的自由的个人和团体。西方人本主义价值观念中的自由、自尊、能动创造、超越现实等等，正是市场经济的思想前提，市场经济要求人的主体性，表现在他享有独立自主、自由抉择的权利。企业或个人生产什么、生产多少、何时生产，都以市场为导向，不依靠政府的计划和指标。这样，自由竞争局面才有可能出现，企业和个人的劳动积极性才能调动起来。西方人本主义主张自我奋斗、自我创新。西方人把通过个人的奋斗取得成就，看作是一种美德。个人奋斗意味着不依赖他人，自己掌握自己的命运。西方的青年人崇尚自立自强，长大以后就离开家庭，自立门户，走自我奋斗的道路。市场经济就需要一种自强、创新的精神。无论是新产品的开发，抑或新思路的形成，都需要个人的创新精神。一个处处依赖社会、父母、他人的人绝对成不了市场经济的弄潮儿。西方素以理性为传统。理性主义是西方文化的基本精神之一，它指的是强调理性、强调科学、强调逻辑推理与分析。西方伦理传统中，注重理性对情感的控制。市场经济与理性原则密切相连，它是以理性为基础的。西方经济学的预设前提，就是“人都是理性的”。建立在理性文化精神基础之上的西方企业管理，具有两个方面基本特征:一是依靠严格的规章制度，二是依靠严密的组织机构，强调对人、财、物的数量分析。这个科学管理思路正好可以弥补中国传统管理思想之不足。此外，在我国目前的市场经济建设中，吸收西方理性主义文化的因素，可以有效地促成经济个体寻求达到经济目标（利润最大化）的最佳手段，找到解决经济个体之间矛盾冲突的有效方式。西方的道德理性还能成为市场经济海洋中个体自我肯定、自我发展、自我完善的基本前提，有助于克服中国流行的经济短期行为。道德理性的主要特点，就在于它内在的创造性和超越性。它要求人不能仅仅满足于从外界索取现成的价值物和现有的生存状态，而且要不断地创造新事物，超越现状。道德理性在市场经济中分析个体和社会经济行为的合理性，抑制个体私欲的极度膨胀，协调个体与他人的社会关系。和中国古代一样，西方曾在古代中世纪很长的一段时期里，重农轻商思想占据主导地位。直到16世纪的宗教改革运动，教会对商业活动看法的改变和新教伦理的面世，为西方提供了一种大大有利于资本主义发展的伦理和经济气氛，西方资本主义才茁壮成长起来。宗教改革运动的发韧者马丁·路德在翻译《圣经》时，把《圣经》中“神的召唤”概念改造为“职业”概念，认为职业就是神的召唤，是上帝为人安排的终生任务。这种概念要求个人履行他在今生今世应完成的义务，即承担所谓的“天职”。它把世俗事务看成是个人从事的最崇高的道德活动，从而使世俗工作神圣化。每个人从事的职业都是神的召唤，所有职业是正当的。这样一来，人们对生活的目的有了一种全新的理解。人们不再消极地等待最后审判的来临，而是努力于自己所从事的职业。同时，它还要求人们抛弃人间的淫荡乐趣，通过辛勤工作，并取得事业的成功，为上帝争光。只有拼命工作的人， 才能取得上帝的恩典。上帝只帮助自助者。这就培养了人们爱岗敬业的踏实工作精神。宗教改革运动的另一代表人物加尔文认为，人的命运早已为上帝所注定，现世人的宝贵与贫贱，就是上帝的“选民”与“弃民”的标志。因此，他鼓励人们在现世生活中积极活动、发财致富，用成功的事实证明自己被上帝所“选中”。可见，加尔文主义并不是一种消极的宿命哲学，它在于倡导一种新行为道德。只有顽强奋斗、不畏艰苦与挫折，最终取得成功的人，才是上帝选中的人。这套理论为资产阶级所致力于的追求财富事业提供了一个强有力的理论根据。从此，人们才普遍地改变了对商业活动的看法，才真正赋予商业活动以道德意义。发财致富也不再是一种罪恶，而是被上帝“选中”的标志。到17世纪中后期，追求合理赢利已完全成为新教伦理的一项内容。合理赚钱成了经济、道义上的美德。在虔诚、严肃、勤俭、诚实等原则基础上，新教经济伦理逐渐形成。新经济伦理的确立，极大地推动了西方经济的发展。公正原则在西方有着悠久的历史。西方思想家十分强调公正，认为政府有义务扮演“分正使者”的角色。在目前中国发展社会主义市场经济条件下，中国已基本上摆脱了长期困扰人们的平均主义阴影。但面对着官倒、官员经商、部门垄断、脑体倒挂等等不公正现象，国民一再强烈呼吁政府创造出一个公平竞争的环境。公正原则成为中国人所关注的一个热点。因此吸取西方文化中的公正公平原则是十分必要和有益的。市场经济的正常运转必须条例公正原则。它既是判定市场经济能否存在的标准，也是从道德上维系市场中各利益关系的必不可少的纽带。其次，在市场机制下，贯彻公正原则，还有助于提高人们的积极性和生产效益，促进社会的稳定。公正原则既保证生产者得其应得，又拒绝官员的贪污腐败，将个人所得与其对社会的实际贡献相对应，做到奖勤罚懒，端掉“大锅饭”。另外，公正原则所体现出的优惠弱者思想，对于缩小目前已趋临界的贫富分化也有一定的积极意义。公正更是治疗“红眼病”的有效药剂。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分