美国文学论文英文版1500字数量

美国文学论文英文版1500字数量

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10， 1830 – May 15， 1886) was an American Dickinson was a prolific private poet， though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines， typically lack titles， and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality， two subjects which infused her letters to Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing， it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia， Emily's younger sister， discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd， both of whom heavily edited the A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H J Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century， critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American

也称为SMCR模型，S代表源的信息来源，M代表信息消息的收件人接收器上C-信道信道，R代表的代表。传播模式，全面的新理论，哲学，心理学，语言学，人类学，大众传播学，行为科学来解释传播过程中的不同元素。这种模式的传播过程中被分解成四个基本要素：源，信道和受传。贝洛模式的清晰的图像，实现其传播功能的条件，表明信息的传播，通过各种手段和渠道，和最后的结果是不是从该决定的某一部分的影响的信息来源，收件人和资讯传播过程中，但共同决定的信息源，信息通道和四部分组成，沟通过程，以及它们之间的关系，在传播过程中的每个部分由自身因素的收件人。 （1）来源的信息研究和信息源的因素如下： 传播技术信息源，是否说写入传播一定要注意的传播的方式，为了保持信息本身和有趣的真实性。通信技术，包括语言（如语言和言语技能的清晰度），文本（如文字写作能力），思想（如思维，小心），手势（如自然的动作），和面部表情（如作为现实）。 态度：传播者最喜欢的主题的沟通？是否有一个明确的目的传播？够了受传？ 知识的传播者，传播透彻的了解吗？是否有丰富的知识？社会系统：如何传播者的社会地位，影响力和威望？ 文化传播者的资格，经验和文化背景？ （2）的传播者 信息源受传，在两端的通信过程，但在沟通过程中，信息的来源 - 传播者更改所述旁通，旁路也可以成为传播者 - 信息源。受相同的传记因素的传播者，而且通信技术，态度，知识，社会制度和文化项目。 （3）信息 以下信息数量： 符号：语言，文字，图像，和音乐的影响因素。 ：所选的材料，以达到其目的的传播，包括组成和结构的信息。 处理：由符号和内容的选择和编排的“传播者”的决定。 渠道：信息传播的各种工具，如各种感觉器官，进行声，光，气，广播，报纸，杂志，广播，电影，电视，电话，记录，图片，图表等。在传播过程中，信息内容，符号，和治疗，会影响信道的选择。如适合用于语音传输的信息是什么？是适合视觉传播什么样的信息？什么样的信息适用于触摸，嗅觉，味觉传播的？ 贝洛奥里藏特的模型经常被用来解释教育传播过程中，教育和传播过程中，影响和决定的效率和有效性的教学信息通过多种因素影响的，复杂的，因素之间的相互联系，相互制约的。为了提高教育的传播的效果，这是必要的学习和研究的各种因素。贝洛模型通常是在图1-4的形式表示。贝洛奥里藏特模型，以教育传播研究提供了一些结构上的考虑，具有一定的指导研究变量的设计和决定。 贝洛奥里藏特的模式更适合解释教育传播过程中。人类活动的传播是非常广泛的，在所有的时间，传播，虽然有些教学活动，教学活动，他肯定是一种沟通。成为一个很好的沟通，并有效地传播知识，技能，教师和学生的思想和行为改变，你必须掌握沟通的理论和方法。 贝洛奥里藏特的传播方式是更适合的教学传播系统和结构的要素的研究和解释。该模式是现在经常被用来解释的过程中，教育传播，教育和传播过程的影响，效率和效益的教学信息传播的因素很多也很复杂，相互联系，相互制约的因素之一。

