中英饮食文化差异英语论文选题怎么写

中英饮食文化差异英语论文选题怎么写

就是论文意义。饮食的重要性，中西饮食的差异性，其对中西文化的代表性意义这几个方面就行了。还有就是你的文献在这方面比较充足，列举几个，就行了。合适采纳啊

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

Diet Culture difference between China and America中美饮食文化的差异The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike， where everyone has their own plate of food， in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host， be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends， they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite， then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people， five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion， there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes， like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses， hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out， which is followed by the starchy "staple" food， which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last， but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes， you should say so early

中英饮食文化差异英语论文选题

提供一些英语专业毕业论文在中西文化差异方面的论文选题，供参考。中西节日文化差异中西饮食文化的差异中西方人际关系交往中的差异分析浅析中西方社会对人格塑造的影响中西方餐桌文化论中英谚语文化差异通过日常生活看西方人的思维方式与我们的不同中美酒文化的比较比较中西文化中对时间概念的不同理解西方人的文化理念与中国人的异同中西方教育体制的差异中英思维模式比较分析中西方幼儿教育的异同中西方寒暄语的不同浅析中西方性观念异同

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract， such as differences everywhere， from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First， in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense， the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries， often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar， red font used these days， therefore， red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words， translated into English， may not necessarily use the "red" for example: 　 brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English， yellow can be said that the "timid， cowardly， despicable，" meaning， for example: a yellow dog despicable， cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar， vulgar and obscene， indecent indecency means， such as yellow film， erotica， yellow CD， and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However， in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese， such as the blue jokes (dirty joke)， blue films (yellow film) Second， the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all， in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative， like excitement， more old-fashioned thinking， so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower， they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet， Jiao Mei's father， the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom， the bride's father， daughter to the groom's hand on hand， her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom， all eyes followed the couple， filled with well-being in their Second， the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist， but the West is mainly C Therefore， the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is， the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：　红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

Western novels in comparison First， Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times， science developed， out of fear of nature， the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God"， describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified， that is China opened the world's Pan story， the story of San Juan Five Emperors， the West Greek mythology， Roman mythology， Norse mythology， and so on are all typical East and West， the original novel， is closely linked with the history， as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable， the Han dynasty in the history books， biographies， the Wei and Jin Zhi， Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon， "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic"， in ancient Greece， "Homer's epic，" "Aesop's Fables "And so on， fall into this category， fiction， novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction， it is still not the literary creation， directly from the private collection record， so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple， writing rough Ban Gu said， "On the Street Lane words， hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty， the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed， the author's ideas are more open， the legend came into being at this time， Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan"， Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret，" Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on， are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent， not just the history of the nature of things， but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline， which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"， "Outlaws of the Marsh"， "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known， there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment， it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process， the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus"， it was an open and ordinary life on the road， the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices， and gradually out a new Western novels， is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West， 14， the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control， 15， appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels， is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron"， Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical， elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge， enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels， of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust"， the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on， this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century， romantic fiction， realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels， such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris"， Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on， imaginative， unusual ideas， language and imaginative， strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life， and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens， France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society， the dark， in-depth criticism of the reality of evil， France Balzac and Maupassant， the United Kingdom of Charlotte， Bronte， Russia's Tolstoy， Dostoevsky， the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today， the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second， the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel， the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1， the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters， language and the details of the description， in contradiction to the conflict to display the images， but the character of a single， small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description， stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind， good at writing full， the changes in the strong sense of the main Again， "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts， but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent， and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character， but Jane Eyre's character is the brave， strong， warm， kind-hearted， and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short， people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2， China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns， the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous， magnificent anomaly， rigorous and clever， dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular， undulating waves， Cuoluoyouzhi， careful structure， an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions"， everywhere She Fu， Hui turning point， the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works， although there are many， but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3， concise and lively Chinese language novel， rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language， at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose， often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge， involve the community in many ways， so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics， and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4， Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult， Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame， so many great writers living， creating the conditions are not covered， many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow， and many talented writers were forced to church services， wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third， Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty， China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system， the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course， due to historical reasons， the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day， the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm， although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent， but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future， the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate， develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election，" Zhang Zhong， such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中英饮食文化差异英语论文题目怎么写