几年前，锻造铸造厂生产任务面临亏损困境的工厂分流减员，减员指令分配到每个车间，压缩淘汰制的员工。 6个仓库的员工，专属于女性工人，年龄在40岁以上，他们通常是团结，工作非常出色，一直被评为先进集体。得分和排名的得分，这6人的小型化指标分配到每个员工按照末位淘汰制的方法，五片，六被淘汰。 负责人动员大会，参加在车间后面，试图拿出一些时间来考虑太残忍了，它是不开放给员工。员工已经知道了，我们说，总有一个人去的，每个人票每人提一个多票的人谁离开。 所以发给每个人一张空白的纸，让我们写的负责人将被淘汰，“最后一个”，是要走的路第六个人的名字。看到开放的六张11头6个不同的名字，原来，每个员工写自己的名字，自己的六。因此，仓库“最后一个”，直到规定的截止日期还没有出来。与此同时，厂部已收到的6名工人辞职报告。在这个过程中，他的辞职的6名员工。 6名员工，但是，并没有各奔东西，在辞职后的第二天，所有一起，共谋出路。思来想去，我们有没有其他的专业，但作为一个家庭主妇，买菜做饭每日的功课，我们决定从最熟悉的工作，做一个小吃店。 像原来在厂里工作，团结和合作，不计较，肯吃苦，小吃店越来越多，规模越来越大，然后有一天，实际上与原来的宅子里合并到了崩溃的边缘。 。几年后，已经发展成为一个连锁餐厅。 在谈到为什么“6”六女工作人员说，无非是想证明，改革并不总是反映在无情的人之间的竞争。 有时，优惠，也许是更积极进取。 1，写了下面的话：（）团结起来，共同努力的边缘（）（）是没有超过（） 2末位淘汰制，“说文的同义字， “什么？本次研讨会末位淘汰制是为什么没有成功呢？ 3，我们为什么要辞职呢？ 4，辞职后的第二天，我们聚在一起，他们会说些什么呢？请写他们讲一两句话来平均： 5，请谈谈你的理解，最后一句的一篇文章的例子。 最佳答案 1，很长一段时间，一，面临着;。 2，“末位淘汰制”：每个数据包被裁员一条沟，消除民主投票后，得票最多的。只有六人是因为本次研讨会，他们非常团结，无私的。投票结束后，每个人的选票数是一体的，不能决定谁下岗。 3，因为6个人觉得：下岗，失去的是生命的源泉，但必须去一个人没有人熊看到其中的任何一个处于失业状态，而自己在生活中是安全的。六人一起工作了这么多年的感情，所以他们决定辞职。 4，他们聚在一起讨论未来的方式，其主要观点是：不能等着饿，该名男子在厂子里的泰山移，反弹前于一体，将能够养活自己的家庭，我们一个非技术性的，无关的，只有厨师，决定开一家餐馆。 5，在厂子里，导演说了算，可以说，命运掌握在别人手里，无论多么积极努力，效果并不明显。自己创业自己说了算，可谓树，冬瓜，播种，积极进取，效果是明显的。 无法移动时，第一种情况下，考虑到后者可以描述为出路的又一个春天。

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

美国文学论文英文版1500字数量是多少

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

也称为SMCR模型，S代表源的信息来源，M代表信息消息的收件人接收器上C-信道信道，R代表的代表。传播模式，全面的新理论，哲学，心理学，语言学，人类学，大众传播学，行为科学来解释传播过程中的不同元素。这种模式的传播过程中被分解成四个基本要素：源，信道和受传。贝洛模式的清晰的图像，实现其传播功能的条件，表明信息的传播，通过各种手段和渠道，和最后的结果是不是从该决定的某一部分的影响的信息来源，收件人和资讯传播过程中，但共同决定的信息源，信息通道和四部分组成，沟通过程，以及它们之间的关系，在传播过程中的每个部分由自身因素的收件人。 （1）来源的信息研究和信息源的因素如下： 传播技术信息源，是否说写入传播一定要注意的传播的方式，为了保持信息本身和有趣的真实性。通信技术，包括语言（如语言和言语技能的清晰度），文本（如文字写作能力），思想（如思维，小心），手势（如自然的动作），和面部表情（如作为现实）。 态度：传播者最喜欢的主题的沟通？是否有一个明确的目的传播？够了受传？ 知识的传播者，传播透彻的了解吗？是否有丰富的知识？社会系统：如何传播者的社会地位，影响力和威望？ 文化传播者的资格，经验和文化背景？ （2）的传播者 信息源受传，在两端的通信过程，但在沟通过程中，信息的来源 - 传播者更改所述旁通，旁路也可以成为传播者 - 信息源。受相同的传记因素的传播者，而且通信技术，态度，知识，社会制度和文化项目。 （3）信息 以下信息数量： 符号：语言，文字，图像，和音乐的影响因素。 ：所选的材料，以达到其目的的传播，包括组成和结构的信息。 处理：由符号和内容的选择和编排的“传播者”的决定。 渠道：信息传播的各种工具，如各种感觉器官，进行声，光，气，广播，报纸，杂志，广播，电影，电视，电话，记录，图片，图表等。在传播过程中，信息内容，符号，和治疗，会影响信道的选择。如适合用于语音传输的信息是什么？是适合视觉传播什么样的信息？什么样的信息适用于触摸，嗅觉，味觉传播的？ 贝洛奥里藏特的模型经常被用来解释教育传播过程中，教育和传播过程中，影响和决定的效率和有效性的教学信息通过多种因素影响的，复杂的，因素之间的相互联系，相互制约的。为了提高教育的传播的效果，这是必要的学习和研究的各种因素。贝洛模型通常是在图1-4的形式表示。贝洛奥里藏特模型，以教育传播研究提供了一些结构上的考虑，具有一定的指导研究变量的设计和决定。 贝洛奥里藏特的模式更适合解释教育传播过程中。人类活动的传播是非常广泛的，在所有的时间，传播，虽然有些教学活动，教学活动，他肯定是一种沟通。成为一个很好的沟通，并有效地传播知识，技能，教师和学生的思想和行为改变，你必须掌握沟通的理论和方法。 贝洛奥里藏特的传播方式是更适合的教学传播系统和结构的要素的研究和解释。该模式是现在经常被用来解释的过程中，教育传播，教育和传播过程的影响，效率和效益的教学信息传播的因素很多也很复杂，相互联系，相互制约的因素之一。

几年前，锻造铸造厂生产任务面临亏损困境的工厂分流减员，减员指令分配到每个车间，压缩淘汰制的员工。 6个仓库的员工，专属于女性工人，年龄在40岁以上，他们通常是团结，工作非常出色，一直被评为先进集体。得分和排名的得分，这6人的小型化指标分配到每个员工按照末位淘汰制的方法，五片，六被淘汰。 负责人动员大会，参加在车间后面，试图拿出一些时间来考虑太残忍了，它是不开放给员工。员工已经知道了，我们说，总有一个人去的，每个人票每人提一个多票的人谁离开。 所以发给每个人一张空白的纸，让我们写的负责人将被淘汰，“最后一个”，是要走的路第六个人的名字。看到开放的六张11头6个不同的名字，原来，每个员工写自己的名字，自己的六。因此，仓库“最后一个”，直到规定的截止日期还没有出来。与此同时，厂部已收到的6名工人辞职报告。在这个过程中，他的辞职的6名员工。 6名员工，但是，并没有各奔东西，在辞职后的第二天，所有一起，共谋出路。思来想去，我们有没有其他的专业，但作为一个家庭主妇，买菜做饭每日的功课，我们决定从最熟悉的工作，做一个小吃店。 像原来在厂里工作，团结和合作，不计较，肯吃苦，小吃店越来越多，规模越来越大，然后有一天，实际上与原来的宅子里合并到了崩溃的边缘。 。几年后，已经发展成为一个连锁餐厅。 在谈到为什么“6”六女工作人员说，无非是想证明，改革并不总是反映在无情的人之间的竞争。 有时，优惠，也许是更积极进取。 1，写了下面的话：（）团结起来，共同努力的边缘（）（）是没有超过（） 2末位淘汰制，“说文的同义字， “什么？本次研讨会末位淘汰制是为什么没有成功呢？ 3，我们为什么要辞职呢？ 4，辞职后的第二天，我们聚在一起，他们会说些什么呢？请写他们讲一两句话来平均： 5，请谈谈你的理解，最后一句的一篇文章的例子。 最佳答案 1，很长一段时间，一，面临着;。 2，“末位淘汰制”：每个数据包被裁员一条沟，消除民主投票后，得票最多的。只有六人是因为本次研讨会，他们非常团结，无私的。投票结束后，每个人的选票数是一体的，不能决定谁下岗。 3，因为6个人觉得：下岗，失去的是生命的源泉，但必须去一个人没有人熊看到其中的任何一个处于失业状态，而自己在生活中是安全的。六人一起工作了这么多年的感情，所以他们决定辞职。 4，他们聚在一起讨论未来的方式，其主要观点是：不能等着饿，该名男子在厂子里的泰山移，反弹前于一体，将能够养活自己的家庭，我们一个非技术性的，无关的，只有厨师，决定开一家餐馆。 5，在厂子里，导演说了算，可以说，命运掌握在别人手里，无论多么积极努力，效果并不明显。自己创业自己说了算，可谓树，冬瓜，播种，积极进取，效果是明显的。 无法移动时，第一种情况下，考虑到后者可以描述为出路的又一个春天。