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

Diet Culture difference between China and America中美饮食文化的差异The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike， where everyone has their own plate of food， in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody If you are being treated by a Chinese host， be prepared for a ton of Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of Among friends， they will just order enough for the people If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite， then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( four people， five dishes) If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion， there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to A typical meal starts with some cold dishes， like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with These are followed by the main courses， hot meat and vegetable Finally soup is brought out， which is followed by the starchy "staple" food， which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last， but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes， you should say so early

中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异，在两种不同的文化背景下，中西方饮食习俗，不论在其观念、性质，还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面，所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验，提出以下几点看法，以供参考。　　1、中西饮食观念的差异　　历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史，创造了无数的灿烂文明，在这种文化蕴藏中，使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系，各有特点，但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂，口味、菜式多种多样，令人惊叹。　　西方以欧美为代表，其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪，欧洲文化已十分完善，在此期间，旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为：主食以面粉为主，原料也较为丰富，制作方法较中国简单，但同时也十分注重口味。　　由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则，进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。　　中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味，其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻，都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味，但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提，一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想，特别强调养生、减肥，从而追求清淡少油，强调采用新鲜原料，强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道，所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。　　2、中西饮食对象的差异　　西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。　　据西方植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多6倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。　　西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。　　3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同　　中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席；筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。　　在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”　　在礼仪方面，中西两者更显不同。在中国古代，在用餐过程中，就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载：“共食不饱，共饭不择手，毋放饭，……毋固获，毋扬饭，……卒食，客自前跪，撒饭齐以授相者，主人辞于客，然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是：大家共同吃饭时，不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭，必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里，不要专占着食物，也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后，客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟，交给主人，主人跟着起身，请客人不要劳动，然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上，主人一般只给客人夹一次菜，其余由客人自主食用：若客人不要，也不便硬让人家再吃，也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时，也不要发出响声，但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话，只能与邻座的交谈，不要与距离远的人交谈。　　4、中西饮食性质的差异　　饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。　　中西方饮食文化差异是明显的，而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快，中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合，在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性；西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。

中文 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。 ENGLISH Center the western diet way has very greatly differently， thiskind of difference is also influential to the national InChina， any banquet， no matter is any goal， all only can have one kindof form， is everybody sits in a circle all round， The banquetmust use the round table， this formally has created one kind ofunity， politeness， altogether the interest The delicacydelicacies put on table of people's centers， it not only is the objectwhich table of people appreciates， tastes， also is a table of peoplesentiments exchange The people mutually propose a toast，mutually offer food to a guest， urge the vegetable， in front of thehappy thing， has manifested the moral excellence which between thepeople mutually respects， gives precedence out of Althoughlooked from the hygienic angle， this diet way has the obviousdeficiency， but it conforms to our nationality "the happy ending" theuniversal point of view， had reflected in the Chinese classicalphilosophy "and" this category to the descendant thought influence， isadvantageous for the collective emotion exchange， thus until now withdifficulty Western-style banquets， food and liquor although count for much， butin fact that takes the set- The banquet core lies in thefriendship， through with the adjacent seat visitor's betweenconversation， achieves the friendship the If and the danceresembles the banquet friendship compared to， then may say， theChinese type banquet is just like is a group dance， but thewestern-style banquet is just like is men's and women's Thus it can be seen， the Chinese type banquet and thewestern-style banquet friendship goal very is all obvious， onlyChinese type banquet more terrains now complete meal friendship， butthe western-style banquet manifests much between the neighboringguest's Is the western popular buffet is more obviouswhich with the Chinese diet way This law is: Will possessfood 11 to exhibit， everybody 各取所需， will not need to fix onthe seat eats， takes a walk the freedom， this way will be advantageousfor between individual emotion exchange， will not will certainly allspeeches to suspend on the tabletop， also has displayed the westernperson to the individuality， to the self- But respectivelyeats each， mutually did not harass， lacks some Chinese to chat thehappy altogether happy affective Therefore， in the final analysis or between perceptual and But， this kind of difference as if in the fuzziness whichchanges along with the science More and more many Chineseby no longer only pay great attention to the vegetable the color， thefragrance， the taste， but paid great attention to its health and In has experienced after in particular the non- Also， the people because of the more and more busy work， thought theChinese meal starts too troubles， was inferior to Hamburg facilitatesand so Then the difference not too was also distinct in the