你可以从以下几个方面着手：•the difference between the United Kingdom， Great Britain， and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England， Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain， which is part of the United K • The UK includes England， Wales， Scotland， and Northern I E Wales， Scotland， and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud， independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive， hardworking， serious-minded and cautious with (In the past， they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America， Canada， Australia， South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages， the Popes was extremely In the 16th century， some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th， Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain， Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God， and his teaching is contained in the Bible， the holy book of C In Europe， Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church， Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today， since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today， because far from being public， public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel， the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government， the armed forces， the church， t he universities， the professions， and even in They say， this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England， parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton， Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools， they are private elementary schools in Britain， which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen， the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， since its main target is not the “eleven plus，” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13， for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly， their perfect system， their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools， and ，many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly， many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government， in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly， all public schools too， except a few of recognized standard， are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews， Glasgow， Aberdeen， and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction， which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody， and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course， successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure， as far as it can， that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment， old age， sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed， or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work， and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first， but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family， nothing is paid， but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their

美国文学论文英文版800字数量

你可以从以下几个方面着手：•the difference between the United Kingdom， Great Britain， and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England， Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain， which is part of the United K • The UK includes England， Wales， Scotland， and Northern I E Wales， Scotland， and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud， independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive， hardworking， serious-minded and cautious with (In the past， they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America， Canada， Australia， South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages， the Popes was extremely In the 16th century， some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th， Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain， Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God， and his teaching is contained in the Bible， the holy book of C In Europe， Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church， Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today， since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today， because far from being public， public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel， the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government， the armed forces， the church， t he universities， the professions， and even in They say， this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England， parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton， Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools， they are private elementary schools in Britain， which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen， the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， since its main target is not the “eleven plus，” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13， for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly， their perfect system， their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools， and ，many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly， many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government， in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly， all public schools too， except a few of recognized standard， are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews， Glasgow， Aberdeen， and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction， which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody， and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course， successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure， as far as it can， that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment， old age， sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed， or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work， and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first， but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family， nothing is paid， but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10， 1830 – May 15， 1886) was an American Dickinson was a prolific private poet， though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines， typically lack titles， and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality， two subjects which infused her letters to Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing， it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia， Emily's younger sister， discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd， both of whom heavily edited the A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H J Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century， critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

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已发送，请查收，一个txt文档英文论文-文学类例文Abstract: Robinson Crusoe is a legendary person created by Daniel D He survived on a lonely island for twenty-eight years with his amazing And finally he overcame the adversity and created the splendor of his own When he was confronting adversity， he knew to lose is another way to gain， and he made plans for his future He did everything according to certain And he never gave Nowadays， people live in a better Nobody would have the experiences like Robinson’s， but people may come across some difficulty or When they are confronting the adversity， they should adjust their attitudes， make plans for the future actively， be good at bringing forth new ideas in adversity， and never give up the hope to get out of it， struggle against it indomitably like Robinson C Eventually they will get out of the adversity， and create the splendor of their own Key Words: adversity; hope; innovation; perseverance; splendorIntroductionIt is well known that Robinson Crusoe is a great character by Daniel D Though Robinson is a fictitious great person， he tells people the truth that we should confront the adversity Robinson Crusoe’s life is full of He was born in a good family in the city of Y Owing to his rambling thoughts about going to the sea， he broke loose to be a sailor against his parents’ Unfortunately， he was caught by the Morning and became a slave at the African Because of the unbearable life， he escaped from his Patron in a Then he was saved by a And he was sent to Brazils He became rich by But when some one suggested going to the sea to buy and sell Negroes， he surrendered himself to his dream Then he stepped on his way to navigation to A On the way there， they were caught in a violent storm， which brought death to everyone except R He was driven by the current and drifted to an island and was Since then he began his life on the

American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial A For more specific discussions of poetry and theater， see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United SOverviewDuring its early history， America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United S Therefore， its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English However， unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and Colonial literatureSome of the earliest forms of American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist John Smith of Jamestown could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The General Historie of Virginia， New England， and the Summer Isles (1624) Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton， Thomas Ashe， William Penn， George Percy， William Strachey， John Hammond， Daniel Coxe， Gabriel Thomas， and John LThe religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay C Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower's Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford， author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation， 1620– Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church Some poetry also Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are especially Michael Wigglesworth wrote a best-selling poem， The Day of Doom， describing the time of Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel Other early writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians， as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin， Alexander Whitaker， John Mason， Benjamin Church， and Mary R John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening， a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict C Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker， Thomas Shepard， Uriah Oakes， John Wise， and Samuel W Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall， Sarah Kemble Knight， and William BThe revolutionary period also contained political writings， including those by colonists Samuel Adams， Josiah Quincy， John Dickinson， and Joseph Galloway， a loyalist to the Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas P Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the During the revolution itself， poems and songs such as "Yankee Doodle" and "Nathan Hale" were Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis H Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war's Early US literatureIn the post-war period， The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton， James Madison， and John Jay prepresented a historical discussion of government organization and republican Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence， his influence on the Constitution， his autobiography， the Notes on the State of Virginia， and the mass of his letters have led to him being considered one of the most talented early American Fisher Ames， James Otis， and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and The first American novel is sometimes considered to be William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as For example， Wieland and other novels by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) are often seen as imitations of the Gothic novels then being written in EUnique American styleWith the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American work， a number of key new literary figures appeared， perhaps most prominently Washington Irving， William Cullen Bryant， James Fenimore Cooper， and Edgar Allan P Irving， often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style (although this is debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the well-known satire A History of New York， by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry， which evolved away from their European In 1835， Poe began writing short stories -- including The Masque of the Red Death， The Pit and the Pendulum， The Fall of the House of Usher， and The Murders in the Rue Morgue -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and Cooper's Leatherstocking tales about Natty Bumppo were popular both in the new country and Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett， Augustus Baldwin Longstreet， Johnson J Hooper， Thomas Bangs Thorpe， Joseph G Baldwin， and George Washington Harris writing about the American The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge， M The core included James Russell Lowell， Henry Wadsworth Longfellow， and Oliver Wendell Holmes， SIn 1836， Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)， an ex-minister， published a startling nonfiction work called Nature， in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him， forming a movement known as Transcendentalism， but also the public， who heard him Emerson's most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)， a resolute After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond， Thoreau wrote Walden， a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott， Margaret Fuller， George Ripley， Orestes Brownson， and Jones VThe political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator， along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom's CIn 1837， the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales， a volume rich in symbolism and occult Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances，" quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt， pride， and emotional repression in his native New E His masterpiece， The Scarlet Letter， is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819-1891)， who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic Inspired by Hawthorne's example， Melville went on to write novels rich in philosophical In Moby Dick， an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession， the nature of evil， and human struggle against the In another fine work， the short novel Billy Budd， Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of His more profound books sold poorly， and he had been long forgotten by the time of his He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th Anti-transcendental works from Melville， Hawthorne， and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this