中英饮食文化差异英语论文题目

A Comparative Study on the Food ahd Drink Cultures between North and South C 还要附加学历，有木搞错。。。我要是虚报呢。。。本科，偶是个诚实的孩纸。。。

檫，我今年也是这题目

Cultural Differences between China and the WestThere is a book named the world is That is to say， we are not totally separate from the west now and communication between China and the rest of the world is more and more Long time after the communication， we feel that there are many differences between chinese and the west，which is more obvious in custom，education and… In China ，people like to drink tea while the western prefer to coffee When chinese beat ahout the bush just in order to say a simple thing ， the westren will reply They often answer with words like "sure""yeah" hey are a warm but easy-doing They don't think it is a impolite Western students enjoy a seemingly relaxed educational Besides the relatively simple learning tasks， they enjoy the abudant extracurricular This， however， is not the case for students in China， who face crushing workloads and are often disciplined by school and parents to get a high grade Althongh， there are so many differences between China and the west， we don't fret over it， but remember that we should do in the Roman way when in R In other words， what we should do is to spend time to adjust to

提供一些英语专业毕业论文在中西文化差异方面的论文选题，供参考。中西节日文化差异中西饮食文化的差异中西方人际关系交往中的差异分析浅析中西方社会对人格塑造的影响中西方餐桌文化论中英谚语文化差异通过日常生活看西方人的思维方式与我们的不同中美酒文化的比较比较中西文化中对时间概念的不同理解西方人的文化理念与中国人的异同中西方教育体制的差异中英思维模式比较分析中西方幼儿教育的异同中西方寒暄语的不同浅析中西方性观念异同

中英饮食文化差异英语论文选题方向

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

中文 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。 ENGLISH Center the western diet way has very greatly differently， thiskind of difference is also influential to the national InChina， any banquet， no matter is any goal， all only can have one kindof form， is everybody sits in a circle all round， The banquetmust use the round table， this formally has created one kind ofunity， politeness， altogether the interest The delicacydelicacies put on table of people's centers， it not only is the objectwhich table of people appreciates， tastes， also is a table of peoplesentiments exchange The people mutually propose a toast，mutually offer food to a guest， urge the vegetable， in front of thehappy thing， has manifested the moral excellence which between thepeople mutually respects， gives precedence out of Althoughlooked from the hygienic angle， this diet way has the obviousdeficiency， but it conforms to our nationality "the happy ending" theuniversal point of view， had reflected in the Chinese classicalphilosophy "and" this category to the descendant thought influence， isadvantageous for the collective emotion exchange， thus until now withdifficulty Western-style banquets， food and liquor although count for much， butin fact that takes the set- The banquet core lies in thefriendship， through with the adjacent seat visitor's betweenconversation， achieves the friendship the If and the danceresembles the banquet friendship compared to， then may say， theChinese type banquet is just like is a group dance， but thewestern-style banquet is just like is men's and women's Thus it can be seen， the Chinese type banquet and thewestern-style banquet friendship goal very is all obvious， onlyChinese type banquet more terrains now complete meal friendship， butthe western-style banquet manifests much between the neighboringguest's Is the western popular buffet is more obviouswhich with the Chinese diet way This law is: Will possessfood 11 to exhibit， everybody 各取所需， will not need to fix onthe seat eats， takes a walk the freedom， this way will be advantageousfor between individual emotion exchange， will not will certainly allspeeches to suspend on the tabletop， also has displayed the westernperson to the individuality， to the self- But respectivelyeats each， mutually did not harass， lacks some Chinese to chat thehappy altogether happy affective Therefore， in the final analysis or between perceptual and But， this kind of difference as if in the fuzziness whichchanges along with the science More and more many Chineseby no longer only pay great attention to the vegetable the color， thefragrance， the taste， but paid great attention to its health and In has experienced after in particular the non- Also， the people because of the more and more busy work， thought theChinese meal starts too troubles， was inferior to Hamburg facilitatesand so Then the difference not too was also distinct in the