美国历史论文1500字数量

看是什么内容的了，．．．．

礼让文化　　美国是个竞争激烈的国家，生活节奏快，工作压力大，由此引发了不少社会问题。电 影和新闻中的美国经常与暴力事件联系在一起，让人感到这是个不安全的国家。然而到 了最能代表美国人典型生存状态的中小城市，我却发现自己置身于分外安宁的世界，人 对人的友好让我仿佛进入了世外桃源。构成美国人日常生活主旋律的实际上不是争斗和 暴力，而是礼让。　　我用礼让这个词表达双重的意思：礼貌和避让。美国人的礼貌体现在日常生活的各个 方面：在小区里见面，不管认识与否，必打招呼(早晨好，下午好，晚上好等)，打电话 和见面时总是甜蜜地寒暄(他们习惯于甜言蜜语)，在公共活动中相遇至少要点头致意， 与他人说话时要尽可能专注地注视对方，等等。而且这种礼貌一般都要通过语言表达出 来，仅仅通过微笑来示意是不行的。刚到美国时，我不习惯于与陌生人打招呼，总是以 微笑代替寒暄，很快就发现美国人对我的微笑没有反应，只好开口说话，逐渐适应了这 种时时需要以语言向他人致意的生活方式。　　与礼貌对应的是美国人相互礼让的日常生活习惯。在超市里人们总是自觉地不挡住别 人的路，如果有人要从你身边走过的话，他几乎必定要说“Excuse me”(对不起)。不 说任何话而硬从他人身边走过会被视为极不文明的举动。礼让文化最多地体现在路上： 行人与机动车互不相让在发展中国家(自然包括咱中国)是普遍现象，但在美国我却从未 看到。美国人开车时总是左右张望，到了路口都要停下来，确定没有行人和其它车辆后 才缓缓驶过。要是恰好有行人走过路口，司机都会耐心等待，等行人走过后，才继续前 行。行人有时也有让汽车先走的意思，但开车的人几乎百分之百地挥手示意行人先走。 有一次我走过某个没红灯的路口，看见有汽车正要驶过，便示意汽车先走，司机看见我 在等待，连忙将车倒回数米，挥手让我先行。在一些文明程度高的小城市，通常开车的 人会在离行人十几米远甚至二十几米远处就停车了。汽车让行人是美国的规矩，据说是 写在交通法规中的，违反者要受到严厉的处罚。美国的开车人不仅避让行人，而且要相 互避让。两辆车相遇时，司机通常要相互挥手，示意对方先走。这种路上的礼让文明令 不少来访的中国人惊叹不已。中国虽然有儒家的礼让文化，但这礼让必须服从等级秩序 ，所以，总是等级低的人礼让等级高的人。开轿车的人在中国不是属于有权阶层，就是 先富起来者，避让行人对于他们来说是不符合登记秩序的。有的地方还制定了所谓“撞 死了白撞”的法律，以为此乃现代化的标志。这些规则的制定者可能没有想到在最为现 代化的美国，礼让第一是公民必须遵守的道德法则，也是公民在日常生活中的习惯。所 以，我觉得追求现代化的中国人应该认真地学习美国的礼让文化。　　礼让意味着对他人的尊重，是对他人权利的承认，也是自己已经成长为个体的标志— —它意味着你已经有对他人负责的能力。个体的权利意识和责任意识是礼让文化的基础 ，也是美国人现代意识的核心。它造就的是每个人的生活空间都得到尊重的公共文化。 这种礼让精神是目前大多数中国人所不具有的，所以，在足够深的层次上理解美国的礼 让文化对中国的现代化必有裨益。　　助人文化　　我所见到的绝大多数美国人不但非常有礼貌，而且十分乐于助人。到美国第二天，我 去超市购物，但不知道超市的确切地址，正在附近寻觅时，一位美国小伙子走了过来， 很有礼貌地问：“你好像在寻找什么?”我问：“超市在哪里?”小伙子满脸笑容地指点 到：“就在那儿!”从他的表情可以看出，他为自己能帮助一个异乡人而感到非常高兴 。　　我在美国曾有几次迷路的经历，在问路的过程中更真切地体验到了美国的助人文化。 当我向一个女公交汽车司机问路时，她甚至停下了本职工作，专注地为我查地图，用几 分钟的时间为我找应该走的道路。我下车走向正确方向的过程中，她在车上不断挥手向 我指点方向，直到确信我走对了路，才开车离去。美国大多数城市的大街上都行人稀少 ，有时候整条道路上都没有行人，问路并不是件容易的事，但只要遇到了其他人，他们 必然认真地为你指路，其热情和真诚常常令人感动。　　美国的助人文化与中国有很大的不同：助人者通常不会妨碍被帮助者的自由，并且尽 可能地不涉及金钱。我的房东莎丽是个七十多岁的老太太，人很善良，她见我没有汽车 ，几次带我外出办事。每次她决定让我搭车时，总会礼貌地问：“王博士，我不知道你 有没有空?如果有空，可以搭我的车出去，反正我要去办事。”实际上到了目的地后， 我发现她并没有自己的事要做，她这样说是为了让我这个被帮助者没有心理负担。她让 我搭她的车，本是为了我的方便，但她却认为帮人做事也要征得对方的同意。这正是美 国精神的体现，助人固然重要，但更重要的是尊重他人的自由。美国的助人文化是以个 人主义为基础的，所提倡的是一个独立个体对另一个独立个体的帮助，助人者的自由和 被帮助者的自由在这个过程中都必须获得尊重。这与东方群体主义的助人文化有根本的 不同。　　对财产权的尊重使得美国的助人文化有着鲜明的资本主义品格：帮助人通常以不涉及 金钱为原则，在涉及金钱时一定要订立合约，被帮助者或者要以某种方式偿付所涉及的 金钱，或者要有明确的感谢方式。但是一些在美国的华人则超越了这个原则，为美国的 助人文化增添了东方风格。洛杉矶有个在华人圈中影响很大的企业家曾庆华，便以无私 助人而著称。只要中国的来访者到了那里，不管多晚，只要给他打个电话，他总会去接 送。在华人知识分子聚会时，他常常担当司机的角色，接送年长者和来访者。他的资产 并不十分雄厚，但却常常向华人文化基金会和华人学者捐赠，并且不求回报。我与他有 过几次深谈，知道他的助人主义除了受基督教影响外，更源于儒家文化对仁、义、忠、 诚的提倡。由于他早已加入美国籍，所以，我把他的助人行动也当作美国助人文化的一 部分。虽然这种超越金钱原则的助人文化在美国还不是主流，但我从中看到了令人振奋 的东西。这是华人对美国助人文化的独特贡献。　　感恩文化　　在许多中国人的想象中存在着一个声色犬马的美国，不少人甚至是带着对艳遇和狂欢 的期待到美国的，但是到了美国以后他们会失望地发现美国人大多十分严肃和保守。嬉 皮士、崩克、垮掉分子已经集体退向历史深处，代替他们的是中规中矩的当代美国人。 这与基督教文化在美国的主流地位有因果关系。美国人大多数都是基督徒，对于神、世 界、他人的感恩情怀支配着他们的日常生活方式。　　基督教强调人的幸福源于神的恩典，所以，人应该对神和神所创造的世界怀有感恩之 心。这种思想对美国人的影响是决定性的。美国人的集体活动无论规模大小，基本都有 短暂的感恩仪式。主持者是牧师、召集人、与会者中最有声望的人。感恩辞有一定的模 式，但具体内容由主持人现场创造，参会者则与主持人一起朗诵或默念感恩辞。大体内 容是感谢神赐予我们丰饶的食物、相遇的机缘、幸福的生活，愿神的恩典永远与我们同 在。我在美国参加的大部分活动都有一种感恩的氛围，美国人对此是非常认真和虔诚的 。美国式的个人主义并不像我们想象的那样造就出原子般孤独的个人，因为对神、世界 、他人的感恩意识使美国人的个人主义中蕴涵着一种以神为中心的集体主义。每个人都 是感恩者和感恩的对象，是与神圣存在和他人联结着的个体，所以，感恩文化实际上是 以个人为基本单位和现世目的的群体文化。　　感恩文化体现在美国人生活的各个方面。对神的感恩意味着对他人的感恩，因为在他 人身上体现着神的爱。“Thank you”(谢谢您)是美国人最常说的话之一，而被感谢者 总要以“You are welcome”(意思比“不用谢”多，包含着对感谢者的肯定)。甚至许 多夫妻在日常生活中也不断说“Thank you”和“You are welcome”，这在中国人看来 既没必要(夫妻间何必如此客气)，又过于程式化(干吗总用一种方式表达谢意)，但由此 可以看出感恩文化在美国是多么深入人心。在美国，你对他人的感恩之情是必须说出来 的，这是一种诉诸语言的感恩文化(大概是因为上帝是通过话语创造世界的，西方人总 是努力把一切都变成话语)，不将自己的感恩之情化为语言会显得很没有礼貌，在公共 场所中更是如此。顾客在美国不会被当作上帝(将人比作上帝是对神的不敬)，但却会实 实在在地是感恩的对象。你购买了商家的货品，既为商家带来了利润，也为政府纳了税 (在美国买东西均要上税)，自然是感恩的对象，所以，商店的雇员一定会说“感谢你” 和“祝你今天一切好”之类的感恩之语(中国的商家也开始引入感恩文化)。我这次在美 国演讲完后，大多数前来听讲的人(其中不少是大名鼎鼎的学者)都与我握手致谢。我知 道他们不一定从我尚显笨拙的英语中获得多少享受，但他们认为我既然付出了劳动与诚 意，就应该感谢我。这种感谢看似程式化，但却是完全真诚的。　　美国的感恩文化将基督教思想与现代社会对个人的尊重结合起来。它将神圣存在、他 人、自我在日常生活中联结为整体，乃是终极关怀和世俗关怀的统一。美国的现代化获 得了巨大的成功，原因固然很多，但感恩文化所起的作用是不可替代的。中国要实现现 代化乃至后现代化，也应该建立和弘扬自己的感恩文化，以让个体主义有更深厚的根基 。　　我在这里所说的是占主流地位的美国日常文化。它在居民文化水准和生活水准比较高 的中小城市表现得比较纯粹。在穷人和外来人口较多的大城市，上述四种日常文化虽然 仍存在，但却被复杂的语境所弱化了。通常我们所说的美国病作为文化现象和社会现象 主要存在于这些大城市中。由于美国人的生活重心已经完成了从大城市向中小城市的位 移，所以，本文所说的四种日常文化乃是美国民间文化的主流。理解这一点对理解美国 文化非常重要。

写美国的三权分立吧或者议会与人大的比较，都可以写的很深刻

用武力实现扩张并攫取经济利益。把美国崛起的原因写下来。任何一个国家的崛起都不是偶然的，美国也不例外。以美国一贯的经济创新能力，维持现有的、相对稳定的国际秩序和商业环境，对于美国的重要性，远远高于“用武力实现扩张并攫取经济利益”。还有一个很重要的原因就是美国的制度，最早确立的共和制，并用宪法确保其稳定，确保了美国的长治久安。