Western cuisine is a generalized term collectively referring to the cuisines of Europe and other Western The term is used by Anglophone Asians to contrast with Asian styles of The cuisines of Western countries are diverse by themselves， although there are common characteristics that distinguishes Western cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries， for example， meat is more prominent and substantial in serving-size， and Westerners traditionally have a far more in-depth knowledge concerning specific methods of preparing and serving different cuts of meat than Asian Steak in particular is a common dish across the W Similarly to some Asian cuisines， Western cuisines also put substantial emphasis on sauces as condiments， seasonings， or accompaniments (in part due to the difficulty of seasonings penetrating the often larger pieces of meat used in Western cooking) Many dairy products are utilized in the cooking process， except in nouvelle Wheat-flour bread has long been the most common sources of starch in this cuisine， along with pasta， dumplings and pastries， although the potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonization of the ARestaurants advertised to be specializing in generic Western cuisine in Asia tend to have menus containing a mixture of dishes mainly from France， the English-speaking world， and G Since the early 1990s dishes from Italy and Spain have become more prominent on these restaurants' Chinese cuisine originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world — from Asia to the Americas， Australia， Western Europe and Southern A In recent years， connoisseurs of Chinese cuisine have also sprouted in Eastern Europe and South A American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese food are popular examples of local Local ingredients would be adopted while maintaining the style and preparation Regional cultural differences vary greatly amongst the different regions of China， giving rise to the different styles of There are eight main regional cuisines， or Eight Great TThere are also featured Buddhist and Muslim sub-cuisines within the greater Chinese cuisine， with an emphasis on vegetarian and halal-based diets In most dishes in Chinese cuisine， food is prepared in bite-sized pieces， ready for direct picking up and Traditionally， Chinese culture considered using knives and forks at the table barbaric due to fact that these implements are regarded as It was also considered ungracious to have guests work at cutting their own Fish are usually cooked and served whole (or chunked)， with diners directly pulling pieces from the fish with chopsticks to eat， unlike in some other cuisines where they are first This is because it is desired for fish to be served as fresh as possible， and more importantly， whole fish culturally signifies wholeness of things as it has a proper beginning (head) with an end (tail) It is common in many restaurant settings for the server to use a pair of spoons to divide the fish into servings at the Chicken is another meat popular in Chinese While the chicken is cut into pieces， and similar to serving fish every single piece of the chicken is served including gizzards and head in order to signify In a Chinese meal， each individual diner is given his or her own bowl of rice while the accompanying dishes are served in communal plates (or bowls) that are shared by everyone sitting at the In the Chinese meal， each diner picks food out of the communal plates on a bite-by-bite basis with their This is in contrast to western meals where it is customary to dole out individual servings of the dishes at the beginning of the Many non-Chinese are uncomfortable with allowing a person's individual utensils (which might have traces of saliva) to touch the communal plates; for this hygienic reason， additional serving spoons or chopsticks （ common/public/shared chopsticks) may be made In areas with increased Western influence， such as Hong Kong， diners are provided individually with a heavy metal spoon for this The food selected is often eaten together with some rice either in one bite or in

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate， beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork， knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife， fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing， sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table， or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent， ask host or hostess to be excused， and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers， such as bread， french fries， chicken wings， pizza， * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup， the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer， not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab， a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand， and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins， never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork， knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife， fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families， and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition， a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style'， the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left， take some and pass to the person next to * When serving， serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively， ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal， place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant， do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends， especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert， your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup， you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you， scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may， however， eat some foods such as fruit， sandwiches， hamburgers， crisps， chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks， then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls， break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread， not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals， it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished， place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right， with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call， excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting， your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used， it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right， and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table， then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed， ask the person closest to If you have to pass something， only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself， offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table， ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food， close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided， * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal， what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand， * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only， even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand， a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument， as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food， it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures， bang them like drumsticks， or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item， do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food， never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use， small， difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice， leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate， as is more common in the West， it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents， grandparents， children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally， it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice"， which means "go ahead and start the meal"， to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self， but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured， you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer， it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones， it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat